ASTM D5035-11(2019)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5035 − 11 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5035; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This test method covers raveled strip and cut strip test
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
procedures for determining the breaking force and elongation
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
of most textile fabrics. Provision is made for wet testing.
1.1.1 The raveled strip test is applicable to woven fabrics
2. Referenced Documents
while the cut strip test is applicable to nonwoven fabrics, felted
fabrics, and dipped or coated fabrics. 2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
1.2 This test method is not recommended for knitted fabrics
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
or for other textile fabrics which have high stretch (more than
D579 Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics
11 %).
D580 Specification for Greige Woven Glass Tapes and
NOTE 1—For the determination of the breaking force and elongation of
Webbings
textile fabrics using the grab test and modified grab test procedures, refer
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
to Test Method D5034.
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
NOTE 2—For determination of the breaking force and elongation of
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
some specific types of fabrics which use the strip test, refer to Specifica-
tions D579 and D580.
Related Properties of Textiles
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
1.3 This test method shows the values in both inch-pound
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
units and SI units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct
Methods
nameforthecustomaryunitsusedintheUnitedStates.SIunits
D5034 TestMethodforBreakingStrengthandElongationof
is the technically correct name for the system of metric units
Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
known as the International System of Units. The values stated
in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be
3. Terminology
regarded separately as standard. The values expressed in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
3.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method:
must be used independently of the other, without combining in
breaking force, elongation, tensile test, refer to Terminology
any way.
D4848.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
constant-rate-of-extension, constant rate of load, constant rate
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of traverse, refer to Terminology D4849.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.3 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
cut strip test, raveled strip test, strip test, refer to Terminology
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
D4850.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.4 For other textile terms used in this test method, refer to
Terminology D123.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific.
Current edition approved July 1, 2019. Published July 2019. Replaces strip For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
testing sections, Sections 17 through 20, of Test Method D1682. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D5035 – 11 (2015). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D5035-11R19. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5035 − 11 (2019)
4. Summary of Test Method glass fibers (see Specification D579), to prevent them from
slipping in the clamps or being damaged as a result of being
4.1 A test specimen is clamped in a tensile testing machine
gripped in the clamps.
and a force applied to the specimen until it breaks. Values for
the breaking force and elongation of the test specimen are 5.4 All of the procedures are applicable for testing fabrics
obtained from machine scales, dials, autographic recording either conditioned or wet.
charts, or a computer interfaced with the testing machine.
5.5 Comparison of results from tensile testing machines
4.2 This test method describes procedures for carrying out operating on different principles is not recommended. When
fabric tensile tests using four types of specimen, and three different types of machines are used for comparison testing,
alternative types of testing machines. For reporting, use the constant time-to-break at 20 6 3 s is the established way of
following system to identify specific specimen and machine producing data. Even then the data may differ significantly.
combinations.
5.6 Although a constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing
4.2.1 Type of specimen:
machine is preferred in these methods, in cases of dispute,
4.2.1.1 1R—25 mm (1.0 in.) raveled strip test
unlessthereisagreementtothecontrarybetweenthepurchaser
4.2.1.2 2R—50 mm (2.0 in.) raveled strip test
and supplier, a constant-time-to-break (20 6 3 s) is to be used.
4.2.1.3 1C—25 mm (1.0 in.) cut strip test
5.7 The raveled strip procedure is applicable to the deter-
4.2.1.4 2C—50 mm (2.0 in.) cut strip test
mination of the force required to break a specific width of
4.2.2 Type of tensile testing machine:
fabric. The breaking force information on woven fabrics is
4.2.2.1 E—constant-rate-of-extension (CRE)
particularly useful for comparison of the effective strength of
4.2.2.2 L—constant-rate-of-load (CRL)
the yarns in the fabric with the combined strength of an equal
4.2.2.3 T—constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT)
number of the same yarns which are not woven.The procedure
4.2.3 Possible combinations can be identified as follows:
is not recommended for fabrics having fewer than 20 yarns
Type of Tester
across the width of the specimen. If a 20-yarns-per-specimen
Constant-Rate- Constant-Rate- Constant-Rate-
width cannot be obtained with a 25-mm (1-in.) strip, a 50-mm
Test Specimen of-Extension of-Load of-Traverse
(2-in.) strip should be used. In general, the observed force for
25-mm (1-in.) raveled strip 1R-E 1R-L 1R-T
50-mm (2-in.) raveled strip 2R-E 2R-L 2R-T a 50-mm (2-in.) specimen is not double the observed force for
25-mm (1-in.) cut strip 1C-E 1C-L 1C-T
a 25-mm (1-in.) specimen and the results should be reported as
50-mm (2-in.) cut strip 2C-E 2C-L 2C-T
observed on a 50-mm (2-in.) strip without mathematical
4.2.3.1 For example, 1R-E refers to a 25-mm (1-in.) raveled
adjustment to 25 mm (1 in.). If a fabric cannot be raveled
strip test carried out on a constant-rate-of-extension tensile
readily, use either a cut strip or grab procedure.
testing machine.
5.8 The cut strip procedure is applicable to heavily fulled
5. Significance and Use fabrics, woven fabrics that cannot be readily raveled, felted
fabrics and nonwoven fabrics. This procedure is not recom-
5.1 The raveled strip test in this test method is considered
mended for fabrics which can be raveled because the yarns at
satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of
the edges tend to unravel during testing. The recommendation
woven textile fabrics because the method has been used
regarding the minimum number of yarns in a woven specimen
extensivelyinthetradeforacceptancetesting.Thesameistrue
discussed in 5.7 for raveled strips applies equally to cut strips.
for the cut strip test for felted or nonwoven textile fabrics.
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
6. Apparatus, Reagents, and Materials
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a 6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, of the CRE, CRL, or CRTtype
conforming to Specification D76, with respect to force
statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assis-
tance. At a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative indication, working range, capacity, and elongation indicator
and designed for operation at a speed of 300 6 10 mm/min (12
test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same
lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results 6 0.5 in./min); or, a variable speed drive, change gears, or
during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers interchangeable loads as required to obtain the 20 6 3s
to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories time-to-break (see 5.5 and 5.6).
involved should be compared using a statistical test for
6.2 Clamps and Jaw Faces—Each jaw face shall be smooth,
unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing
flat,andwithametallicorotheragreeduponsurface.Thefaces
series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and
shall be parallel and have machining centers with respect to
corrected, or future test results for that material must be
one another in the same clamp and to the corresponding jaw
adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
face of the other clamp.
5.2 The method is not recommended for knitted fabrics 6.2.1 For all strip tests or for narrow fabrics and tapes being
because of their high stretch. tested full width, each jaw face shall measure at least 10 mm
(0.5 in.) wider than the specimen being tested and at least 25
5.3 Some modification of the techniques may be necessary
mm (1.0 in.) in the direction of the applied force.
for any fabric having a strength in excess of 200 N/cm (1140
lbf/in.) width. Special precautionary measures are provided for 6.3 Metal Clamp, auxiliary, weighing 170 g (6.0 oz) with
use when necessary with strong fabrics, or fabrics made from 100-mm (4-in.) width anvils.
D5035 − 11 (2019)
6.4 Distilled Water, for wet testing. 8.1.1 If the samples have a higher moisture content than the
moisture present when at equilibrium in the standard atmo-
6.5 Nonionic Wetting Agent, for wet testing.
sphere for testing textiles, precondition as directed in Practice
6.6 Container, for wetting out specimens.
D1776.
8.1.2 Bring samples to moisture equilibrium in the standard
6.7 Standard fabrics , for use in verification of apparatus.
(See Annex A1.) atmosphere for testing textiles as directed in Practice D1776.
Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when the
6.8 Pins, stainless-steel, 10-mm ( ⁄8-in.) diameter by 125
increaseinmassofthespecimeninsuccessiveweighingsmade
mm (5 in.) long, two required if used.
at intervals of not less than 2 h does not exceed 0.1 % of the
mass of the specimen.
7. Sampling
NOTE 6—It is recognized that, in practice, materials are frequently not
7.1 Lot Sample—Take a lot sample as directed in the
weighedtodeterminewhenmoistureequilibriumhasbeenreached.While
applicable material specification. In the absence of such a
conditioningforafixedtimecannotbeacceptedincasesofdispute,itmay
specification randomly select the rolls or pieces that constitute
be sufficient in routine testing to expose the material to the standard
the lot sample using the following schedule:
atmosphere for testing textiles for a reasonable period of time before the
specimens are tested. As a guide, the following conditioning periods are
Number of Rolls, Pieces in Number of Rolls or Pieces in
Lot, Inclusive Lot Sample suggested:
1to3 All Minimum
4to24 4
Conditioning
25 to 50 5 Fiber Period, h
Over 50 10 % to a maximum of 10 of the rolls
Animal Fibers (for example, wool and regenerated proteins) 8
or pieces
Vegetable Fibers (for example, cotton) 6
Viscose 8
NOTE 3—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
Acetate 4
purchaserandsupplierrequirestakingintoaccountthevariabilitybetween
Fibers having a regain less than 5 % at 65 % relative 2
rolls of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a roll of fabric
humidity
to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s
8.2 For Wet Testing:
risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
8.2.1 Specimens to be tested in the wet condition shall be
7.2 Laboratory Sample—From each roll or piece of fabric
immersedinwateratroomtemperatureuntilthoroughlywetted
taken from the lot sample, cut at least one laboratory sample
(Note7).Tothoroughlywetaspecimen,itmaybenecessaryto
the full width of the fabric and1m(1yd) along the selvage
add not more than 0.05 % of a nonionic wetting agent to the
(machine direction).
water.Atest of any specimen shall be completed within 2 min
after its removal from the water.
NOTE 4—Results obtained on small hand samples or swatches can only
beconsideredasrepresentativeofthesampleswatchsubmittedandcannot
NOTE 7—The material has been thoroughly wet out when it has been
be assumed to be representative of the fabric piece from which the hand
determined that additional immersion time does not produce any addi-
sample or swatch was taken.
tional changes in breaking strength of test specimens. This method of
7.3 Test Specimens—From each laboratory sample, take five
determination must be used in cases of dispute; however, for routine
specimens from the warp (machine) direction and eight speci- testing in the laboratory, it may be sufficient to immerse the material 1 h.
mens from the filling (cross) direction (if tested) for each
8.2.2 Theproceduresinthistestmethodshouldbeusedwith
testing condition.
caution when testing fabrics that do not wet out uniformly and
7.3.1 Testing conditions include the following:
thoroughly because of the presence of sizing, oil, protective
7.3.1.1 Warp or Machine Direction—Standard conditions
coatings, or water repellents.
for testing textiles,
8.2.3 When the strength of wet specimens without sizing,
7.3.1.2 Warp or Machine Direction—Wet at 21°C (70°F),
water repellents, etc. is required, before preparing the test
7.3.1.3 Filling or Cross Direction—Standard conditions for
specimens,treatthematerialasdirectedinTestMethodsD629,
testing textiles, and
using appropriate de-sizing, etc. procedures, that will not affect
7.3.1.4 Filling or Cross Direction—Wet at 21°C (70°F).
the normal physical properties of the fabric.
7.3.2 When using the constant-time-to-break technique and
9. Preparation of Specimens
unfamiliar fabrics, prepare two or three extra specimens to
establish the proper rate of loading (speed for testing).
9.1 General:
NOTE 5—Reinforcing fabric systems generally need to demonstrate a
9.1.1 Cut specimens with their long dimensions parallel
compatibility with the properties of the system being reinforced. This
either to the warp (machine) direction or to the filling (cross)
comes with an understanding that this compatibility may be influenced by
direction, or cut specimens for testing both directions as
such factors as stress and strain orientation. It is therefore suggested that
the option of testing in off-axis orientations, such as 645°, be considered required. If off-axis specimens are to be prepared, cut speci-
to verify suitability for applications where stresses and strains are known
menswiththeappropriateorientation(s).Preferably,specimens
to exist in orientations other than along the direction of the primary axes.
These periods are approximate and apply only to fabrics, spread out in single
8. Conditioning
thickness, and exposed to freely moving air in the standard atmosphere for testing
8.1 For Conditioned Testing:
textiles. Heavy or coated fabrics may require conditioning periods longer than those
suggested. If a fabric contains more than one fiber, it should be conditioned for the
period required by the fiber component which requires the most time (for example,
Apparatus and accessories are commercially available. 8 h for a wool and acetate blend).
D5035 − 11 (2019)
for a given fabric direction should be spaced along a diagonal 9.5.1 Cut each specimen 50 61mm(2 6 0.02 in.) wide by
of the fabric to allow for representation of different warp and atleast150mm(6in.)longwiththelongdimensionaccurately
filling yarns, or machine and cross direction areas, in each paralleltothedirectionforwhichthebreakingforceisrequired
specimen. When possible, filling specimens should contain (Notes 8 and 9).
yarn from widely separated filling areas. Unless otherwise
9.6 When the breaking force of wet fabric is required in
specified, take specimens no nearer to the selvage or edge of
addition to that of conditioned fabric, cut one set of specimens
the fabric than one tenth of the width of the fabric (see 7.3.2).
with each test specimen twice the normal length (Note 10).
9.1.2 Ribbons and other narrow fabrics which are 50 mm (2
Number each specimen at both ends and then cut the
in.) or less wide are usually tested full width.
specimens, in half cross-wise, to provide one set for determin-
ing the conditioned breaking force, and another set for deter-
9.2 Raveled Strip Test—1R, 25 mm (1 in.):
miningthewetbreakingforce.Thisallowsforbreaksonpaired
9.2.1 Cut each specimen either 35 mm (1.5 in.) or 25 mm (1
specimens which leads to more direct comparison of condi-
in.) plus 20 yarns, whichever is wider, by at least 150 mm (6
tioned vs. wet breaking force because both specimens of a pair
in.) long (Note 8). The long dimension should be accurately
containthesametestyarns(nonwovenfabricchannelandcross
parallel to the direction of testing and force application.
direction areas).
NOTE 8—The length of the
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