ASTM D4034/D4034M-19

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4034/D4034M − 19
Standard Test Method for
Resistance to Yarn Slippage at the Sewn Seam in Woven
Upholstery Fabrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4034/D4034M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for
Textiles
1.1 This test method measures the resistance to slippage of
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
warp yarns over filling yarns, or filling yarns over warp yarns,
D434 Test Method for Resistance to Slippage of Yarns in
in woven upholstery fabrics, using a specific standard seam
Woven Fabrics Using a Standard Seam (Withdrawn
assembly by comparing the differences in test curves from a
2003)
sewn and unsewn sample.
D1683 Test Method for Failure in Sewn Seams of Woven
NOTE 1—This test method is derived from Test Method D434, from
Fabrics
which appropriate changes have been made to make the method more
applicable for upholstery fabrics.
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
NOTE 2—This test method is designed to be a fabric test and is
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
considered to be technically different than Test Method D1683, which is
Methods
considered to be a yarn / seam test.
D5034 TestMethodforBreakingStrengthandElongationof
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
D6193 Practice for Stitches and Seams
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
ASTM Test Methods
used independently of the other, and values from the two
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
systems shall not be combined.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions:
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.1 direction of slippage, n—at the seam, the line of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
movement parallel to either the filling or the warp on a woven
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
fabric.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.2 resistance to yarn slippage, n—the force in Newtons
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
or pounds-force required to displace one or more yarns in a
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
wovenfabricfromtheoriginalposition,resultingindifferences
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
in alignment, or spacing, or both.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.3 sewn seam, n—in sewn fabrics, a juncture at which
two or more planar structures such as textile fabrics, are joined
2. Referenced Documents
2 by sewing, usually near the edge.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
method, refer to Terminologies D123 and D4850.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on
Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test
4. Summary of Test Method
Methods, General.
4.1 Resistance to yarn slippage is determined on a specimen
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2019. Published December 2019. Originally
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 1992 as D4034 - 92 which was
made from pieces of the same fabric that have been stitched
withdrawn January 2001 and reinstated in November 2019. DOI: 10.1520/D4034_
together in a specified manner (see 9.3). First, tension is
D4034M-19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4034/D4034M − 19
applied to the unseamed part of the specimen using a constant thread shall be 380 denier [42 tex] and have a minimum
rate-of-extension (CRE) or a constant rate-of-traverse type breaking strength of 23 N [5 lbf].
(CRT) machine and the force-extension curve recorded. Next,
6.4 Dividers—One pair (Note 4).
tensionisappliedwiththeseamscenteredbetweenandparallel
6.5 Metal Clamp—An auxiliary clamp weighing 170 g [6
to the jaws and results are recorded on the same chart. The
oz] and having anvils at least 100 mm [4 in.] in width. (Note
distance between the recorded force-extension curves is mea-
4).
sured from the point where slippage began (see 12.1)
NOTE 4—Used for manual systems only.
5. Significance and Use
7. Sampling
5.1 Test Method D4034 for measuring the resistance to
7.1 Lot Sample—For acceptance testing, take at random the
fabric yarn slippage is considered satisfactory for acceptance
number of rolls of fabric directed in an applicable material
testing of woven upholstery fabrics.
specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the
5.1.1 In case of disagreement arising from differences in
supplier. Consider rolls of fabric to be the primary sampling
values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using
units.
this test method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if
7.2 Laboratory Sample—Take a full width swatch1m[1
any, between the laboratory of the supplier and the laboratory
yd] long from the end of each roll of fabric in the lot sample,
of the purchaser should be determined with comparisons being
after first discarding a minimum of 1 m [1 yd] from the outside
based on the testing of specimens taken from a lot of material
of the roll.
of the type evaluated to be as nearly homogeneous as possible
and then randomly assigned in equal numbers to each of the
8. Number of Specimens
laboratories.
8.1 For testing, ten specimens are required, five with the
5.2 This test method is intended to measure fabric yarn
long dimension parallel to the warp and five with the long
slippage at the sewn seam in upholstery fabrics under con-
dimension parallel to the filling.
trolled conditions. This test method may not indicate actual
9. Preparation of Specimen
field performance.
9.1 Cuttwopiecesoffabric,one100by100mm[4by4in.]
5.3 Fabrics that do not meet the requirements agreed upon
and one 100 by 250 mm [4 by 10 in.].
between the purchaser and supplier should be classified as
“delicate yarn slippage resistance” and the purchaser and
9.2 Placethe100by100-mm[4by4-in.]pieceontopofthe
furniture manufacturer so notified.
100 by 250-mm [4 by 10-in.] piece, face to face, with one end
even with the end of the 100 by 250-mm piece. For testing
6. Apparatus
resistance to warp direction slippage, the warp yarn in both
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine—A constant rate-of-traverse
pieces should be lengthwise or perpendicular to the seam, and
(CRT) or constant rate-of-extension (CRE) type machine
for testing resistance to filling direction slippage, the filling
conforming to the requirements of Specification D76/D76M.
yarn in both pieces should run lengthwise. (See Fig. 1.)
The machine shall be equipped with an autographic recording
9.3 Stitch a seam across the short dimension of the
device or software and with clamps having front jaws 25 mm
specimens, placing the seam 12 mm [0.5 in.] from the edge of
[1 in.] in width with back jaws of 50 mm [2 in.] or more in
the specimen, using 7 6 0.5 stitches per 25 mm [1 in.] and a
width, except as otherwise provided (Note 2).The clamps shall
plain lockstitch.
be set 76 mm [3 in.] apart.The speed of the pulling clamp shall
9.3.1 The plain lockstitch used for the standard seam in this
be 5.0 6 0.2 mm/s [12.0 6 0.5 in./min].
test method shall conform to stitch Type 301 (Figure 11) in
NOTE 3—In comparing results with those from another laboratory, both
Practice D6193. This type of stitch shall be formed with two
laboratories should use the same type of tensile testing machine, or have
threads. A loop of one thread shall be passed through the
established the relationship between test results obtained using a CRT
material where it shall be entered by the mass supply of the
machine and those obtained using a CRE machine when testing fabrics of
other thread. The loop of the first thread then shall be drawn
the type being evaluated.
into the material to the extent that the concatenation is
6.1.1 Tensile Testing Machine (Other)—A tensile testing
approximately halfway between the two surfaces of the mate-
machine other than a CRT or CRE type that conforms to the
rial. These operations are repeated to form a sequence of
requirements of Specification D76/D76M and gives results that
stitches (see Fig. 2).
correlatewiththoseforCRTorCREtesters.Themachinemust
9.4 It is important that the stitches be made under uniform
be acceptable to both the purchaser and supplier if the results
tensionandthattheseambeperpendiculartothefillingorwarp
are to be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.
yarns.
6.2 Needle—Size 22 ball point needle.
9.5 Drawaline35mm[1.5in.]fromtheedgeparalleltothe
6.3 Sewing Thread—100 % nylon bonded monocord thread.
long direction to aid in the placement of the specimen in the
The needle thread shall be 513 denier [57 tex] and shall have
testing machine.
a minimum breaking strength of 35 N [8 lbf]. The bobbin
This sewing thread is commercially available.
4 6
This needle is commercially available. This cla
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