SIST EN 14396:2004

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Fixed ladders for manholesPritrjene lestve za vstopne jaškeEchelles fixes pour raccordsOrtsfeste Steigleitern für SchächteTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14396:2004SIST EN 14396:2004en97.14593.030ICS:SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 14396:200401-maj-2004







EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 14396January 2004ICS 97.145English versionFixed ladders for manholesEchelles fixes pour raccordsOrtsfeste Steigleitern für SchächteThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 November 2003.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2004 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 14396:2004: E



EN 14396:2004 (E)2ContentspageForeword.41Scope.52Normative references.53Terms, definitions and symbols.53.1Terms and definitions.53.2Symbols.64Requirements.74.1General.74.2Materials.74.3Design requirements.84.3.1Types.84.3.2Dimensions.84.3.3Surface conditions.104.3.4Threaded joints.104.3.5Welded joints.114.3.6Rungs.114.3.7Attachment to manhole.114.4Load bearing capacity.114.4.1General.114.4.2Vertical imposed load on rungs.114.4.3Ladder strength by testing or calculation.124.4.4Pull out force for anchorage and strength of stay by calculation.125Marking.136Instructions for installation and use.137Evaluation of conformity.137.1General.137.2Type testing (initial testing of the product).147.3Factory production control (FPC).147.3.1General.147.3.2Equipment.147.3.3Raw materials and components.147.3.4Product testing and evaluation.147.3.5Non conforming products.15Annex A (normative)
Ageing test of composite materials.16A.1Principle.16A.2Preparation of the samples.16A.3Ageing test.16A.4Shock test.16A.5Bending test.17A.6Acceptance criteria.17Annex B (normative)
Vertical loading test of rungs.18B.1Apparatus.18B.2Procedure.18B.3Test report.18Annex C (normative)
Strength test of stringers of fixed ladders with two stringers and fixed ladderswith one stringer.20C.1Test equipment.20C.2Procedure.20



EN 14396:2004 (E)3C.3Test report.20Annex D (normative)
Strength test of the stringer for fixed ladders with one stringer.21D.1Test procedure.21D.2Test report.22Annex E (normative)
Calculation of strength of anchor points.23E.1Fixed ladders with two stringers without fall arrester.23E.2Fixed ladders with one stringer.24Annex F (normative)
Calculation of the fixed ladder.25Annex ZA (informative)
Clauses of this European Standard addressing the provisions of the EUConstruction Products Directive.27ZA.1Scope and relevant characteristics.27ZA.2Procedure for attestation of conformity of fixed ladders for manholes.28ZA.3CE marking and labelling.29Bibliography.32



EN 14396:2004 (E)4ForewordThis document (EN 14396:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 165 “Waste waterengineering”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text orby endorsement, at the latest by July 2004, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest byOctober 2005.This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the EuropeanFree Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.Annexes A to F are normative.This document includes a Bibliography.According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the followingcountries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.



EN 14396:2004 (E)51 ScopeThis standard applies to permanently fixed ladders in manholes. It specifies the performance criteria for themechanical stability and resistance providing protection against falling.The ladders specified in this European Standard are suitable for use in sewage, rainwater, surface water and,subject to the requirements of national regulations, potable water environments.2 Normative referencesThis European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. Thesenormative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listed hereafter. Fordated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this EuropeanStandard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of thepublication referred to applies (including amendments).EN 353-1, Personal protective equipment against falls from a height - Part 1: Guided type fall arresters including arigid anchor lineEN 365, Personal protective equipment against falls from a height — General requirements for instructions for useand for marking.EN 10025, Hot rolled products of non-alloy structural steels — Technical delivery conditions.ENV 10080, Steel for the reinforcement of concrete — Weldable ribbed reinforcing steel B 500 — Technicaldelivery conditions for bars, coils and welded fabric.EN 10088-1, Stainless steels — Part 1: List of stainless steels.EN 10088-3, Stainless steels — Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for semi-finished products, bars, rods andsections for general purposes.EN 10204, Metallic products - Types of inspection documents.EN 13706, Reinforced plastic composites — Specification for pultruded profiles (all parts).EN ISO 179-1:2000, Plastics — Determination of Charpy impact properties — Part 1: Non- instrumented impacttest (ISO 179-1:2000).EN ISO 1461, Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles — Specifications and test methods(ISO 1461:1999).EN ISO 4892-2:1999, Plastics — Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources — Part 2: Xenon-arc sources(ISO 4892-2:1994).EN ISO 14125:1998, Fibre-reinforced plastic composites — Determination of flexural properties (ISO 14125:1998).3 Terms, definitions and symbols3.1 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1.1fixed ladder with two stringersladder, which is stationary and where the rungs are arranged between and attached to the stringers and thestringers carry the load



EN 14396:2004 (E)63.1.2fixed ladder with one stringerladder, which is stationary and where the rungs are attached to both sides of the stringer and the stringer carriesthe load3.1.3fall arrest systempersonal protective equipment against falls from a height comprising a full body harness and a connecting sub-system for fall arrest purposes3.1.4rest platformplatform located at or near a fixed ladder that enables the person climbing it to rest.
It can comprise one or moreunits3.1.5handholdhand grips provided at the top of the ladder or at the point of entry to the manhole3.1.6connectormechanical device as insert or fishplate to join sections together3.1.7sectionmodules consisting of single or double stringers and rungs designed to join together to produce full height ladders3.1.8stringervertical structural element to support rungs3.1.9stayelement to support and distance a ladder from the manhole wall3.1.10rungsolid or tubular element fixed to the stringer(s) to provide a foot or handhold3.1.11treadtop surface of a rung to accommodate a foot or hand3.2 SymbolsL climbing height of ladderF design load for calculation of strength for fixing at anchor pointsF1 vertical load at rungF2 design load for calculation of the fixed ladder systemF3 load for strength test of stringers (0,4 kN)F3'load for strength test of stringers multiplied by the safety factorg safety factor



EN 14396:2004 (E)74 Requirements4.1 GeneralFixed ladders shall conform to the requirements of this clause.Fixed ladders shall be supplied with manufacturer’s instructions for mounting and use. For the installation of thefixed ladders, national regulations shall be observed. Information on instructions for assembly and use shall begiven by the manufacturer.If fall arresters are used, EN 365 and regulations in the place of use shall be taken into account.4.2 MaterialsMaterials shall be selected to suit the service conditions at the ladder site.Materials used for fixed ladders shall be one of the following:¾ steel conforming to EN 10025 or ENV 10080 and hot dip galvanised according to EN ISO 1461 withthickness according to Table 1;Table 1 — Galvanising thicknessLocal coating (minimum)Mean coating (minimum) aThickness of steelcomponentsg/m2mmg/m2mm³ 6 mm5057061085³ 3 mm to < 6 mm3955550570³ 1,5 mm to < 3 mm3254539555< 1,5 mm2503532545aIf the fitness for purpose is not affected, the thickness is not limited to a maximum value¾ Glass reinforced plastics conforming to EN 13706 or equivalent and resistant against UV according toannex A;¾ austenitic stainless steel conforming to EN 10088-1 or EN 10088-3, minimum grade X6CrNiTi18-10;NOTEIt is recommended that stainless steel of grade X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 (material no. 1.4571) according toEN 10088-1 be used in sewage and drinking water systems and particular corrosive environments.¾ Aluminium alloys, which have been selected in accordance with the manufacturing process anddocumented by an inspection document according to EN 10204.Where materials likely to cause electrochemical corrosion are used together, care shall be taken to preventcorrosion, e.g. by ensuring that they are not in direct contact with each other.For unprotected aluminium alloys consideration shall be made with the choice of ladder materials when preventionof spark generation resulting in explosions is required.Manhole ladders, including all stays, shall be resistant to corrosion. Ladder materials and corrosion protectionsystems shall be selected according to the mechanical and chemical loading, as well as the thermal stresses towhich each component will be subjected, taking into consideration expected operating conditions.



EN 14396:2004 (E)84.3 Design requirements4.3.1 TypesFixed ladders for manholes shall be one of the following types:Table 2 — Types of fixed laddersTypeDesignationAFixed ladder with movable top extensionsBFixed ladder with two stringers and fall arresterCFixed ladder with one stringer and fall arresterDFixed ladder with two stringersEFixed ladder with one stringerFor ladders type A the movable top extension shall be tested according to the provisions in the place of use.4.3.2 DimensionsLadder dimensions are to be taken from Table 3. Examples of ladder design are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.The figures are examples only and not intended to fix design. The given dimensions shall, however, be met.



EN 14396:2004 (E)9Dimensions in millimetresKeyL Climbing heightL1 Distance between the top of adjacent rungsL2 Width of rungL3 Minimum stand off distance at any pointL4
Maximum distance between two staysL5 Distance from ground level to the top of the first rungL6 Height of handholdL7 Distance from the bottom rung to the benchingFigure 1 — Ladder with two stringers, fall arrester and handholdTable 3 — Dimensions for laddersDimensions in millimetresToleranceL1L2L3L4L5L6L7min.250300150——1000max.300——bL1 a—£ L1aIn special cases (e.g. where the manhole design so requires). For the installation national provisions valid in the place of useshall be taken into account.bTo be stated by the manufacturer (see clauses 5 and 6 and ZA.3), but not more than 3000 mm.



EN 14396:2004 (E)10Dimensions in millimetresKeyL Climbing heightL1 Distance between the top of adjacent rungsL2 Width of rungL3 Minimum stand off distance at any pointL4
Distance between two staysL5 Distance from ground level to the top of the firstrungL6 Height of handholdL7 Distance from the bottom rung to the bottom of theshaftFigure 2 — Ladder with one stringer4.3.3 Surface conditionsLadders according to this standard shall be free from visible defects, protrusions or sharp edges.The surface of rungs shall conform to 4.3.6.4.3.4 Threaded jointsThreaded joints shall be designed so that fasteners cannot work loose.



EN 14396:2004 (E)114.3.5 Welded jointsWelded joints shall be carried out by qualified personnel in accordance with the procedures specified in therelevant standards.NOTESee also EN 288-1, EN 288-2, EN 288-3 and EN 288-4.4.3.6 RungsFlat treads shall be at least 20 mm wide and be profiled to prevent slipping. Circular treads shall have at least a20 mm diameter or the walking surface of the rung of polygonal or U-shaped rungs shall have a depth of at least20 mm.NOTEFor ergonomic reasons (easy standing, better grip), 25 mm is recommended.The cross-section of the rungs shall not have dimensions difficult to grasp by hand. The maximum diameter of acircular rung shall be 45 mm, for non circular cross sections the maximum circumferencial length shall be 140 mm.The surface of the rung shall have a slip resistant walking surface. Special measures to prevent slipping may benecessary when the risk of slipping is increased due to environmental conditions (oil, ice, etc.).The ends of the rungs of fixed ladders with one stringer shall be fitted with boots stop to prevent lateral slip off fromthe rungs. These boot stops shall have a height of at least 20 mm (see Figure 2).4.3.7 Attachment to manholeFor ladders with two stringers each section shall have at least four stays and anchorage points.The top stay(s) shall be located below the top rung, but not by more than 600 mm, while the bottom stay(s) shall belocated below the second rung from the ladder bottom (see Figure 1 and Figure 2).Dowels and plugs instead of nuts and bolts may be used to attach the ladder to the manhole only where theirsuitability in the country of use has been verified. They shall be selected according to the force at the anchoragepoint of the ladder, given by the manufacturer.For ladders with one stringer the distances between consecutive anchorage points shall be similar.4.4 Load bearing capacity4.4.1 GeneralThe stability of ladders and their stays shall be verified as follows:¾ Vertical imposed load on rungs by testing¾ Strength of stringers by testing or calculation¾ Pull out force for anchorage by calculation¾ Strength of stay and ladder by calculation4.4.2 Vertical imposed load on rungsThe resistance of the rungs for F1 shall be proved by applying the test load of 2,6 kN as shown in annex B.After removing the test load, the maximum permanent deflection of the rungs shall be not more than 0,3 % of therung's length and cracks and damage shall not be visible.



EN 14396:2004 (E)124.4.3 Ladder strength by testing or calculation4.4.3.1 Analysis by calculationStrengths are to be analysed on a worst-case basis for all ladder components according to annex F, unlessotherwise specified in 4.4.3.2 to 4.4.4.4.4.3.2 Analysis by testing4.4.3.2.1 StringersWhen determining strengths experimentally according to annex C, the following safety factors shall be taken:¾ g =
1,75 for steel and aluminium,¾ g
= 4 for GRP.When testing ladders as shown in Figure C.1 they shall withstand a test load of F3' = F3
´ g , where F3 is 0,4 kN.The permanent deflection shall not exceed 0,3 % of the relevant length (0,5 L4 ).4.4.3.2.2 Strength test of ladders with one stringerThe strength test of ladders with one stringer shall be verified by torsion testing according to annex D, by fixing theladder on 3 stays with at least one connector at the least favourable point and applying a pair of forces of 0,4 kNeach, as illustrated in Figure D.1.
These loads shall be applied vertically opposed at the least favourable point oneach end of the rungs and at a distance of 4 ´ L1 (for L1 see Table 3).NOTEThe least favourable point is where maximum deflection occurs.Torsion is considered to be sufficient when rungs do not move at the tips by more than 20 mm in the direction ofthe applied force when loaded (see Figure D.1).4.4.4 Pull out force for anchorage and strength of stay by calculation4.4.4.1 GeneralFor calculation the self weight of the ladder shall be included in the design.If fall arrester systems are required according to regulations in the place of use of the ladders they shall conform tothe strength requirements given in EN 353-1.4.4.4.2 Anchor pointsFixed ladders for manholes shall support the loads specified in Table 4 without failure when calculated inaccordance with annex E and annex F.



EN 14396:2004 (E)13Table 4 —Design loads for calculation of fixed ladders and anchor pointsCalculation of strength for fixingat anchor pointsCalculation of ladder designTypeFkNaccording toF 2kNaccording toA , B and D (ladders with twostringers)3Figure E.11,5Figure F.1E and C (ladders with onestringer)6Figure E.21,5Figure F.25 MarkingFixed ladders in compliance with this standard shall be durable and legibly marked at the top with¾ manufacturer's name or symbol,¾ last two digits of the year of manufacture,¾ type,¾ maximum distance between two anchorage points.The marking of fixed ladders with fall arrest systems shall conform to EN 365.6 Instructions for installation and useThe manufacturer shall provide instructions containing all information necessary for the proper installation of thefixed ladder. This includes details of pull out force for anchorage and the intended use of the fixed ladder including:¾ the type of attachment and¾ the assembly of the fall arrester system, if applicable.For handholds, rest platforms or ladders with fall arresters, instructions for installation and use shall meet theprovisions in the place of use. If fall arrester systems are required, user instructions for ladders with fall arrestershall meet the requirements of EN 365.The handhold should be designed to ensure that the fall arrester element can be connected and disconnected tothe anchorage line from a safe position by the user.7 Evaluation of conformity7.1 GeneralThe compliance of fixed ladders for underground man entry chambers with the requirements of this standard andwith the stated values (including types) shall be demonstrated by:¾ initial type testing,¾ factory production control by the manufacturer, including product assessment.



EN 14396:2004 (E)147.2 Type testing (initial testing of the product)Initial type testing shall be performed to demonstrate conformity to this standard (the term "test" here also coversassessment by calculation where the standard permits this for load bearing capacity). Tests previously performedin accordance with the provisions of this standard (same product, same characteristic(s), same (or moredemanding) test method, same sampling procedure, etc.) may be taken into account. In addition, initial type testingshall be performed at the beginning of the production of a new type of fixed ladder or at the beginning of a newmethod of production (where this may affect the stated properties).Fixed ladders shall be evaluated for conformity to all the requirements of clause 4 before production commences.Three complete specimens shall be tested.For the purposes of testing, ladders may be grouped into families, where it is considered that the results for anycharacteristic(s) are the same for all products within the family.Full reports of these tests shall be retained by the manufacturer and shall be available to a third party (if applicable) forexamination.7.3 Factory production control (FPC)7.3.1 GeneralThe manufacturer shall establish, document and maintain an FPC system to ensure that the products placed on themarket conform with the stated performance characteristics. The FPC system shall consist of procedures, regularinspections and tests and/or assessments and the use of the results to control raw and other incoming materials orcomponents, equipment, the production process and the product.An FPC system conforming with the requirements of EN ISO 9001, and made specific to the requirements of thisstandard, is considered to satisfy the above requirements.The results of inspections, tests or assessments requiring action shall be recorded, as shall any action taken.7.3.2 EquipmentAll weighing, measuring and testing equipment shall be calibrated and regularly inspected according todocumented procedures, frequencies and criteria.7.3.3 Raw materials and componentsThe specifications of all incoming raw materials and components shall be documented, and shall conform to theinspection scheme for ensuring their conformity.7.3.4 Product testing and evaluationThe manufacturer shall establish procedures to ensure that the stated values of all of the characteristics aremaintained. The characteristics, and the means of control, shall conform to Table 5.



EN 14396:2004 (E)15Table 5 — Factory production control for fixed laddersItems to be inspectedRequirementsFrequency of inspectionSurface conditions4.3.3Each pieceDimensions4.3.23 pieces per production lotMaterials4.2Each consignmentLoad bearing capacity4.4Only type testCorrosion protection4.23 pieces visibly per production lot, if relevantMarking5Random sampling in series production7.3.5 Non conforming productsIf during the factory production con
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