73.100.30 - Equipment for drilling and mine excavation
ICS 73.100.30 Details
Equipment for drilling and mine excavation
Bohrtechnik. Abbautechnik
Matériel de forage et d'excavation
Oprema za vrtanje in izkopavanje
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 73.100.30 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Equipment for drilling and mine excavation". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 122 standards classified under ICS 73.100.30 (Equipment for drilling and mine excavation). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A supply well provides groundwater for household, domestic, commercial, agricultural, or industrial uses.
4.2 Using a standardized protocol based on an existing industry, domestic or international, standard or approved regulatory methods and procedures to collect water samples from a supply well is essential to obtain representative water quality data. These data can be critical to efforts to protect water uses, human health and safety, and identify changes when they occur. Use of this guide will help the project team to design and execute an effective water supply sampling program.
4.3 It is important to understand the objectives of the sampling program before designing it. Water supplies may be sampled for various reasons including any or all of the following:
(1) identify health and safety risks for potable use prior to exploration in the vicinity,
(2) baseline sampling before an operation of concern,
(3) periodic sampling during such an operation,
(4) investigative responses to initial characterization, perceived changes in water quality, or
(5) ongoing monitoring related to known or potential groundwater constituents of concern in the area.
4.3.1 Baseline Analysis on Water Wells—Select a comprehensive list of inorganic and organic analyses for the initial test on potable water wells for use by the well owner in developing a treatment system, if needed.
4.4 Sampling programs should be based on these objectives and be developed in coordination with the prospective laboratory(ies) to ensure its procedures, capabilities, and limitations can be executed safely, meet the needs of the program, protect human health and fulfill regulatory requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents a methodology for obtaining representative groundwater samples from domestic or commercial water wells that are in proximity to oil and gas exploration and production (E&P) operations. E&P operations include, but are not necessarily limited to, site preparation, drilling, completion, and well stimulation (including hydraulic fracturing), and production activities. The goal is to obtain representative groundwater samples from domestic or commercial water wells that can be used to identify the baseline groundwater quality and any subsequent changes that may be identified. While this guide focuses on baseline sampling in conjunction with oil and gas E&P activities, the principles and practices recommended for health and safety are based on well-established methods that have been in use for many years in other industrial situations. This guide recommends sampling and analytical testing procedures that can identify various chemical species present including metals, dissolved gases (such as methane and radon), hydrocarbons (and other organic compounds), radioactivity, as well as overall water quality.
1.2 This guide provides information on typical residential and commercial water supply well systems and guidance on developing and implementing a sampling program, including determining sampling locations, suggested purging techniques, selection of potential analyses and laboratory certifications, data management, and integrity. It also includes guidance on personal safety. The information included pertains to baseline sampling before beginning any activities that could present potential risks to local aquifers, periodic sampling during and after such work, and ongoing monitoring relating to known or potential groundwater constituents in the area. This guide does not address policy issues related to frequency or timing of sampling or sampling distances from the wellhead. In addition, it does not address reporting limits, sample preservation, holding times, laboratory quality control, regulatory action levels, or interpretation of analytical results.
1.3 These guidelines are not intended to replace or supersede regulatory requirements and technical methodology or guidance nor are these guidelines...
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This document specifies requirements for wire-reinforced hoses and hose assemblies for underground coal mining applications of nominal sizes 6,3 to 51 for use with: - oil-based hydraulic fluids HH, HL, HM, HR and HV as defined in ISO 6743-4 at temperatures ranging from −40 °C to +120 °C; - water-based fluids HFC, HFAE, HFAS and HFB as defined in ISO 6743-4 at temperatures ranging from −40 °C to +70 °C; - water at temperatures ranging from 0 °C to +70 °C. There is a possibility that operation at the extremes of or outside these temperature ranges materially reduce the life of the hose. These hoses are not suitable for use with fluids that have a castor oil or ester base.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is one of several available for determining vertical anisotropy ratio. Among other available methods are Weeks ((5); see Practice D5473/D5473M), that relies on distance-drawdown data, and Way and McKee (6), that utilizes time-drawdown data. An important restriction of the Weeks distance-drawdown method is that the observation wells need to have identical construction (screened intervals) and two or more of the observation wells need to be located at a distance from the pumped well beyond the effects of partial penetration. The procedure described in this practice general distance-drawdown method, in that it works in theory for most observation well configurations incorporating three or more wells, provided some of the wells are within the zone where flow is affected by partial penetration.
5.2 Assumptions:
5.2.1 Control well discharges at a constant rate, Q.
5.2.2 Control well is of infinitesimal diameter and partially penetrates the aquifer.
5.2.3 Data are obtained from a number of partially penetrating observation wells, some screened at elevations similar to that in the pumped well and some screened at different elevations.
5.2.4 The aquifer is confined, homogeneous and areally extensive. The aquifer may be anisotropic, and, if so, the directions of maximum and minimum hydraulic conductivity are horizontal and vertical, respectively.
5.2.5 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the aquifer.
5.3 Calculation Requirements—Application of this method is computationally intensive. The function, fs, shown in (Eq 4) should be evaluated numerous times using arbitrary input parameters. It is not practical to use existing, somewhat limited, tables of values for fs and, because this equation is rather formidable, it may not be easily tractable by hand. Because of this, it is assumed the practitioner using this will have available a computerized procedure for evaluating the function fs. This can be accomplished u...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity, storage coefficient, and ratio of vertical to horizontal hydraulic conductivity of a confined aquifer using observation well drawdown measurements from a constant-rate pumping test. This practice uses data from a minimum of four partially penetrating, recommended to be positioned observation wells around a partially penetrating control well.
1.2 The analytical procedure is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D4050.
1.3 Limitations—The limitations of the technique for determination of the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of aquifers are primarily related to the correspondence between the field situation and the simplifying assumption of this practice.
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are mathematical conversions, which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard. The reporting of results in units other than inch-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.
1.6 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objective; and it is common practice to increase or reduce the significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis method or engineeri...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The 1998 edition of this standard was written solely for selection of drilling methods for environmental applications and specifically for installation of groundwater monitoring wells. The second revision was made to include geotechnical applications since many of the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations discussed extensively throughout this document also apply to geotechnical design use such as data collection (sampling and in-situ testing) for construction design and instrumentation. Besides installation of monitoring wells (D5092/D5092M, D6724/D6724M), Environmental investigations are also made for sampling, in-situ testing, and installation of aquifer testing boreholes (D4044/D4044M, D4050).
4.2 There are other guides for geotechnical investigations addressing drilling methods such as in Eurocode (1, 2)5, U.S. Federal Highway Administration, (3, 4), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, (5), and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (6, 7). An authoritative Handbook on Environmental Site Characterization and Ground-Water Monitoring was compiled by Nielsen (8) which addresses drilling methods in detail including the advent of Direct Push methods developed for environmental investigations. Two other major drilling guides have been written by the National Drilling Association (9) and from the Australia Drilling Industry Training Committee (10) and these guides are user for the drillers.
4.3 Table 1 lists sixteen classes of methods addressed in this guide. The selection of particular method(s) for drilling/push boring requires that specific characteristics of each site be considered. This guide is intended to make the user aware of some of the various drilling/push boring methods available and the applications, advantages, and disadvantages of each with respect to determining geotechnical and environmental exploration. (A) Actual achievable drilled depths will vary depending on the ambient geohydrologic conditions existing at the site and size of drilling/push boring e...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides descriptions of various methods for site characterization along with advantages and disadvantages associated with each method discussed. This guide is intended to aid in the selection of drilling method(s) for geotechnical and environmental soil and rock borings for sampling, testing, and installation of wells, or other instrumentation. It does not address drilling for foundation improvement, drinking water wells, or special horizontal drilling techniques for utilities.
1.2 This guide cannot address all possible subsurface conditions that may occur such as, geologic, topographic, climatic, or anthropogenic. Site evaluation for engineering, design, and construction purposes is addressed in Guide D420. Soil and rock sampling in drill holes is addressed in Guide D6169/D6169M. Pertinent guides and practices addressing specific drilling methods, equipment, and procedures are listed in Section 2. Guide D5730 provides information on most all aspects of environmental site characterization.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units (given in brackets) are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.4 This guide does not purport to comprehensively address all methods and the issues associated with drilling for geotechnical and environmental purposes. Users should seek qualified professionals for decisions as to the proper equipment and methods that would be most successful for their site investigation. Other methods may be available for these methods and qualified professionals should have flexibility to exercise judgment as to possible alternatives not covered in this guide. The guide is current at the time of issue, but new alternative methods may become available prior ...
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2019-09-17 JF: TC request for the editorial change in Annex ZA to adress the Consultant's comment
2019-03-19 The Enquiry draft of the standard had not been submitted for the assessment. In February, the TC provided a detailed Annex ZA in line with the general EC request. CCMC requested the missing assessment on 2019-03-19. The indicative deadline to receive it is 2019-04-24.
- Amendment14 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
2019-09-17 JF: TC request for the editorial change in Annex ZA to adress the Consultant's comment
2019-03-19 The Enquiry draft of the standard had not been submitted for the assessment. In February, the TC provided a detailed Annex ZA in line with the general EC request. CCMC requested the missing assessment on 2019-03-19. The indicative deadline to receive it is 2019-04-24.
- Amendment14 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means to measure the hydraulic conductivity of isotropic materials and the maximum vertical and minimum horizontal hydraulic conductivities of anisotropic materials, especially in the low ranges associated with fine-grained clayey soils, 1×10–7 m/s to 1×10–11 m/s.
5.2 This test method is useful for measuring liquid flow through soil hydraulic barriers, such as compacted clay barriers used at waste containment facilities, for canal and reservoir liners, for seepage blankets, and for amended soil liners, such as those used for retention ponds or storage tanks. Due to the boundary condition assumptions used in deriving the equations for the limiting hydraulic conductivities, the thickness of the unit tested must be at least 600 mm. This requirement is increased to 800 mm if the material being tested is underlain by a material that is far less permeable.
5.3 The soil layer being tested must have sufficient cohesion to stand open during excavation of the borehole.
5.4 This test method provides a means to measure infiltration rate into a moderately large volume of soil. Tests on large volumes of soil can be more representative than tests on small volumes of soil. Multiple installations properly spaced provide a greater volume and an indication of spatial variability.
5.5 The data obtained from this test method are most useful when the soil layer being tested has a uniform distribution of hydraulic conductivity and of pore space and when the upper and lower boundary conditions of the soil layer are well defined.
5.6 Changes in water temperature can introduce errors in the flow measurements. Temperature changes cause fluctuations in the water levels that are not related to flow. This problem is most pronounced when a small diameter standpipe or Marriotte bottle is used in soils having hydraulic conductivities of 5×10–10 m/s or less.
5.7 The effects of temperature changes and other environmental perturbations are taken into a...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers field measurement of hydraulic conductivity (also referred to as coefficient of permeability) of porous materials using a cased borehole technique. When isotropic conditions can be assumed and a flush borehole is employed, the method yields the hydraulic conductivity of the porous material. When isotropic conditions cannot be assumed, the method yields limiting values of the hydraulic conductivity in the vertical direction (upper limit) if a single stage is conducted and the horizontal direction (lower limit) if a second stage is conducted. For anisotropic conditions, determination of the actual hydraulic conductivity requires further analysis by qualified personnel.
1.2 This test method may be used for compacted fills or natural deposits, above or below the water table, that have a mean hydraulic conductivity less than or equal to 1×10–5 m/s (1×10–3 cm/s).
1.3 Hydraulic conductivity greater than 1×10–5 m/s may be determined by ordinary borehole tests, for example, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 7310 (1)2; however, the resulting value is an apparent conductivity.
1.4 For this test method, a distinction must be made between “saturated” (Ks) and “field-saturated” (Kfs) hydraulic conductivity. True saturated conditions seldom occur in the vadose zone except where impermeable layers result in the presence of perched water tables. During infiltration events or in the event of a leak from a lined pond, a “field-saturated” condition develops. True saturation does not occur due to entrapped air (2). The entrapped air prevents water from moving in air-filled pores, which may reduce the hydraulic conductivity measured in the field by as much as a factor of two compared with conditions when trapped air is not present (3). This test method develops the “field-saturated” condition.
1.5 Experience with this test method has been predominantly in materials having a degree of saturation of 70 % or more...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 An adequately designed and installed surface protection system will mitigate the consequences of natural damage (e.g., freeze/thaw damage) in susceptible areas, or anthropogenic damages, which could otherwise occur and result in either changes to water level and/or groundwater quality data, or complete loss of the monitoring well.
4.2 The extent of application of this practice may depend upon the importance of the monitoring data, cost of monitoring well replacement, expected or design life of the monitoring well, the presence or absence of potential risks, and setting or location of the well.
4.3 Monitoring well surface protection should be a part of the well design process, and installation of the protective system should be completed at the time of monitoring well installation and development.
4.4 Information determined at the time of installation of the protective system will form a baseline for future monitoring well inspection and maintenance. Additionally, elements of the protection system will satisfy some regulatory requirements such as for protection of near surface groundwater and well identification.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice identifies design and construction considerations to be applied to monitoring wells for protection from events, which may impair the intended purpose of the well such as water level or water quality monitoring data.
1.2 The installation and development of a well is a costly and detailed activity with the goal of providing representative samples and data throughout the design life of the well. Damage to the well at the surface frequently results in the loss of the well or can potentially impact measured water level and/or groundwater quality data. This standard provides for access control so that tampering with the installation should be evident.
1.3 This practice may be applied to other surface or subsurface monitoring devices, such as piezometers, permeameters, temperature or moisture monitors, or seismic devices.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch/pound units given in parentheses are for information only. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.
1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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2018-05-03 CV: CEN BT C218/2017 - decision: new Annex ZA to be published as amendment prior to offer EN ISO/IEC 80079-39:2016 + amd for citation in the OJEU
- Amendment6 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ISO 19225:2017 specifies safety requirements to minimize the hazards listed in Clause 4 that can occur during the assembly, use, maintenance, repair, decommissioning, disassembly and disposal of shearer loaders and plough systems when used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer, in underground mining.
ISO 19225:2017 does not cover any hazards resulting from explosive atmospheres. Requirements for explosive atmospheres can be found in ISO/IEC 80079‑38.
ISO 19225:2017 is not applicable to machines that are manufactured before the date of its publication.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling can be used in support of geoenvironmental exploration and for installation of subsurface water quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated and consolidated sediment or bedrock. Dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling methods allows for the collection of water quality samples at most depth(s), the setting of temporary casing during drilling, and continual sampling of cuttings while drilling fluid is circulating, if warranted or needed. Other advantages of the dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling method include, but are not limited to: (1) the capability of drilling without the introduction of any drilling fluid(s) (for example, drilling mud or similar) to the subsurface; (2) maintenance of borehole stability for sampling purposes and monitoring well installation/construction in poorly-indurated to unconsolidated sediment.
4.1.1 The user of dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring-device installations should be cognizant of both the physical (temperature and airborne particles) and chemical (compressor lubricants and other fluid additives) qualities of compressed air that may be used as the circulating medium.
4.2 The application of dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling to geoenvironmental exploration may involve soil or rock sampling, or in situ soil/sediment, rock, or pore-fluid testing.
Note 2: The user may install a monitoring device within the same borehole wherein sampling, in situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring was performed.
4.3 The subsurface water quality monitoring devices that are addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened- or porous-intake device and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with a filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit, and with isolation seals and low-permeability backfill to deter the vertical movement of fluids or infiltration of surface water between hydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see Pr...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water quality monitoring devices. The term reverse circulation with respect to dual-wall drilling in this guide indicates that the circulating fluid is forced down the annular space between the double-wall drill pipe and transports soil/sediment and rock particles to the surface through the inner pipe.
Note 1: This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical site characterizations that are addressed in a separate guide.
1.2 Dual-wall reverse-circulation for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring-device installations will often involve safety planning, administration, and documentation. This guide does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this ...
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This document defines terms relating to rock drill rigs and rock reinforcement rigs, including their intended use, working methods, types, and main components. It also provides (see Annex A) several classifications of rock drill rigs, based on intended use, mobility and type of operation. The primary use of this document is in instruction handbooks for rock drill rigs and in marketing material. Safety related terminology is used in ISO 18758‑2. This document is not applicable to drill rigs for soil and rock mixture. NOTE Documents covering vocabulary of related subjects are found in the bibliography.
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This document specifies the safety requirements for rock drill rigs and rock reinforcement rigs designed for the following underground or surface operations: a) blast hole drilling; b) rock reinforcement; c) drilling for secondary breaking; d) dimensional stone drilling; e) mineral prospecting, e.g. utilizing core drilling or reverse circulation; f) water and methane drainage drilling; g) raise boring. NOTE Rigs can be designed for more than one of the operations above. See ISO 18758-1 for vocabulary. This document is also applicable to earth-moving machinery as defined in ISO 6165, modified to become a rock drill rig or rock reinforcement rig. This document is not applicable to the following machines: drill rigs for soil and rock mixture; (geothermal drill rigs, water well drill rigs, water jet drill rigs, micro pile drill rigs; surface horizontal directional drill rigs (HDD) as defined in ISO 21467), kelly drill rigs (and casing drivers); cable tool drill rigs; pre-armouring machines; sonic drill rigs; shaft sinking drill rigs; crane attached drill rigs; drill rigs on derricks; scaling machines. This document deals with the significant hazards, hazardous situations or hazardous events, as listed in Annex E, relevant to rock drill rigs and rock reinforcement rigs (see ISO 18758‑1), when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer. This document is not applicable to rigs manufactured before the date of its publication.
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ISO 19225:2017 specifies safety requirements to minimize the hazards listed in Clause 4 that can occur during the assembly, use, maintenance, repair, decommissioning, disassembly and disposal of shearer loaders and plough systems when used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer, in underground mining.
ISO 19225:2017 does not cover any hazards resulting from explosive atmospheres. Requirements for explosive atmospheres can be found in ISO/IEC 80079‑38.
ISO 19225:2017 is not applicable to machines that are manufactured before the date of its publication.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Direct-rotary drilling may be used in support of geoenvironmental exploration and for installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated and consolidated materials. Direct-rotary drilling may be selected over other methods based on advantages over other methods. In drilling unconsolidated sediments and hard rock, other than cavernous limestones and basalts where circulation cannot be maintained, the direct-rotary method is a faster drilling method than the cable-tool method. The cutting samples from direct-rotary drilled holes are usually as representative as those obtained from cable-tool drilled holes however, direct-rotary drilled holes usually require more well-development effort. If drilling of water-sensitive materials (that is, friable sandstones or collapsible soils) is anticipated, it may preclude use of water-based rotary-drilling methods and other drilling methods should be considered.
4.1.1 The application of direct-rotary drilling to geoenvironmental exploration may involve sampling, coring, in situ or pore-fluid testing, or installation of casing for subsequent drilling activities in unconsolidated or consolidated materials. Several advantages of using the direct-rotary drilling method are stability of the borehole wall in drilling unconsolidated formations due to the buildup of a filter cake on the wall. The method can also be used in drilling consolidated formations. Disadvantages to using the direct-rotary drilling method include the introduction of fluids to the subsurface, and creation of the filter cake on the wall of the borehole that may alter the natural hydraulic characteristics of the borehole.
Note 3: The user may install a monitoring device within the same borehole wherein sampling, in situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring was performed.
4.2 The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices that are addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened or porous intake and riser pipe(s) that are usua...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) rotary-drilling procedures with water-based drilling fluids may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.
Note 1: The term direct with respect to the rotary-drilling method of this guide indicates that a water-based drilling fluid is pumped through a drill-rod column to a rotating bit. The drilling fluid transports cuttings to the surface through the annulus between the drill-rod column and the borehole wall.
Note 2: This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical site characterization that are addressed in a separate guide.
1.2 Direct-rotary drilling for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring-device installations will often involve safety planning, administration and documentation. This standard does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units (given in brackets) are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exactly equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two system may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 All observed and calculated values are to conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.5 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objective; and it is common practice to increase or reduce the significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scop...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The application of direct air-rotary drilling to geoenvironmental exploration may involve sampling, coring, in situ or pore-fluid testing, installation of casing for subsequent drilling activities in unconsolidated or consolidated materials, and for installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated and consolidated materials. Several advantages of using the direct air-rotary drilling method over other methods may include the ability to drill rather rapidly through consolidated materials and, in many instances, not require the introduction of drilling fluids to the borehole. Air-rotary drilling techniques are usually employed to advance drill hole when water-sensitive materials (that is, friable sandstones or collapsible soils) may preclude use of water-based rotary-drilling methods. Some disadvantages to air-rotary drilling may include poor borehole integrity in unconsolidated materials without using casing, and the potential for volitization of contaminants and air-borne dust.
Note 3: Direct-air rotary drilling uses pressured air for circulation of drill cuttings. In some instances, water or foam additives, or both, may be injected into the air stream to improve cuttings-lifting capacity and cuttings return. The use of air under high pressures may cause fracturing of the formation materials or extreme erosion of the borehole if drilling pressures and techniques are not carefully maintained and monitored. If borehole damage becomes apparent, consideration to other drilling method(s) should be given.
Note 4: The user may install a monitoring device within the same borehole in which sampling, in situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring was performed.
4.2 The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices that are addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened or porous intake and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with a filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit, and with isolation seals and a low-permeabil...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) air-rotary drilling procedures may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.
Note 1: The term direct with respect to the air-rotary drilling method of this guide indicates that compressed air is injected through a drill-rod column to a rotating bit. The air cools the bit and transports cuttings to the surface in the annulus between the drill-rod column and the borehole wall.
Note 2: This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical site characterizations that are addressed in a separate guide.
1.2 Direct air-rotary drilling for geoenvironmental exploration will often involve safety planning, administration, and documentation. This guide does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 All observed and calculated values are to conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objective; and it is common practice to increase or reduce the significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond t...
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ISO 19224:2017 deals with safety requirements for continuous surface miners (CSM). It specifies common requirements for the design and construction of CSM to protect workers from accidents and health hazards that can occur during operation, loading, transport and maintenance. ISO 19224:2017 deals with known significant hazards, hazardous situations or hazardous events relevant to CSM, when they are used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Annex A). ISO 19224:2017 also specifies the appropriate technical measures to eliminate or reduce risks arising from the significant hazards as identified in Annex A. ISO 19224:2017 is not applicable to CSM manufactured before the date of its publication.
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ISO/IEC 80079-38:2016 is published as a dual logo standard and specifies the explosion protection requirements for the design, construction, assessment and information for use (maintenance, repair, marking) of equipment that may be an individual item or form an assembly. This includes machinery and components for use in mines susceptible to explosive atmospheres of firedamp and/or combustible
dust. The standard atmospheric conditions (relating to the explosion characteristics of the atmosphere) under which it may be assumed that equipment can be operated are:
- temperature -20 °C to 60 °C;
- pressure 80 kPa (0,8 bar) to 110 kPa (1,1 bar);
- and air with normal oxygen content, typically 21 % v/v. This part of ISO/IEC 80079 applies for equipment and components according to EPL Mb to be used in explosive atmospheres containing firedamp and/or combustible dust. For equipment and components according to EPL Ma, the requirements of this standard and of ISO 80079-36 and IEC 60079-0 apply. It is necessary to take account of external
conditions to the equipment which may affect the hazard and the resultant protection measures. These measures may include ventilation, gas detection or gas drainage. This part of ISO/IEC 80079 also deals with the prevention of ignitions of explosive atmospheres caused by burning (or smouldering) of combustible material such as fabric fibres, plastic "O"-rings, rubber seals, lubricating oils or greases used in the construction of the equipment if such items could be an ignition source. For example, the mechanical failure of rotating shaft bearings can result in frictional heating that ignites its plastic cage, plastic seal or lubricating grease. Detailed requirements and test procedures for the fire protection of conveyer belts are not part of this part of ISO/IEC 80079. Keywords: explosive atmospheres in underground mines, combustible dust
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ISO 19225:2017 specifies safety requirements to minimize the hazards listed in Clause 4 that can occur during the assembly, use, maintenance, repair, decommissioning, disassembly and disposal of shearer loaders and plough systems when used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer, in underground mining. ISO 19225:2017 does not cover any hazards resulting from explosive atmospheres. Requirements for explosive atmospheres can be found in ISO/IEC 80079‑38. ISO 19225:2017 is not applicable to machines that are manufactured before the date of its publication.
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ISO/IEC 80079-38:2016 is published as a dual logo standard and specifies the explosion protection requirements for the design, construction, assessment and information for use (maintenance, repair, marking) of equipment that may be an individual item or form an assembly. This includes machinery and components for use in mines susceptible to explosive atmospheres of firedamp and/or combustible
dust. The standard atmospheric conditions (relating to the explosion characteristics of the atmosphere) under which it may be assumed that equipment can be operated are:
- temperature -20 °C to 60 °C;
- pressure 80 kPa (0,8 bar) to 110 kPa (1,1 bar);
- and air with normal oxygen content, typically 21 % v/v. This part of ISO/IEC 80079 applies for equipment and components according to EPL Mb to be used in explosive atmospheres containing firedamp and/or combustible dust. For equipment and components according to EPL Ma, the requirements of this standard and of ISO 80079-36 and IEC 60079-0 apply. It is necessary to take account of external
conditions to the equipment which may affect the hazard and the resultant protection measures. These measures may include ventilation, gas detection or gas drainage. This part of ISO/IEC 80079 also deals with the prevention of ignitions of explosive atmospheres caused by burning (or smouldering) of combustible material such as fabric fibres, plastic "O"-rings, rubber seals, lubricating oils or greases used in the construction of the equipment if such items could be an ignition source. For example, the mechanical failure of rotating shaft bearings can result in frictional heating that ignites its plastic cage, plastic seal or lubricating grease. Detailed requirements and test procedures for the fire protection of conveyer belts are not part of this part of ISO/IEC 80079. Keywords: explosive atmospheres in underground mines, combustible dust
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The RQD was first introduced in the mid 1960s to provide a simple and inexpensive general indication of rock mass quality to predict tunneling conditions and support requirements. The recording of RQD has since become virtually standard practice in drill core logging for a wide variety of geotechnical explorations.
5.2 The use of RQD values has been expanded to provide a basis for making preliminary design and constructability decisions involving excavation for foundations of structures, or tunnels, open pits, and many other applications. The RQD values also can serve to identify potential problems related to bearing capacity, settlement, erosion, or sliding in rock foundations. The RQD can provide an indication of rock quality in quarries for issues involving concrete aggregate, rockfill, or large riprap.
5.3 The RQD has been widely used as a warning indicator of low-quality rock zones that may need greater scrutiny or require additional borings or other investigational work. This includes rocks with certain time-dependent qualities that by determining the RQD again after 24 h, under well-controlled conditions, can assist in determining durability.
5.4 The RQD is a basic component of many rock mass classification systems, such as rock mass rating (RMR) and Q-System, for engineering purposes. See D5878 and 2,3.
5.5 When needed, drill holes in different directions can be used to determine the RQD in three dimensions.
5.6 The concept of RQD can be used on any rock outcrop or excavation surface using line surveys as well. However, this topic is not covered by this standard.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the rock quality designation (RQD) as a standard parameter in drill core logging of a core sample in addition to the commonly obtained core recovery value (Practice D2113); however there may be some variations between different disciplines, such as mining and civil projects.
1.2 This standard does not cover any RQD determinations made by other borehole methods (such as acoustic or optical televiewer) and which may not give the same data or results as on the actual core sample(s).
1.3 There are many drilling and lithologic variations that could affect the RQD results. This standard provides examples of many common and some unusual situations that the user of this standard needs to understand to use this standard and cannot expect it to be all inclusive for all drilling and logging scenarios. The intent is to provide a baseline of examples for the user to take ownership and watch for similar, additional or unique geological and procedural issues in their specific drilling programs.
1.4 This standard uses the original calculation methods by D.U. Deere to determine an RQD value and does not cover other calculation or analysis methods; such as Monte Carlo.
1.5 The RQD in this test method only denotes the percentage of intact and sound rock in a core interval, defined by the test program, and only of the rock mass in the direction of the drill hole axis, at a specific location. A core interval is typically a core run but can be a lithological unit or any other interval of core sample relevant to the project.
1.6 RQD was originally introduced for use with conventional drilling of N-size core with diameter of 54.7 mm (2.155 in.). However, this test method covers all types of core barrels and core sizes from BQ to PQ, which are normally acceptable for measuring determining RQD as long as proper drilling techniques are used that do not cause excess core breakage or po...
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This part of ISO 10097 specifies the nomenclature and the leading dimensions necessary for the interchangeability
of the following wireline drilling equipment for drilling holes 48 mm to 96 mm in diameter, yielding cores of 27 mm to
63 mm in diameter.
The equipment is illustrated in Figure 1 and comprises the following:
a) core bit;
b) reaming shell;
c) core lifter;
d) core lifter case;
e) outer tube;
f) inner tube;
g) drill rod (smooth pipe only).
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This part of ISO 10097 specifies the nomenclature and the leading dimensions necessary for the interchangeability
of the following wireline drilling equipment for drilling holes of diameter 1,890 in to 3,790 in, yielding cores of
diameter 1,063 in to 2,500 in.
The equipment is illustrated in Figure 1 and comprises the following:
a) core bit;
b) reaming shell;
c) core lifter;
d) core lifter case;
e) outer tube;
f) inner tube;
g) drill rod (smooth pipe only).
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Establishes the nomenclature and lays down the leading dimensions to ensure interchangeability within the limits of system B of the following equipment: drill rods and couplings, fishing rods and couplings; casing tubes, casing drive shoes, casing shoe bits, casing bits and sediment tubes; core barrels, core bits, core lifters and reaming shells. Specifies the characteristics of a range of equipment for drilling holes having diameters from 1.42 in to 5.74 in and yielding cores from 0.87 in to 4.72 in in diameter.
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Changes in Figure 20 (page 21) "Type DM" to "Type DT".
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Establishes the nomenclature and lays down the leading dimensions to ensure interchangeability within the limits of system A of the following equipment: drill rods and couplings; casings, casing couplings, casing bits, casing shoes, drive shoes and casing ream shells; core barrels, core bits, core lifters and reaming shells. Specifies the characteristics of a range of equipment for drilling holes having diameters from 1.18 in to 7.88 in and yielding cores having diameters from 0.73 in to 6.5 in.
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Figure 13: change the value for the dimension D for type M(DM)59C from 49 to 44,3. Figure 30: change the value for the dimension Dx for type DP76C from 75 to 76.
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This part of ISO 10097 specifies the nomenclature and the leading dimensions necessary for the interchangeability of the following wireline drilling equipment for drilling holes of diameter 1,890 in to 3,790 in, yielding cores of diameter 1,063 in to 2,500 in. The equipment is illustrated in Figure 1 and comprises the following: a) core bit; b) reaming shell; c) core lifter; d) core lifter case; e) outer tube; f) inner tube; g) drill rod (smooth pipe only).
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This part of ISO 10097 specifies the nomenclature and the leading dimensions necessary for the interchangeability of the following wireline drilling equipment for drilling holes 48 mm to 96 mm in diameter, yielding cores of 27 mm to 63 mm in diameter. The equipment is illustrated in Figure 1 and comprises the following: a) core bit; b) reaming shell; c) core lifter; d) core lifter case; e) outer tube; f) inner tube; g) drill rod (smooth pipe only).
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Specifies the dimensions of both forged collared shanks and corresponding chuck bushings. Values are given for five nominal sizes. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (1974), which has been technically revised (extension of the range of sizes and specification of the size of the internal diameter at the forged collar).
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Specifies the connecting dimensions for drill-rods and the shanks of drill-bits. In addition, an example is given for wet drilling. Tabulates dimensions in millimetres and inches; some figures illustrate shapes and reference quantities of concern.
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Specifies the dimensions. The 19 mm hexagonal integral stems with forged collared shank shall comply with the dimensions shown in figure 1 and given in table 1. The 22 mm stems shall comply with the dimensions shown in figure 2 and given in table 2. The 25 mm stems shall comply with the dimensions shown in figure 3 and given in table 3.
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Specifies the dimensions for seven nominal sizes. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (1985), which has been technically revised (addition of round drill steels and extension of the range of sizes).
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Lays down the basic dimensions of drill rods and the necessary dimensions of the tapered connections. These dimensions shall comply with those given in figure 1 and table 1 and in figure 2 and table 2, respectively.
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Specifies the basic dimensions for equipment. Gives a list of components; tabulates together with figures: shank adapters for central flushing, hexagon type and lug-shank type; extension rods; coupling sleeves; four-wing bits; reverse-buttress threads; hollow hexagonal bars for extension rods; hexagonal drill-steels.
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Specifies the basic dimensions for equipment. Gives a list of components; tabulates together with figures: size of drill-steel in bar form; lengths of extension rods; coupling sleeves; bit diameters (four-wing bits); reverse-buttress threads; hollow hexagonal bars for extension rods.
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Defines dimensions and tolerances of left-hand rope threads to be used on rope threaded drill steel equipment for percussive drilling. Five sets of values are given.
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Specifies the basic dimensions of rope threaded drill steel equipment for percussive drilling of 8 nominal sizes. This equipment comprises mainly hexagonal shank rods, extension rods, coupling sleeves and drill bits.
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Specifies the material for and dimensions of equipment for drilling in solid or weakly fissured medium hard or hard formations to depths of 1200 m to 1500 m. Applies to equipment with outer bit diameters of 46 mm, 59 mm, 76 mm and 93 mm with corresponding core diameters from 24 mm to 59 mm.
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Establishes the nomenclature and lays down the leading dimensions to ensure interchangeability within the limits of system B of the following equipment: drill rods and couplings, fishing rods and couplings; casing tubes, casing drive shoes, casing shoe bits, casing bits and sediment tubes; core barrels, core bits, core lifters and reaming shells. Specifies the characteristics of a range of equipment for drilling holes having diameters from 36 mm to 146 mm and yielding cores from 22 mm to 120 mm in diameter.
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Establishes the nomenclature and lays down the leading dimensions to ensure interchangeability within the limits of system A of the following equipment: drill rods and couplings; casings, casing couplings, casing bits, casing shoes, drive shoes and casing ream shells; core barrels, core bits, core lifters and reaming shells. Specifies the characteristics of a range of equipment for drilling holes having diameters from 30 mm to 200 mm and yielding cores having diameters from 18,5 mm to 165 mm.
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Specifies the material for and dimensions of equipment for drilling in solid or weakly fissured medium hard or hard formations to depths of 1200 m to 1500 m. Applies to equipment with outer bit diameters of 46 mm, 59 mm, 76 mm and 93 mm with corresponding core diameters from 24 mm to 59 mm.
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Establishes the nomenclature and lays down the leading dimensions to ensure interchangeability within the limits of system B of the following equipment: drill rods and couplings, fishing rods and couplings; casing tubes, casing drive shoes, casing shoe bits, casing bits and sediment tubes; core barrels, core bits, core lifters and reaming shells. Specifies the characteristics of a range of equipment for drilling holes having diameters from 1.42 in to 5.74 in and yielding cores from 0.87 in to 4.72 in in diameter.
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Establishes the nomenclature and lays down the leading dimensions to ensure interchangeability within the limits of system B of the following equipment: drill rods and couplings, fishing rods and couplings; casing tubes, casing drive shoes, casing shoe bits, casing bits and sediment tubes; core barrels, core bits, core lifters and reaming shells. Specifies the characteristics of a range of equipment for drilling holes having diameters from 36 mm to 146 mm and yielding cores from 22 mm to 120 mm in diameter.
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Establishes the nomenclature and lays down the leading dimensions to ensure interchangeability within the limits of system A of the following equipment: drill rods and couplings; casings, casing couplings, casing bits, casing shoes, drive shoes and casing ream shells; core barrels, core bits, core lifters and reaming shells. Specifies the characteristics of a range of equipment for drilling holes having diameters from 30 mm to 200 mm and yielding cores having diameters from 18,5 mm to 165 mm.
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Establishes the nomenclature and lays down the leading dimensions to ensure interchangeability within the limits of system A of the following equipment: drill rods and couplings; casings, casing couplings, casing bits, casing shoes, drive shoes and casing ream shells; core barrels, core bits, core lifters and reaming shells. Specifies the characteristics of a range of equipment for drilling holes having diameters from 1.18 in to 7.88 in and yielding cores having diameters from 0.73 in to 6.5 in.
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Changes in Figure 20 (page 21) "Type DM" to "Type DT".
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