ASTM D4685/D4685M-15(2020)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4685/D4685M − 15 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Method for
Pile Fabric Abrasion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4685/D4685M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2724 Test Method for Bond Strength of Bonded, Fused,
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abra-
and Laminated Apparel Fabrics
sion of pile fabrics when the loss of pile tuffs occur, sometimes
D3884 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics
calledpileretentionorpilepullout.Itincludestwoprocedures:
(Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
1.1.1 ProcedureA—The “Heavy Duty” procedure describes
2 2 D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
the test option for fabrics over 240 g/m (7 oz/yd ) or fabrics
Methods
which should meet heavy duty end-use conditions of wear.
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
1.1.2 Procedure B—The “Light Duty” procedure describes
2 2 ASTM Test Methods
the test option for fabrics under 240 g/m (7 oz/yd ) or fabrics
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
which should meet light duty end-use conditions of wear.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.2 The test method is intended for both regular, ribless 3
2.2 ASTM Adjunct:
woven corduroy or other woven pile fabric constructions.
Photographic Scale for Pile Retention
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
2.3 AATCC Method:
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
TM 135 Dimensional Changes of Fabrics after Home Laun-
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
dering
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
used independently of the other, and values from the two 3. Terminology
systems shall not be combined.
3.1 For all terminology related to D13.59 on Fabric Test
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Methods, General, see Terminology D4850.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
abrasion, corduroy, pile fabric, pile retention, velveteen.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.3 FordefinitionsofallothertextiletermsseeTerminology
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D123.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4. Summary of Test Method
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 4.1 Test specimens are exposed to a specified number of
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical abrasion cycles on face and back separately and then evaluated
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. by viewing the specimen over a light box and comparing to
photographicstandards.Themethodmeasuresonlytheamount
2. Referenced Documents
of pile pulled out of the base fabric structure and not the
surface pile appearance attributes, such as crushed or flatten
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ribs.
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
5. Significance and Use
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for quality
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,
control testing and commercial shipment acceptance.
General.
Current edition approved July 1, 2020. Published July 2020. Originally approved
in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4685/D4685M – 15. DOI:
10.1520/D4685_D4685M-15R20. A set of six photographic standards for pile retention of corduroy fabrics is
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJ4685.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http://
the ASTM website. www.aatcc.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4685/D4685M − 15 (2020)
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
reported test results when using this test method, the purchaser
and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine
if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Compe-
tent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation
of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take test
specimens that are from the lot of material of the type in
question.Thetestspecimensshouldthenberandomlyassigned
in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average
results from the two laboratories should be compared using
student’s t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability
level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If
a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or
the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future
test results in the light of the known bias.
5.2 Finishes and changes in fabric surfaces may exert a
large effect on pile retention of corduroy. Therefore, it may be
desirable to test before as well as after laundering or
drycleaning, or both.
5.3 The separate testing of specimens on the face and back
FIG. 1 Pile Retention Viewing Box
of the fabric is important in this test method since the pile
pull-out may be due to abrasive action on either the face or 3
6.6.1 The box is approximately 215 mm (8 ⁄8 in.) in height,
back. With many pile fabrics, specifically corduroy 7 7
150 mm (5 ⁄8 in.) wide, 150 mm (5 ⁄8 in.) in depth, with a 90
constructions,pileretentionpropertiesareworsewhenabraded 3
mm (3 ⁄4 in.) diameter opening in the top. The opening is
on the back.
covered with a clear glass plate which has a black 25 mm (1
in.) circular tape glued to the center of the opening to prevent
6. Apparatus
light from passing through the center hole of the specimen
6.1 Rotary Platform Abraser, as described in Test Method while grading.
6.6.2 The box contains a 75 W reflector flood light the top
D3884 and consisting of the following:
6.1.1 Specimen Holder, rubber pad, clamp plate, and clamp of which is 38 mm (1 ⁄2 in.) below the glass surface of the box
and the specimen. The lamp size and spacing is critical.
ring.
6.1.2 Auxillary Weight, to give a load of 500 g per wheel
7. Sampling
(exclusive of the mass of the wheel).
6.1.3 Vacuum Unit. 7.1 LotSample—Asalotsampleforacceptancetesting,take
at random the number of rolls of fabric directed in an
6.2 CS-10 Calibrase Abrading Wheels .
applicable material specification or other agreement between
6.2.1 Thewheelsshallbeacylindricalshapewhichincludes
thepurchaserandthesupplier.Considerrollsoffabrictobethe
an axial hole 16.0 6 0.1 mm (0.625 6 0.004 in.); sides of the
primary sampling units.
wheelshallbeparallel,andeachwheelshallbe12.7 60.3mm
(0.50 6 0.012 in.) thick and have an external diameter of less
7.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample, take from
than 52 mm (2 in.) when new but in no case less than 44.4 mm each roll of fabric in the lot sample a full width swatch at least
(1.75 in.). 500 mm (20 in.) long after removing at least1m(1yd)of
fabric from the outside of the roll. If the fabric is also to be
6.3 Resurfacing Discs (S-11), used to resurface the CS-10
evaluated after laundering or drycleaning, take a second full
abrading wheels.
width swatch 500 mm (20 in.) long from each roll of fabric in
6.3.1 The resurfacing disc shall be 150 grit silicon carbide
the lot sample.
coated abrasive paper, approximately 102 mm (4 in.) diameter
witha7mm( ⁄4 in.) center hole. 7.3 Test Specimens—Cut four specimens from each swatch
in the laboratory sample as directed in 8.1.
6.4 Round Template, or die approximately 135 mm (5 ⁄4 in.)
in diameter for cutting out specimens.
8. Specimens and Preparation
6.5 Photographic Rating Standards.
8.1 Using the template or die specified in 6.4, cut four
6.6 Lighted Viewing Box, for evaluation (see Fig. 1). specimens approximately 135 mm (5 ⁄4 in.) in diameter from
each laboratory sample. If a sample is to be evaluated after
laundering or drycleaning, four additional specimens will be
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time taken. (See Section 9).
is Taber Industries, North Tonawanda, NY. If you are aware of alternative suppliers,
please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your com-
ments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical A 75-watt reflector flood light manufactured by General Electric Co. (75R
committee, which you may attend. 30/FL) has been found suitable for this purpose.
D4685/D4685M − 15 (2020)
8.2 Cut the specimens from each laboratory sample so that When the desired tension is obtained, tighten the clamp ring
each specimen contains different warp and filling yarns. Two screw.Avoidexcessivetighteningoftheclampringscrewsoas
specimens are to be used to test the face of the sample and two to prevent specimen wrinkling. (Fabrics with stretch yarns are
specimens to test the back of the fabric. difficult to mount uniformly.)
12.2.2 If the specimen holder is removed to mount or
8.3 Prepare specimen by folding the round specimen twice
analyze specimens, ensure the holder is properly replaced on
and cutting off the pointed tip to produce a 6-mm ( ⁄4-in.) hole
the drive shaft of the tester.
in the center of the specimen to accommodate the clamping
screw. 12.3 Lower the abrading heads carefully onto the surface of
the specimen.
8.4 Determine the fabric mass or identify the anticipated
end-use of the sample, or both, for proper selection of the 12.4 Lower the vacuum suction nozzle and adjust it to
testing option. approximately 6.35 mm ( ⁄4 in.) above the specimen. Failure to
adjust the nozzle to the fabric thickness can cause excess
8.5 Prior to testing, ensure the expiration date of the
abrasion if the nozzle is positioned too low.
abrasion wheels has not passed for the CS-10 wheels. Follow
the manufacturer’s recommended procedure for breaking in
12.5 Adjust the vacuum suction control between 60 and
new, or resurfacing and cleaning wheel sets. 100, or to a setting high enough to remove abra
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