CEN/TC 162/WG 2 - Resistance to heat and fire of protective clothing

This document specifies the overall requirements, equipment and calculation methods to provide results that can be used for evaluating the performance of complete garments or protective clothing ensembles exposed to short duration flame engulfment.
This test method establishes a rating system to characterize the thermal protection provided by single-layer and multi-layer garments made of flame resistant materials. The rating is based on the measurement of heat transfer to a full-size manikin exposed to convective and radiant energy in a laboratory simulation of a fire with controlled heat flux, duration and flame distribution. The heat transfer data is summed over a prescribed time to give the total transferred energy. Transferred energy and thermal manikin protection factor (TMPF) assessment methods provide a means to quantify product performance.
The exposure heat flux is limited to a nominal level of 84 kW/m2 and durations of 3 s to 20 s dependant on the risk assessment and expectations from the thermal insulating capability of the garment.
The results obtained apply only to the particular garments or ensembles, as tested, and for the specified conditions of each test, particularly with respect to the heat flux, duration and flame distribution.
This test method covers visual evaluation, observation, inspection and documentation on the overall behaviour of the test specimen(s) before, during and after the exposure. The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.
The heat flux measurements can also be used to calculate the predicted skin burn injury resulting from the exposure (see ISO 13506-2).
This test method does not simulate high radiant exposures such as those found in arc flash exposures, some types of fire exposures where liquid or solid fuels are involved, nor exposure to nuclear explosions.
NOTE            This test method is complex and requires a high degree of technical expertise in both the test setup and operation. Even minor deviations from the instructions in this test method can lead to significantly different test results.

This document provides technical details for calculating predicted burn injury to human skin when its surface is subject to a varying heat flux, such as may occur due to energy transmitted through and by a garment or protective clothing ensemble exposed to flames. A series of test cases are provided against which the burn injury prediction calculation method is verified. It also contains requirements for the in situ calibration of the thermal energy sensor — skin injury prediction system for the range of heat fluxes that occur under garments.
The skin burn injury calculation methods as presented in this test method do not include terms for handling short wavelength radiation that may penetrate the skin. The latter include arc flashes, some types of fire exposures with liquid or solid fuels, and nuclear sources.

This document specifies two complementary methods (method A and method B) for determining the behaviour of materials for heat protective clothing subjected to heat radiation.
These tests are carried out on representative single or multi-layer textiles or other materials intended for clothing for protection against heat. They are also applicable to assemblies, which correspond to the overall build up of a heat protective clothing assembly with or without underclothing,
Method A serves for visual assessment of any changes in the material after the action of heat radiation. With method B the protective effect of the materials is determined. The materials may be tested either by both methods or only by one of them.
The tests according to these two methods serve to classify materials; however, to be able to make a statement or prediction as to the suitability of a material for protective clothing additional criteria must be taken into account.
Since the tests are carried out at room temperature the results do not necessarily correspond to the behaviour of the materials at higher ambient temperatures and therefore are only to a limited extent suitable for predicting the performance of the protective clothing made from the materials under test.

This document applies to garments and assembly of garments providing protection against heat and flame, with integrated smart textiles and non-textile elements for enhanced health, safety and survival capabilities.
This document does not concern validating claims that the integrated smart textiles and non-textile elements substitute directly any protection provided by the garment from a heat and flame perspective.
The integrated smart textiles and non-textile elements could include not only the parts integrated into the protective garment but also connections to transmit the data generated or exchange data with external devices. It is not within the scope of this document to evaluate either the data storage or transmission (including connectivity) to the external devices, nor the external devices. This document evaluates only the smart textiles and non-textile elements integrated into the garment.
This document supplements the requirements of EN ISO 11612 and EN ISO 13688 and does not replace any of the requirements cited in those documents.
This document sets additional testing and performance requirements linked specifically to the garments and assembly of garments providing protection against heat and flame, with integrated smart textiles and non-textile elements for enhanced health, safety and survival capabilities. These additional requirements will depend on the functionality of the smart textiles or non-textile element and its needed efficacy during heat and flame hazards and risks from an electrical/electronic safety perspective in these situations.

The purpose of this document is to assist employers (or the person who advises the employer such as suppliers of PPE or services, inspection, insurance companies, etc.) in taking the necessary decisions regarding the selection, use, care and maintenance (SUCAM) of advanced garments and ensembles of garments that provide protection against heat and flame, with integrated smart textiles and smart non-textile elements for enhanced health, safety and survival capabilities that are compliant with the European legislation.
This document supports developers and manufacturers in designing and producing garments with smart textiles and smart non-textile elements that will meet the user’s needs during the whole life cycle of the garment and comply with standard requirements set for protective clothing on use, care and maintenance up to and including the disposal of the protective gear.
This document is not exhaustive in addressing all the safety concerns associated with the use of compliant protective equipment for protection against heat and flames and other related risks.
It is essential not to construe this document as addressing all the safety concerns, if any, associated with the use of this document by testing or repair facilities. It is the responsibility of the persons and organizations that use this document and any other standards or technical report related to PPE:
- to conduct a risk assessment at the workplace;
- to select the protective clothing and other PPE, including those with smart (intelligent) features, and to verify that the manufacturer has indicated the selected PPE to be suitable for the identified risks at the workplace;
- as well as to ensure that these provide a holistic protection, only when the compatibility has been assessed including understanding the workplace and the work environment to determine the properties of protective clothing against heat and flames to establish health and safety practices;
- to verify that the manufacturer has provided information for risk assessment of the potential risks that may occur due to the smart (intelligent) features in the intended working environment, and that the manufacturer has suggested measurements to compensate such new risks, whilst the employer has to ensure that these measurements are brought to action;
- and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to using this document for any designing, manufacturing, and testing.
This document is meant for all end users that are using smart garments for protection against heat and flame. It contains information that can also be useful to other people, such as manufacturers, designers, service providers and educators who may be confronted with smart garments used to protect against heat and flame risks although it will focus on the first four in the list below:
- petrochemical and chemical industry;
- welders and foundries;
- utilities (electrical, gas, water);
- firefighters and emergency response;
- sports (motor sports, boating, etc.);
- security forces (military, police and private).
It is essential that nothing herein restricts any jurisdiction from exceeding the minimum requirements as provided in the relevant standards.
This document is not intended to cover the aspects related to data security and privacy. For employers using smart garments that monitor and/or collect data, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR, Regulation (EU) 2016/679) and national regulations can apply. It is essential that the smart protective garments are selected, used, taken care and maintained in a way that will neither compromise the safety and privacy of the user nor the security of the enterprise or authority using the smart garment systems.

This document specifies minimum performance requirements for protective clothing designed to be worn during firefighting activities. The requirements detailed in this document cover design, heat and flame, mechanical, chemical, comfort, and visibility.
This document covers the general clothing design, the minimum performance levels of the material used, the methods of test to be used to determine these performance levels, marking and information supplied by the manufacturer.
This document makes distinction between firefighting activities dividing them into two performance levels based on a risk assessment:
-   Level 1: specifies the minimum requirements for firefighting clothing involving work associated with outdoor firefighting and their support activities, taking into account the environments and conditions of the expected operational scenarios of such firefighting activities.
The level 1 is not applicable for protection against risks encountered in fighting fires or rescue from fire activities in structures, unless combined to a level 2 or other specialized PPE.
-   Level 2: specifies the minimum requirements for firefighting clothing for risks encountered in fighting fires and rescue from fire in structures.
The distinction between Level 1 and Level 2 clothing is restricted to the requirements for heat and flame (X1 or X2 - Heat and Flame). These levels of protection can be reached by a single garment or a combination of separate garments.
Additional marking provides two grades of protection for Y (protection against water penetration) and Z (water vapour resistance). It is essential that these performance grades are indicated on the marking of the clothing and explained in the instructions for use.
This document does not cover protective clothing for wildland firefighting, specialized firefighting in a high amount of radiant heat where reflective clothing is required and/or advanced technical rescue operations dealing with hazardous chemicals, working with chainsaws and water and rope rescue.
This document does not cover protection for the head, hands and feet or specific protection against other hazards e.g. chemical, biological, radiological and electrical hazards. These aspects may be covered in other European Standards.

This document specifies methods of test and minimum performance requirements for personal protective clothing, designed to protect the wearer's body, except for the head, hands, and feet, that is worn during wildland firefighting and associated activities. This clothing is not intended to provide protection during fire entrapment. This document covers the general design of the garment, the minimum level of performance for the materials employed and the methods of test to determine these levels.
This document is not applicable to clothing for use in situations encountered in structural firefighting (EN 469 or ISO 11999-3), rescue (ISO 18639) or where a high level of infrared radiation is expected (ISO 15538 or EN 1486), nor does this document cover clothing to protect against chemical, biological, electrical or radiation hazards. This document does not provide protection against high mechanical risks such as for protection when using chain saws.

This European standard describes a thermophysiological model (thermal
human simulator) that uses the output data of the first part to obtain
physiological heat load criteria that predicts the (maximal) duration of
work in the protective clothing in fire fighters’ relevant conditions.
NOTE The human simulator method using the Sweating Torso (i.e.
coupling of the instrumented manikin with a thermo-physiological
feedback model) is validated for different scenarios by comparison to
human subject trials(1, 2). The scenarios also included warm and hot
environments as can be expected for firefighter applications. Core
temperature, being one of the most important physiological variables,
and mean skin temperature, which is a useful indicator of thermal comfort
sensation and of the overall condition of the body, are chosen as relevant
physiological parameters for the thermophysiological human simulator.

This European Standard specifies the Sweating Torso as a method to
measure the coupled heat and mass transfer through protective clothing
in fire fighters’ specific conditions.
NOTE The Sweating Torso is developed to perform highly reproducible
laboratory tests for heat and mass transfer on clothing systems under
controlled conditions which are closely correlated to real conditions. The
Sweating Torso is a cylinder with the same size as a human trunk. The
layers of the measurement cylinder are made of compact Teflon,
polyethylene and aluminium. Due to this combination of materials,
transient processes can be modelled. Thus, changes in the skin and core
temperature can be simulated. The Sweating Torso contains a total of 54
independently-controlled sweating nozzles. In order to avoid any axial
heat loss, the cylinder has a heated guard at each end. The cylinder and
the thermal guards are heated electrically using heating foils. The
Sweating Torso can be run either with constant surface temperature or
with constant heating. The whole Sweating Torso is placed on a
precision scale to assess the evaporated and condensed amount of
water.

This document provides a test method for evaluating the physiological impact of protective fabric ensembles and potentially protective clothing ensembles in a series of simulated activities (phases) under defined ambient conditions. This standard test method characterizes the essential properties of fabric assemblies of a representative garment or clothing ensemble for thermo-physiological assessment:
—          dry thermal insulation;
—          cooling properties during average metabolic activity and moisture management (dry and wet heat transfer);
—          drying behaviour.
Default measurements are done on fabric samples representing the garment or protective clothing combination. Optionally and in addition to the standard test method, the same testing protocol can be applied to characterise more complex protective clothing ensembles including underwear, air layer and certain design features[1]. In addition, measurements on readymade garments are possible.
This test method is intended to be used to measure and describe the behaviour of fabric assemblies of a garment or clothing ensemble in response to a simulated series of activities under controlled laboratory conditions, with the results used to optimize garment combinations and material selection. Furthermore, this document together ISO 18640-2, is intended to be used to describe the thermo-physiological impact of protective clothing but not the risk for heat stress under actual fire conditions. The results of this test can be used as elements of a risk assessment with respect to thermo-physiological load.
[1]      A study conducted by Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland) showed good correlation between results of standard torso tests (without underwear and air layers on fabrics) to tests on fabrics with underwear, tests on fabrics with underwear and air layers and test on readymade garments (with underwear and with or without air layers) of the same material composition. Due to the added thermal insulation values of the additional layers direct comparison of results between different measurement configurations is not possible, however.

This document specifies a method for evaluating the thermo-physiological impact of protective fabric ensembles and potentially protective clothing ensembles in a simulated activity under defined relevant conditions for firefighters.
This document is intended to be used to assess the thermo-physiological impact of protective fabric ensembles and potentially protective clothing ensembles but not the risk for heat stress due to actual fire conditions. The results of this test method can be used as elements of characterisation and comparison of thermo-physiological impact of various types of protective fabric ensembles and potentially protective clothing ensembles.
Default measurements are undertaken on fabric samples representing the garment or protective clothing combination. Optionally and in addition to the standard test method, the same testing protocol can be applied to characterise protective clothing ensembles including underwear, air layers and certain design features[1]. In addition measurements on readymade garments are optionally possible.
NOTE       The presently used evaluation methods are only validated for structural firefighting garments.
[1]      A study conducted at Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland) showed good correlation between results of standard torso tests (without both underwear and air layers on fabrics) to tests on fabrics with underwear, tests on fabrics with underwear and air layers and test on readymade garments (with underwear and with or without air layers) of the same material composition. Due to the different thermal insulation of the systems direct comparison of the results is not possible.

This document provides guidance to the employers, users and purchasers with respect to selection, use, care, and maintenance requirements for protective clothing against heat and flame and is compliant with the European legislation.
This document is not exhaustive in addressing all the safety concerns associated with the use of compliant protective equipment for protection against heat and flames and other related risks.
It is essential not to construe this document as addressing all the safety concerns, if any, associated with the use of this document by testing or repair facilities. It is the responsibility of the persons and organizations that use this document and any other standards related technical report to PPE:
-   to conduct a risk assessment,
-   to select the protective clothing and other PPE,
-   as well as to ensure that these provide a holistic protection, only when the compatibility has been assessed including understanding the work place and the work environment to determine the properties of protective clothing against heat and flames to establish safety and health practices
-   and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to using this technical report for any designing, manufacturing, and testing.
This guidance is meant for all end users that may be confronted with heat and flame risks although it will focus on the first four in the list below:
-   petrochemical and chemical industry;
-   welders and foundries;
-   utilities (electrical, gas, water);
-   fire fighters and emergency response;
-   sports (motor sports, boating, etc.);
-   security forces (military, police and private).
It is essential that nothing herein restricts any jurisdiction from exceeding the minimum requirements as provided in the relevant standards.

This standard specifies minimum safety requirements and test methods for a firehood to be worn during firefighting operations to protect against heat and fire. This standard only applies in situations when protective clothing (EN 469), breathing apparatus (EN 136 and EN 137), and helmet (EN 443) are also worn.

This European Standard specifies the minimum requirements for technical rescue clothing.
Technical rescues involves work associated with the environments, and conditions associated with operational scenarios such as but not limited to those found during road traffic collisions and when working in and around collapsed structures often for extended periods of time after natural disasters (earthquake, landslides, etc.) where protection against mechanical risks, limited heat and flame and conspicuity is needed.
NOTE   This could involve heavy workloads, working in confined spaces and require conspicuity in public places.
This European Standard covers the general clothing design, the minimum performance levels of the material used, the methods of test to be used to determine these performance levels, and marking and information supplied by the manufacturer.
Unless combined with other specialized PPE and tested accordingly this standard is not applicable to clothing used to protect against risks encountered in fighting fires, wildland fires or rescue from fire, dealing with hazardous chemicals, working with chainsaws and water and rope rescue.
This European Standard does not cover protection for the head, hands and feet or protection against other hazards e.g. chemical, radiological and electrical hazards. These aspects are covered in other European Standards.

ISO 15025:2016 specifies two procedures (surface ignition and bottom-edge ignition) for determining flame spread properties of vertically oriented flexible materials in the form of single or multicomponent fabrics (coated, quilted, multilayered, sandwich constructions and similar combinations), when subjected to a small defined flame. This test standard does not apply to situations where there is restricted air supply or exposure to large sources of intense heat, for which other test methods are more appropriate.
This test method is not appropriate for materials that demonstrate extensive melting or shrinkage.

ISO 9151:2016 specifies a method for determining the heat transmission through materials or material assemblies used in protective clothing. Materials may then be ranked by comparing heat transfer indices, which provide an indication of the relative heat transmission under the specified test conditions. The heat transfer index should not be taken as a measure of the protection time given by the tested materials under actual use conditions.

ISO 12127-1:2015 specifies a test method for the determination of contact heat transmission. It is applicable to protective clothing (including hand protectors) and its constituent materials intended to protect against high contact temperatures.
ISO 12127-1:2015 is restricted to contact temperatures between 100 °C and 500 °C.

ISO 14116:2015 specifies the performance requirements for the limited flame spread properties of all materials, all material assemblies, and protective clothing in order to reduce the possibility of the clothing burning when in occasional and brief contact with small flames and thereby constituting a hazard. Additional requirements for clothing are also specified, including design requirements, mechanical requirements, marking, and information supplied by the manufacturer.
When protection against heat hazards is necessary, in addition to protection against flame, this International Standard is not appropriate. International Standards such as ISO 11612 are to be used instead.
A classification system is given for materials, material assemblies, and garments which are tested according to ISO 15025, Procedure A.

ISO 11611:2015 specifies minimum basic safety requirements and test methods for protective clothing including hoods, aprons, sleeves, and gaiters that are designed to protect the wearer's body including head (hoods) and feet (gaiters) and that are to be worn during welding and allied processes with comparable risks. For the protection of the wearer's head and feet, this International Standard is only applicable to hoods and gaiters. This International Standard does not cover requirements for feet, hand, face, and/or eye protectors.
This type of protective clothing is intended to protect the wearer against spatter (small splashes of molten metal), short contact time with flame, radiant heat from an electric arc used for welding and allied processes, and minimizes the possibility of electrical shock by short-term, accidental contact with live electrical conductors at voltages up to approximately 100 V d. c. in normal conditions of welding. Sweat, soiling, or other contaminants can affect the level of protection provided against short-term accidental contact with live electric conductors at these voltages.
For adequate overall protection against the risks to which welders are likely to be exposed, personal protective equipment (PPE) covered by other International Standards should additionally be worn to protect the head, face, hands, and feet.
Guidance for the selection of the type of welders clothing for different welding activities is detailed in Annex A.

ISO 11612:2015 specifies performance requirements for protective clothing made from flexible materials, which are designed to protect the wearer's body, except the hands, from heat and/or flame. For protection of the wearer's head and feet, the only items of protective clothing falling within the scope of ISO 11612:2015 are gaiters, hoods, and overboots. However, concerning hoods, requirements for visors and respiratory equipment are not given.
The performance requirements set out in ISO 11612:2015 are applicable to protective clothing which could be worn for a wide range of end uses, where there is a need for clothing with limited flame spread properties and where the user can be exposed to radiant or convective or contact heat or to molten metal splashes.

ISO 12127-2:2007 specifies a test method designed to evaluate the heat transfer and the behaviour of materials used for protective clothing when such materials are struck by high temperature metal particles, especially when these are trapped in the folds of the garment in working situations.
The results obtained by this method permit the comparison of the behaviour of different materials which have undergone this test under standardized conditions. They do not permit conclusions to be drawn with respect to contacts with large splashes of molten cast iron or other metal, nor do they allow the behaviour of complete garments under industrial conditions to be predicted.

ISO 9185:2007 specifies a method for assessing the heat penetration resistance of materials intended for use in clothing to protect against large splashes of molten metal. It provides specific procedures for assessing the effects of splashes of molten aluminium, molten cryolite, molten copper, molten iron and molten mild steel. The principle of the test method is applicable to a wider range of hot molten materials than those for which specific procedures are set out, provided that appropriate measures are applied to protect the test operator.

This European Standard considers requirements for the protection of the whole body including head, hands and feet. Clothing for head and feet according to this European Standard, however, may only provide sufficient protection when worn together with such basic PPE specified in the relevant standards as noted in paragraphs 4.2 and 4.4 of this European Standard.
This European Standard specifies test methods and minimum performance requirements for reflective protective clothing used in specialised fire-fighting.
This clothing provides protection against flame lick and intense radiant heat and is worn for short periods only, to enable the fire-fighter to enter specific high-risk fire-fighting and fire rescue situations which also require the use of breathing apparatus.
This European Standard only covers protective clothing that relies upon the ability of the outer material to reflect intense radiant heat. This type of reflective clothing may also be used for industrial applications involving high levels of radiant heat.
The reflective clothing specified in this European Standard is not covered in EN 469.

CMC - P & P - AtP mistake

This International Standard specifies test methods, performance requirements and design parameters for clothing for protection against heat and flame intended for drivers in  automobile competitions. This International Standard concerns outer garments, under garments, socks, gloves and balaclava hoods. Shoes and helmets are excluded.

This European Standard specifies a test method designed to evaluate the behaviour of materials used for protective clothing when such materials are struck by small liquid metal splashes, especially when molten steel particles are projected against the material.    It applies to any pliable material, or assembly of materials, designed to protect workers against small splashes of molten metal.  The results obtained by this method enable the behaviour of different materials which have undergone this test under standardized conditions to be compared. They do not permit conclusions with respect to contacts with large splashes of molten cast iron or other metal to be drawn, neither will they allow the behaviour of complete garments under industrial conditions to be predicted.

ISO 11612:2015 specifies performance requirements for protective clothing made from flexible materials, which are designed to protect the wearer's body, except the hands, from heat and/or flame. For protection of the wearer's head and feet, the only items of protective clothing falling within the scope of ISO 11612:2015 are gaiters, hoods, and overboots. However, concerning hoods, requirements for visors and respiratory equipment are not given.
The performance requirements set out in ISO 11612:2015 are applicable to protective clothing which could be worn for a wide range of end uses, where there is a need for clothing with limited flame spread properties and where the user can be exposed to radiant or convective or contact heat or to molten metal splashes.

ISO 14116:2015 specifies the performance requirements for the limited flame spread properties of all materials, all material assemblies, and protective clothing in order to reduce the possibility of the clothing burning when in occasional and brief contact with small flames and thereby constituting a hazard. Additional requirements for clothing are also specified, including design requirements, mechanical requirements, marking, and information supplied by the manufacturer.
When protection against heat hazards is necessary, in addition to protection against flame, this International Standard is not appropriate. International Standards such as ISO 11612 are to be used instead.
A classification system is given for materials, material assemblies, and garments which are tested according to ISO 15025, Procedure A.

This document specifies minimum safety requirements and test methods for protective clothing including hoods, aprons, sleeves, and gaiters that are designed to protect the wearer's body including head (hoods) and feet (gaiters) and that are to be worn during welding and allied processes with comparable risks. For the protection of the wearer’s head and feet, this document is only applicable to hoods and gaiters. This document does not cover requirements for feet, hand, face, and/or eye protectors.
This type of protective clothing is intended to protect the wearer against the following hazards:
—     spatter (small splashes of molten metal) in 2 risk levels, short contact time with flame, radiant heat from an electric arc used for welding and allied processes,
—     harmful artificial optical radiation (UV-A, UV-B and especially UV-C) in 3 risk levels generated during welding and allied processes and
—     minimizes the possibility of electrical shock by short-term, accidental contact with live electrical conductors at voltages up to approximately 100 V d. c. in normal conditions of welding. Sweat, soiling, or other contaminants can affect the level of protection provided against short-term accidental contact with live electric conductors at these voltages.
The main manual welding processes are exemplified and are classified into process groups according to the maximum effectively emitted total irradiance, which has been determined and evaluated by measurement for these types of welding processes.
For adequate overall protection against the risks to which welders are likely to be exposed, personal protective equipment (PPE) covered by other standards should additionally be worn to protect the head, face, hands, and feet.
This document is not applicable for laser welding processes (coherent, monochromatic radiation sources).
Guidance for the selection of protective clothing for different welding activities is detailed in Annex B.

This document specifies minimum safety requirements and test methods for a firehood to be worn during firefighting operations to protect against heat and fire.
This document has two optional requirements: firehoods can be either with a ventilation window for comfort, or a barrier for protection against particulate contaminants, or both.
This document applies in situations when protective clothing (e.g. EN 469, EN ISO 15384), respiratory protection devices (e.g. EN 136 and EN 137), and helmet (e.g. EN 443, EN 16471) are also worn.

This document specifies minimum performance requirements for protective clothing designed to be worn during firefighting activities. The requirements detailed in this document cover design, heat and flame, mechanical, chemical, comfort, and visibility.
This document covers the general clothing design, the minimum performance levels of the material used, the methods of test to be used to determine these performance levels, marking and information supplied by the manufacturer.
This document makes distinction between firefighting activities dividing them into two performance levels based on a risk assessment:
-   Level 1: specifies the minimum requirements for firefighting clothing involving work associated with outdoor firefighting and their support activities, taking into account the environments and conditions of the expected operational scenarios of such firefighting activities.
The level 1 is not applicable for protection against risks encountered in fighting fires or rescue from fire activities in structures, unless combined to a level 2 or other specialized PPE.
-   Level 2: specifies the minimum requirements for firefighting clothing for risks encountered in fighting fires and rescue from fire in structures.
The distinction between Level 1 and Level 2 clothing is restricted to the requirements for heat and flame (X1 or X2 - Heat and Flame). These levels of protection can be reached by a single garment or a combination of separate garments.
Additional marking provides two grades of protection for Y (protection against water penetration) and Z (water vapour resistance). It is essential that these performance grades are indicated on the marking of the clothing and explained in the instructions for use.
This document does not cover protective clothing for wildland firefighting, specialized firefighting in a high amount of radiant heat where reflective clothing is required and/or advanced technical rescue operations dealing with hazardous chemicals, working with chainsaws and water and rope rescue.
This document does not cover protection for the head, hands and feet or specific protection against other hazards e.g. chemical, biological, radiological and electrical hazards. These aspects may be covered in other European Standards.

This European Standard specifies minimum levels of performance requirements for protective clothing against heat and fire designed to be worn during firefighting operations, except protective clothing that is worn during fighting wildland fires (EN 15614) or specialized firefighting (EN 1486).
Within this European Standard, two performance levels are given for performance requirements 6.3, 6.4, 6.12 and 6.13:
-   thermal protection level two (marked with X2) is the higher level;
-   thermal level one (marked with X1) is the lower level.
This European Standard covers the general clothing design, the minimum performance levels of the materials used, the methods of test to be used to determine these performance levels, and marking and information supplied by the manufacturer.
Neither does this European Standard cover the protection against other hazards, such as chemical, electrical, biological, radiological or high-visibility hazards, nor does it cover the protection for the head, hands or feet. These aspects may be covered in other European Standards. However, the event of small accidental splashes of chemicals or flammable liquids is covered by this standard.

This International Standard specifies minimum basic safety requirements and test methods for protective clothing including hoods, aprons, sleeves and gaiters that are designed to protect the wearer's body including head (hoods) and feet (gaiters) and that are to be worn during welding and allied processes with comparable risks. For the protection of the wearer’s head and feet, this International Standard is only applicable to hoods and gaiters. This International Standard does not cover requirements for hand protection or visors for face protection.
This type of protective clothing is intended to protect the wearer against spatter (small splashes of molten metal), short contact time with flame, radiant heat from the arc, and minimizes the possibility of electrical shock by short-term, accidental contact with live electrical conductors at voltages up to approximately 100 V d.c. in normal conditions of welding. Sweat, soiling or other contaminants can affect the level of protection provided against short-term accidental contact with live electric conductors at these voltages. This International Standard specifies two classes with specific performance requirements (see Annex A), i.e. Class 1 being the lower level and Class 2 the higher level.
Class 1 is protection against less hazardous welding techniques and situations, causing lower levels of spatter and radiant heat.
Class 2 is protection against more hazardous welding techniques and situations, causing higher levels of spatter and radiant heat.

This International Standard specifies performance requirements for garments made from flexible materials, which are designed to protect the wearer’s body, except the hands, from heat and/or flame. For protection of the wearer’s head and feet, the only items of protective clothing falling within the scope of this International Standard are gaiters, hoods and overboots. However, concerning hoods, requirements for visors and respiratory equipment are not given.
The performance requirements set out in this International Standard are applicable to garments which could be worn for a wide range of end uses, where there is a need for clothing with limited flame spread properties and where the user can be exposed to radiant or convective or contact heat or to molten metal splashes.
This International Standard is not applicable to protective clothing that is specified by other International Standards, such as for firefighting in structures and for use in welding and allied processes.

This International Standard specifies the performance requirements for the limited flame spread properties of materials, material assemblies and protective clothing in order to reduce the possibility of the clothing burning and thereby itself constituting a hazard. Additional requirements for clothing are also specified.
Protective clothing complying with this International Standard is intended to protect workers against occasional and brief contact with small igniting flames, in circumstances where there is no significant heat hazard and without the presence of another type of heat. When protection against heat hazards is necessary in addition to protection against limited spread flammability, then standards, such as ISO 11612, are more appropriate.
A classification system is given for materials, material assemblies and garments which are tested according to ISO 15025:2000, Procedure A.

ISO 13506-1:2017 specifies the overall requirements, equipment and calculation methods to provide results that can be used for evaluating the performance of complete garments or protective clothing ensembles exposed to short duration flame engulfment.
This test method establishes a rating system to characterize the thermal protection provided by single-layer and multi-layer garments made of flame resistant materials. Any material construction such as coated, quilted or sandwich can be used. The rating is based on the measurement of heat transfer to a full-size manikin exposed to convective and radiant energy in a laboratory simulation of a fire with controlled heat flux, duration and flame distribution. The heat transfer data are summed over a prescribed time to give the total transferred energy.
For the purposes of this test method, the incident heat flux is limited to a nominal level of 84 kW/m2 and limited to exposure durations of 3 s to 12 s dependant on the risk assessment and expectations from the thermal insulating capability of the garment. The results obtained apply only to the particular garments or ensembles, as tested, and for the specified conditions of each test, particularly with respect to the heat flux, duration and flame distribution.
This test method requires a visual evaluation, observation and inspection on the overall behaviour of the test specimen during and after the exposure as the garment or complete ensemble on the manikin is recorded before, during and after the flame exposure. Visuals of the garment or complete ensemble on the manikin are recorded (i.e. video and still images) before, during and after the flame exposure. This also applies to the evaluation of protection for the hands or the feet when they do not contain sensors. For the interfaces of ensembles tested, the test method is limited to visual inspection. The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.
The heat flux measurements can also be used to calculate the predicted skin burn injury resulting from the exposure (see ISO 13506-2).
This test method does not simulate high radiant exposures such as those found in arc flash exposures, some types of fire exposures where liquid or solid fuels are involved, nor exposure to nuclear explosions.
NOTE 1       This test method provides information on material behaviour and a measurement of garment performance on a stationary upright manikin. The relative size of the garment and the manikin and the fit of the garment on the shape of the manikin have an important influence on the performance.
NOTE 2       This test method is complex and requires a high degree of technical expertise in both the test setup and operation.
NOTE 3       Even minor deviations from the instructions in this test method can lead to significantly different test results.

ISO 6942 specifies two complementary methods (method A and method B) for determining the behaviour of materials for heat protective clothing subjected to heat radiation.
These tests are carried out on representative single or multi-layer textiles or other materials intended for clothing for protection against heat. They are also applicable to assemblies, which correspond to the overall build up of a heat protective clothing assembly with or without underclothing.
Method A serves for visual assessment of any changes in the material after the action of heat radiation. With method B, the protective effect of the materials is determined. The materials may be tested either by both methods or only by one of them.
The tests carried out according to these two methods serve to classify materials; however, to be able to make a statement or prediction as to the suitability of a material for protective clothing, it is necessary to take into account additional criteria.
Since the tests are carried out at room temperature, the results do not necessarily correspond to the behaviour of the materials at higher ambient temperatures and therefore are only to a limited extent suitable for predicting the performance of the protective clothing made from the materials under test.

Modification of subclause 6.12; inclusion of new subclause 8.7.

2015-03-17: Through BT 11/2015, the CEN/BT decided to withdraw EN 469:2014, delete prA1 (WI 374), re-activate EN 469:2005 and create a new work item in order to revise EN 469:2005.
TC - Modification to Table E.1, Table G.3, (E)  and E.8.2 and E.4.3 (D)

This European Standard specifies minimum levels of performance requirements for protective clothing to be worn during firefighting operations and associated activities such as e.g. rescue work, assistance during disasters.  The described clothing is not meant to protect against chemical and/or gas cleaning operations.
This European Standard covers the general clothing design, the minimum performance levels of the materials used, and the methods of test to be used to determine these performance levels. The required performance levels may be achieved by the use of one or more garments.
This European Standard covers the event of an accidental splash of chemical or flammable liquids but does not cover special clothing for use in other high-risk situations e.g. reflective protective clothing. It does not cover protection for the head, hands and feet or protection against other hazards e.g. chemical, biological, radiological and electrical hazards. These aspects may be covered in other European Standards.

This European Standard specifies methods of test and minimum performance requirements for protective clothing, designed to protect the wearer's body, except the head, hands and feet, to be worn in wildland firefighting and associated activities. This clothing is not intended to provide protection during fire entrapment. This European Standard covers the general design of the garment, the minimum level of performance for the materials employed and the methods of test to determine these levels.
This European Standard is not applicable to clothing for use in risk situations encountered in structural firefighting (EN 469 and ISO 11613) or where a high level of infrared radiation is expected (EN 1486), nor does this European Standard cover clothing to protect against chemical, biological, electrical or radiation hazards.

This standard specifies minimum safety requirements and test methods for a fire hood worn by a firefighter whilst wearing protective clothing (EN 469), breathing apparatus (EN 136 and EN 137), and helmet (EN 443).

This International Standard specifies a method for the measurement of limited flame spread properties of vertically oriented textile fabrics and industrial products in the form of single or multi-component fabrics (coated, quilted, multilayered, sandwich constructions, and similar combinations), when subjected to a small defined flame.
This test method is not appropriate for materials that demonstrate extensive melting or shrinkage.

This European Standard specifies a method for comparing the heat transmission through materials or material assemblies used in protective clothing. Materials are ranked by calculation of a Heat Transfer Index, which is an indication of the relative protection under the specified test conditions. The Heat Transfer Index should not be taken as a measure of the protection time given by the tested materials under actual use conditions.

This European Standard specifies a test method for the determination of the contact heat transmission. It is applicable to protective clothing (including hand protectors) or its constituent materials intended to protect against high contact temperatures. The application of the standard is restricted to contact temperatures from 100 øC to 500 øC.