ISO 14532:2014
(Main)Natural gas - Vocabulary
Natural gas - Vocabulary
ISO 14532:2014 establishes the terms, definitions, symbols, and abbreviations used in the field of natural gas. The terms and definitions have been reviewed and studied in order to cover all aspects of any particular term with input from other sources such as European Standards from CEN (The European Committee for Standardization), national standards, and existing definitions in the IGU Dictionary of the Gas Industry. The definitive intention of ISO 14532:2014 is to incorporate the reviewed definitions into the ISO/TC 193 source standards.
Gaz naturel β Vocabulaire
L'ISO 14532:2014 a pour objet de donner les définitions, symboles et abréviations utilisés dans le domaine du gaz naturel. Les termes et définitions ont été étudiés et revus de manière à couvrir toutes les acceptations particulières des termes provenant également d'autres sources telles que les normes européennes du CEN (Comité Européen de Normalisation), les normes nationales et les définitions existantes dans le dictionnaire U.I.I.G de l'industrie du gaz. L'intention définitive de ce document est d'intégrer les définitions révisées dans les normes source de l'ISO/TC 193.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 11-Jun-2014
- Technical Committee
- ISO/TC 193 - Natural gas
- Drafting Committee
- ISO/TC 193 - Natural gas
- Current Stage
- 9092 - International Standard to be revised
- Start Date
- 03-Jul-2023
- Completion Date
- 13-Dec-2025
Relations
- Effective Date
- 07-May-2011
Overview
ISO 14532:2014, titled Natural Gas - Vocabulary, is an international standard published by ISO that establishes a comprehensive set of terms, definitions, symbols, and abbreviations related to the natural gas industry. This second edition consolidates and harmonizes terminology used across various standards, ensuring consistency and clarity in communication within this vital sector. Developed by ISO/TC 193 and integrating inputs from European and national standards, along with the IGU Dictionary of the Gas Industry, ISO 14532:2014 covers all aspects of natural gas terminology.
This standard is essential for professionals involved in natural gas production, processing, measurement, distribution, and quality management, fostering understanding and interoperability in technical documentation and operations worldwide.
Key Topics
ISO 14532:2014 covers a broad range of specialized vocabulary arranged by industry-related topics:
General Conditions: Definitions of natural gas types such as raw gas, substitute natural gas (SNG), manufactured gas, lean gas, rich gas, wet gas, sour gas, dry gas, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), biogas, biomethane, and biomass. This section clarifies gas composition, origin, and energy content distinctions.
Pipeline Network: Terms describing pipeline infrastructure components like pipeline grids, local distribution systems (LDS), custody transfer points, and transfer stations, essential for understanding natural gas transmission and distribution logistics.
Measurement Methods: Definitions related to methods for measuring natural gas properties, including absolute measurement, direct and indirect measurement, relative measurement, and related concepts such as lower and upper range values, and span. Specific measurement techniques like gas chromatography and potentiometric methods provide detailed analysis tools.
Sampling and Analytical Systems: Vocabulary covering sampling approaches and the analytical instruments used for gas analysis ensures clarity in quality determination.
Physical and Chemical Properties: Standardized terms for physical and chemical characteristics of natural gas help unify descriptions across industries.
Interchangeability and Odorization: Definitions related to the suitability of substitute gases for pipeline use and the addition of odorants for safety and detection.
Thermodynamic Properties: Terms related to the energy and thermodynamic behavior of natural gas under different conditions, critical for processing and transportation.
Annexes include comprehensive indices, symbols, units, and a bibliography supporting reference and study.
Applications
ISO 14532:2014 serves as a foundational reference for a variety of practical uses within the natural gas industry:
Standardization of Technical Documentation: Ensures all stakeholders use uniform terminology in manuals, instruction booklets, technical publications, and educational materials.
Quality Management and Compliance: Helps industry professionals comprehend and evaluate gas quality attributes and measurement results accurately.
Training and Education: Provides an authoritative vocabulary for universities, technical colleges, and professional development courses concerning natural gas.
Cross-Border Trade and Operations: Facilitates international collaboration and legal compliance by standardizing language across national and regional natural gas standards.
Product and Process Development: Assists engineers and scientists in clear communication when designing natural gas processing, storage, and transportation systems.
Related Standards
ISO 14532:2014 complements and integrates with other standards and documents relevant to natural gas:
ISO/TC 193 Source Standards: All natural gas-related international standards developed by the ISO Technical Committee 193, covering gas analysis, measurement, and quality.
CEN Standards: European standards harmonizing natural gas terminology and testing methods.
IGU Dictionary of the Gas Industry: An authoritative glossary used in the international gas community.
ISO 18453: Related to water content and dew point in natural gas, referenced for moisture content description.
ISO/IEC Directives: Governing the development and maintenance of international standards, ensuring consistent editorial and procedural rules.
ISO 14532:2014 is a critical tool for fostering clear, uniform communication about natural gas, enhancing safety, efficiency, regulatory compliance, and international cooperation in a globally significant industry. By standardizing terminology spanning general definitions to measurements and thermodynamic properties, this vocabulary standard supports professionals throughout the natural gas value chain.
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO 14532:2014 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Natural gas - Vocabulary". This standard covers: ISO 14532:2014 establishes the terms, definitions, symbols, and abbreviations used in the field of natural gas. The terms and definitions have been reviewed and studied in order to cover all aspects of any particular term with input from other sources such as European Standards from CEN (The European Committee for Standardization), national standards, and existing definitions in the IGU Dictionary of the Gas Industry. The definitive intention of ISO 14532:2014 is to incorporate the reviewed definitions into the ISO/TC 193 source standards.
ISO 14532:2014 establishes the terms, definitions, symbols, and abbreviations used in the field of natural gas. The terms and definitions have been reviewed and studied in order to cover all aspects of any particular term with input from other sources such as European Standards from CEN (The European Committee for Standardization), national standards, and existing definitions in the IGU Dictionary of the Gas Industry. The definitive intention of ISO 14532:2014 is to incorporate the reviewed definitions into the ISO/TC 193 source standards.
ISO 14532:2014 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 01.040.75 - Petroleum and related technologies (Vocabularies); 75.060 - Natural gas. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO 14532:2014 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO 14532:2001. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ISO 14532:2014 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14532
NORME
Second edition
Deuxième édition
INTERNATIONALE 2014-06-15
Natural gas β Vocabulary
Gaz naturel β Vocabulaire
Reference number
NumΓ©ro de rΓ©fΓ©rence
Β©
ISO 2014
DOCUMENT PROTΓGΓ PAR COPYRIGHT
Β© ISO 2014
The reproduction of the terms and definitions contained in this International Standard is permitted in teaching manuals, in-
struction booklets, technical publications and journals for strictly educational or implementation purposes. The conditions for
such reproduction are: that no modifications are made to the terms and definitions; that such reproduction is not permitted for
dictionaries or similar publications offered for sale; and that this International Standard is referenced as the source document.
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Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
2.1 General conditions . 1
2.2 Measurement methods . 4
2.3 Sampling . 6
2.4 Analytical systems . 8
2.5 Analysis.11
2.6 Physical and chemical properties .20
2.7 Interchangeability .24
2.8 Odorization .25
2.9 Thermodynamic properties .26
Annex A (informative) Indices, symbols, and units .27
Annex B (informative) Alphabetical index .30
Bibliography .36
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
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For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISOβs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 193, Natural gas.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 14532:2001/Cor. 1:2002).
iv Β© ISO 2014 β All rights reserved/Tous droits rΓ©servΓ©s
Introduction
ISO/TC 193 Natural Gas was established in May, 1989, with the task of creating new standards and
updating existing standards relevant to natural gas. This includes gas analysis, direct measurement of
properties, quality designation, and traceability.
In these activities, a comprehensive and uniform review of the definitions, symbols, and abbreviations
used in the standards was not previously systematically pursued. The development of standards
with terminology created to suit specific purposes often resulted in the detriment of uniformity and
cohesiveness between standards.
Thus, there is the need for a work of harmonization of the terminology used in the standards pertaining
to natural gas. The intention of this International Standard is to incorporate the reviewed definitions
into the ISO/TC 193 source International Standard.
As the aim is to create a coherent body of standards which support each other with regard to their
definitions, common and unambiguous terms and definitions used throughout all International
Standards is the starting point for the understanding and application of every International Standard.
The presentation of this International Standard has been arranged to facilitate its use as follows:
β Major headings pertain to specific fields of the natural gas industry. All definitions that fall under
these headings, as gleaned from ISO International Standards issued through ISO/TC 193, are listed
under that heading. A review of the contents will serve to facilitate finding specific terms.
β Notes are given under numerous definitions where it was deemed important to give informative
guidance for a given definition. The Notes are not considered a part of the definition.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14532:2014(E/F)
Natural gas β Vocabulary
1 Scope
This International Standard establishes the terms, definitions, symbols, and abbreviations used in the
field of natural gas.
The terms and definitions have been reviewed and studied in order to cover all aspects of any particular
term with input from other sources such as European Standards from CEN (The European Committee for
Standardization), national standards, and existing definitions in the IGU Dictionary of the Gas Industry.
The definitive intention of this document is to incorporate the reviewed definitions into the
ISO/TC 193 source standards.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1 General conditions
2.1.1 Natural gas
2.1.1.1
natural gas
NG
complex gaseous mixture of hydrocarbons, primarily methane, but generally includes ethane, propane
and higher hydrocarbons, and some non-combustible gases such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide
Note 1 to entry: Natural gas can also contain components or containments such as sulfur compounds and/or other
chemical species.
2.1.1.2
raw gas
unprocessed gas taken from well heads, through gathering lines, to processing or treating facilities
Note 1 to entry: Raw gas can also be partially processed well-head gas taken from basic upstream processing
,
facilities.
2.1.1.3
substitute natural gas
SNG
gas from non-fossil origin which is interchangeable in its properties with natural gas
2.1.1.4
manufactured gas
synthetic gas
gas which has been treated and can contain components that are not typical of natural gas
Note 1 to entry: Manufactured (synthetic) gases can contain substantial amounts of chemical species that are not
typical of natural gases or common species found in atypical proportions as in the case of wet and sour gases.
Note 2 to entry: Manufactured gases fall into two distinct categories, as follows:
a) those that are intended as synthetic or substitute natural gases, and that closely match true natural gases in
both composition and properties;
b) those that, whether or not intended to replace or enhance natural gas in service, do not closely match natural
gases in composition.
Case b) includes gases such as town gas, coke oven gas (undiluted), and LPG/air mixtures. None of which
is compositionally similar to a true natural gas (even though, in the latter case, it can be operationally
interchangeable with natural gas).
2.1.1.5
lean gas
natural gas having a relatively low energy content, close to or lower than that of pure methane
Note 1 to entry: Lean gas typically contains high amounts of nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
2.1.1.6
rich gas
natural gas having a relatively high energy content, higher than that of pure methane
Note 1 to entry: Rich gas typically contains high amounts of ethane or propane or higher.
2.1.1.7
wet gas
gas which falls short of qualifying as pipeline quality natural gas by the inclusion of undesirable
components such as free water, water vapour and/or high hydrocarbons in such amounts that they can
condense at pipeline conditions
2.1.1.8
sour gas
gas containing significant amount of acid gases such as carbon dioxide and sulphur compounds
Note 1 to entry: The presence of acid compounds is more detrimental in wet gases.
Note 2 to entry: Typically, wet and sour gases can be unprocessed (well head) or partially-processed natural
gases and can also contain condensed hydrocarbons, traces of carbonyl sulphide, and process fluid vapours such
as methanol or glycols.
Note 3 to entry: Carbon dioxide in the presence of free water can be an important cause of corrosion damage to
pipelines.
2.1.1.9
dry natural gas
natural gas containing a mole fraction of water of no more than 0,005 % [50 ppm (molar)] in the vapour
phase
Note 1 to entry: Water vapour content in natural gas can also be expressed in terms of water concentration
(mg/m ).
[17]
Note 2 to entry: The correlation between water content and water dew point is given in ISO 18453.
2.1.1.10
saturated gas
natural gas that at the specified conditions of temperature and pressure is at its water dew-point
2.1.1.11
compressed natural gas
CNG
natural gas that has been compressed after processing for storage and transportation purposes
Note 1 to entry: CNG is mainly used as a fuel for vehicles, typically compressed up to 20 000 kPa in the gaseous
state.
2 Β© ISO 2014 β All rights reserved/Tous droits rΓ©servΓ©s
2.1.1.12
liquefied natural gas
LNG
natural gas that has been liquefied after processing for storage or transportation purposes
Note 1 to entry: Liquid natural gas is revaporized and introduced into pipelines for transmission and distribution
as natural gas.
2.1.1.13
gas quality
attribute of natural gas defined by its composition and its physical properties
2.1.1.14
biogas
generic term used to refer to gases produced by anaerobic fermentation or digestion of organic matter,
and without further upgrading nor purification
Note 1 to entry: This can take place in a landfill site to produce landfill gas or in an anaerobic digester to produce
biogas. Sewage gas is biogas produced by the digestion of sewage sludge. Biogases comprise mainly methane and
carbon dioxide.
2.1.1.15
biomethane
methane rich gas derived from biogas or from gasification of biomass by upgrading with the properties
similar to natural gas
2.1.1.16
biomass
mass defined from a scientific and technical point of view as material of biological origin excluding
material embedded in geological formations and/or transformed to fossil
Note 1 to entry: Biomass is organic material that is plant-based or animal-based, including but not limited to
dedicated energy crops, agricultural crops and trees, food, feed and fibre crop residues, aquatic plants, alga,
forestry and wood residues, agricultural wastes, processing by-products and other non-fossil organic matter.
Note 2 to entry: See also herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass, and woody biomass.
2.1.2 Pipeline network
2.1.2.1
pipeline grid
system of interconnected pipelines, both national and international that serve to transmit and distribute
natural gas
2.1.2.2
local distribution system
LDS
gas mains and services that supply natural gas directly to consumers
2.1.2.3
custody transfer point
location between two pipeline systems where the quantity of energy of the natural gas has to be
accounted for
Note 1 to entry: At such location a change of pressure regime can also occur.
2.1.2.4
transfer station
system of pipelines, measurement and regulation (pressure control), and ancillary devices at a custody
transfer point necessary to account for the quantity of gases transferred and the adaptation to the
possible different pressure regimes of the networks
2.2 Measurement methods
2.2.1 General definitions
2.2.1.1
absolute measurement
measurement of a property from fundamental metrological quantities
Note 1 to entry: For example, fundamental metrological quantities are length, mass, and time.
Note 2 to entry: For example, the determination of the mass of a gas using certified masses.
2.2.1.2
direct measurement
measurement of a property from quantities that, in principle, define the property
Note 1 to entry: For example, the determination of the calorific value of a gas using the thermometric measurement
of the energy released in the form of heat during the combustion of a known amount of gas.
2.2.1.3
indirect measurement
measurement of a property from quantities that, in principle, do not define the property, but have a
known relationship with the property
Note 1 to entry: For example, the determination of the calorific value from measurements of the air-to-gas ratio
required to achieve stoichiometric combustion that is related linearly to the calorific value.
2.2.1.4
lower range value
lowest value of a quantity to be measured (measurand) that a measuring system or transmitter is
adjusted to measure
2.2.1.5
upper range value
highest value of a quantity to be measured(measurand) that a measuring system or transmitter is
adjusted to measure
2.2.1.6
span
algebraic difference between the upper and lower range values
2.2.1.7
relative measurement
measurement of a property by means of comparison with a value of the property taken from an accepted
standard, for example, reference material
Note 1 to entry: For example, determining gas density from the quotient of the mass of gas contained in a given
volume to that of air contained in the same volume at the same temperature and pressure, and multiplying by the
density of air at that temperature and pressure.
2.2.2 Specific methods
2.2.2.1
gas chromatographic method
method of analysis by which the components of a gas mixture are separated using gas chromatography
Note 1 to entry: The sample is passed in a stream of carrier gas through a column that has different retention
properties relative to the components of interest. Different components pass through the column at different
rates and are detected as they elute from the column at different times.
4 Β© ISO 2014 β All rights reserved/Tous droits rΓ©servΓ©s
2.2.2.2
potentiometric method
method of analysis by which a known quantity of gas is first passed through a solution, where a specific
gas component or a group of components is (are) selectively absorbed, then the absorbed analyte(s) in
the solution is (are) evaluated by potentiometric titration
Note 1 to entry: The result is a titration curve showing the potentiometric end points for the components being
sought versus the titration solutions required. From this data, the concentrations of the various components can
be calculated.
2.2.2.3
potentiometric titration
method where the amount of titrant consumed for reaction of the gas component with the titrant is
proportional to the gas component concentration, and the endpoint of reaction is determined by the
variation of potential inside the cell
Note 1 to entry: The volume increments of titrant (titration solution) added determine the difference in potential
to be measured. Different volume increments of titrant, specifically smaller volume increments close to end
points, can permit a better evaluation of the end points.
2.2.2.4
turbidimetric titration
method to determine the content of sulfate ions whereby a barium salt solution is added to an absorption
solution and the turbidity caused by the formation of any insoluble barium sulfate detected
Note 1 to entry: This method is valid for solutions having a total sulfur content below 0,1 mg.
Note 2 to entry: A photometer with galvanometer readout is employed with the titration procedure to determine
the inflection point. From these data, the total sulfur content in mg/m can be calculated.
2.2.2.5
combustion method
method by which a gas sample undergoes total combustion and the specific combustion products are
measured to determine the total concentration of an element in the sample, e.g. sulfur
Note 1 to entry: Wickbold method: the Wickbold combustion method uses the combustion and complete thermal
decomposition of compounds at a high temperature in a hydrogen/oxygen flame. It is performed with a special
[2]
instrument (see ISO 4260 ).
Note 2 to entry: Lingener method: the Lingener combustion method uses air, and it is performed using a special
[8]
instrument (see ISO 6326-5 ).
2.2.2.6
absorption
extraction of one or more components from a mixture of gases when brought into contact with a liquid
Note 1 to entry: The assimilation or extraction process causes (or is accompanied by) a physical or chemical
change, or both, in the sorbent material.
Note 2 to entry: The gaseous components are retained by capillary, osmotic, chemical, or solvent action.
EXAMPLE Removal of water from natural gas using glycol.
2.2.2.7
adsorption
retention, by physical or chemical forces of gas molecules, dissolved substances, or liquids by the surfaces
of solids or liquids with which they are in contact
Note 1 to entry: For example, retention of methane by carbon.
2.2.2.8
desorption
removal of a sorbed substance by the reverse process of adsorption or absorption
2.3 Sampling
2.3.1 Sampling methods
2.3.1.1
direct sampling
sampling in situations where there is a direct connection between the natural gas to be sampled and the
analytical unit
2.3.1.2
indirect sampling
sampling in situations where there is no direct connection between the natural gas to be sampled and
the analytical unit
2.3.1.3
in-line instrument
instrument whose active element is installed inside the pipeline and makes measurements under
pipeline conditions
2.3.1.4
on-line instrument
instrument that samples gas directly from the pipeline, but is installed externally to the pipeline
2.3.1.5
off-line instrument
instrument that has no direct connection to the pipeline
2.3.1.6
spot sample
sample of specified volume taken at a specified place at a specified time from a stream of gas
2.3.2 Sampling devices
2.3.2.1
floating piston cylinder
container that has a moving piston separating the sample from a buffer gas. The pressures are in balance
on both sides of the piston
2.3.2.2
incremental sampler
sampler that accumulates a series of spot samples into one composite sample
2.3.2.3
flow-proportional incremental sampler
sampler that collects a series of spot samples over a period of time with the spot samples taken in such a
manner as to ensure the incremental sample is proportional to the incremental totalised flow
Note 1 to entry: This is normally achieved by varying the frequency of extraction of a constant volume spot sample
(grab).
2.3.2.4
sample container
container that is used to collect a representative sample and maintain the sample in a representative
condition
Note 1 to entry: The sample container should not alter the gas composition in any way or affect the proper
collection of the gas sample. The materials, valves, seals, and other components of the sample container shall be
specified to maintain this principle.
6 Β© ISO 2014 β All rights reserved/Tous droits rΓ©servΓ©s
2.3.2.5
sample line
conduit to transfer a sample of gas from the sample place to the analytical unit or sample container
Note 1 to entry: Another word used for sample line is transfer line.
2.3.2.6
sample probe
device inserted into the gas pipeline so that a representative sample of the flowing gas can be taken.
The sample probe will have a conduit to convey the sample from the flowing gas to a point external to
the pipeline
2.3.2.7
hot loop
sampling configuration that returns the sample to the pipeline
Note 1 to entry: The loop requires a pressure differential from collection point to discharge so as to ensure a
constant and steady flowrate through the sampling equipment located in the loop.
2.3.2.8
vent line
section of the sampling system that diverts a portion of the sampled gas away from the analyser/instrument
or sample container
Note 1 to entry: The flowrate and pressure loss in the open-ended line need to be controlled so as to ensure that
sample accuracy cannot be affected from any cooling and condensation.
2.3.2.9
fast loop
sampling system that takes more sample from the process than is needed to make the measurement so
as to reduce the residence time
2.3.3 Conditioning device
2.3.3.1
condenser
apparatus used to transform the condensable fraction (consisting of water vapour and/or of the higher
hydrocarbons) of the vapour phase present in natural gas into a liquid phase by cooling
2.3.3.2
liquid separator
unit, in the sample line, used to collect liquid fall-out
2.3.3.3
pressure reducer
device used to reduce gas pressure immediately downstream of its installed position
Note 1 to entry: It has the ability to maintain a near constant outlet pressure within its design parameters
regardless of changes in pressure or flow in other parts of the system.
2.3.3.4
back-pressure regulator
device used to control/maintain gas pressure immediately upstream of its installed position
Note 1 to entry: It has the ability to maintain a near constant inlet pressure within design parameters, regardless
of pressure or flow fluctuations in other parts of the system.
2.3.3.5
heating device
device to ensure that the sample gas remains at a temperature sufficient to avoid a change of its
composition due to condensation of some compounds
Note 1 to entry: Heating elements can be installed on the sample probe and sample lines. In some cases, heating
the sample cylinder is also required. It is particularly important where Joule-Thomson cooling occurs as a result
of pressure reduction.
Note 2 to entry: Heating devices are also used to maintain βwetted surface areasβ at near constant temperatures to
avoid changes in gas sorption coefficients when measuring components that are prone to strong sorption effects.
2.3.4 Other definitions
2.3.4.1
purging time
residence time plus the time to insure that the sample in the sampling system is representative of the
gas stream
Note 1 to entry: The purging time can be much longer than the residence time and will be multiples of the residence
time in poorly designed sampling systems.
2.3.4.2
representative sample
sample having the same composition as the natural gas sample when the latter is considered as a
homogeneous whole
2.3.4.3
residence time
time it takes for a sample to flow through a piece of equipment
2.3.4.4
sampling point
point in the gas stream or vessel where a representative sample can be taken
2.3.4.5
sampling place
location of a sampling point along a stream, or the location of the vessel
2.3.4.6
gas sorption effects
physical processes whereby some gases are adsorbed onto or desorbed from the surfaces of a solid
without transformation of the molecules
Note 1 to entry: The force of attraction between some gases and solids is purely physical and depends on the
nature of the participating material. Natural gas can contain several components that exhibit strong sorption
effects. Special care should be taken when determining trace concentrations of heavy hydrocarbons, water, sulfur
compounds, and hydrogen.
2.4 Analytical systems
2.4.1
measuring system
complete set of measuring instruments and other equipment assembled to carry out specified
measurements
Note 1 to entry: System comprising, in general, a sample transfer and introduction unit, a separation unit, a
detector and an integrator or a data processing system.
8 Β© ISO 2014 β All rights reserved/Tous droits rΓ©servΓ©s
2.4.2
introduction unit
unit for introducing a constant, or a measured amount of material to be analysed into the analyser
Note 1 to entry: Gas chromatographic analysers are comparative rather than absolute. Therefore, the introduction
of equal quantities of a calibration mixture and of sample allows quantitative measurement of sample components.
Note 2 to entry: In gas analysis, the introduction device is frequently a multi-port valve, in which a fixed volume
of a calibration mixture or sample is isolated, and by operation of the valve, passed into the analyser.
Note 3 to entry: Equimolar quantities can be obtained by controlling the pressure and temperature of the
introduction device.
2.4.3
gas chromatograph
device that physically separates components of a mixture in the gaseous phase and measures them
individually with a detector whose signal is processed
Note 1 to entry: A chromatograph consists of the following main parts: an introduction unit, a separation unit,
and a detector. The separation unit consists of one or more chromatographic columns through which carrier gas
flows and into which samples are introduced. Under defined and controlled operating conditions, components
can be qualitatively identified by their retention time, and quantitatively measured by comparing their detector
response to that of the same or a similar component in a calibration mixture.
Note 2 to entry: In gas analysis, the range of components and their properties frequently cause more than
one separation mechanism to be required. These can be and often are combined in a single separation unit or
chromatograph.
Note 3 to entry: A gas chromatograph capable of temperature programming is a chromatograph whose columns
are placed in an oven whose temperature is programmable in a defined and repeatable manner over the period
of analysis.
2.4.4
carrier gas
pure gas introduced so as to transport a sample through the separation unit of a gas chromatograph for
analytical purposes
Note 1 to entry: Typical carrier gases are hydrogen, nitrogen, helium, and argon.
2.4.5
auxiliary gases
gases required for detector operation, e.g. hydrogen and air for flame detectors
2.4.6
chemiluminescence detector
CD
detector that uses a reducing reaction in which molecules give rise to characteristic luminous emissions
that are measured by a photomultiplier and the associated electronic devices
Note 1 to entry: A chemiluminescence detector is used in gas chromatography mainly to detect components that
contain particular elements, e.g. nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S).
2.4.7
electrochemical detector
ED
detector consisting of an electrochemical cell that responds to certain substances contained in the
carrier gas eluting from the column
Note 1 to entry: The electrochemical process can be an oxidation, reduction, or a change in conductivity. The
detection can be very specific depending on the electrochemical process involved.
2.4.8
flame ionization detector
FID
detector in which hydrocarbons are burned in a hydrogen-air flame and the electrical current caused by
the resulting ions is measured between two electrodes
Note 1 to entry: The flame ionization detector is used in gas chromatography mainly to detect hydrocarbon
compounds.
2.4.9
thermal conductivity detector (TCD)
hot wire detector (HWD)
detector that measures the difference in thermal conductivity between two gas streams when a sample
(gas mixture) passes through the sample channel
Note 1 to entry: The HWD is a dual channel detector, requiring a reference flow of pure carrier gas through the
reference channel.
Note 2 to entry: The use of helium or hydrogen is recommended as carrier gas except when the sample contains
either of these two substances to be measured.
Note 3 to entry: The detector consists of a bridge circuit; the change in resistance in the sample channel during the
passage of the sample produces an out-of-balance signal that is the basis of the detection. The detector responds
to all components except the carrier gas and it is non-destructive.
2.4.10
flame photometric detector
FPD
detector that uses a reducing flame in which individual elements give rise to characteristic colours that
are measured by a photomultiplier
Note 1 to entry: The detector is used in gas chromatography mainly to detect components that contain particular
elements, e.g. phosphorous (P) and sulfur (S).
2.4.11
integrator
device that quantitatively measures the response signal of a detector to a component in a mixture
Note 1 to entry: By comparing the integrator output to the same component in a calibration mixture and in a
sample, the concentration in the sample can be calculated. If the detector response has a temporal dimension, as
in chromatography, then the instantaneous response is integrated with respect to time.
2.4.12
photometry
determination of the concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution by using the absorption of light
by this substance
2.4.13
absorption cell
device put into the light path of the photometer
Note 1 to entry: The lower the concentration of the dissolved substance, the greater path length of the absorption
cell has to be.
10 Β© ISO 2014 β All rights reserved/Tous droits rΓ©servΓ©s
2.5 Analysis
2.5.1 Calibration and quality control
2.5.1.1
calibration
operation, that under specified conditions in a first step establishes a relation between the quantity
values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding
indications with associated measurement uncertainties and, in a second step uses this information to
establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication
Note 1 to entry: A calibration can be expressed by a statement, calibration function, calibration diagram,
calibration curve, or calibration table. In some cases, it consists of an additive or multiplicative correction of the
indication with associated measurement uncertainty.
Note 2 to entry: Calibration should not be confused with adjustment of a measuring system, often mistakenly
called βself-calibrationβ, nor with verification of calibration.
Note 3 to entry: Often, the first step alone in the above definition is perceived as being calibration.
2.5.1.2
adjustment of a measuring instrument
operation of bringing a measuring instrument into a state of performance suitable for its use
Note 1 to entry: Adjustment can be automatic, semi-automatic, or manual.
2.5.1.3
volumetric conversion
determination of the volume at reference conditions from the volume at operating conditions
2.5.1.4
correction
value added algebraically to the uncorrected result of a measurement to compensate for systematic
error
Note 1 to entry: The correction is equal to the negative of the estimated systematic error.
Note 2 to entry: Since the systematic error cannot be known perfectly, the correction cannot be complete.
2.5.1.5
correction factor
numerical factor by which the uncorrected result of a measurement is multiplied to compensate for
systematic error
Note 1 to entry: Since the systematic error cannot be known perfectly, the correction cannot be complete.
2.5.1.6
calibration interval
period between routine calibrations over which the performance of the analyser meets specified
requirements
2.5.1.7
working range
range of parameters for which the calibration function has been developed and validated
2.5.1.8
extended working range
range of parameters for which the correlation has been developed, but outside the range for which the
calibration function has been validated
2.5.1.9
single-point calibration
establishment of the calibration function using one (only) calibration point
Note 1 to entry: This is a calibration in which the response of the analyser to a measured component maintains an
exact proportion to the concentration of the component over the entire working range.
Note 2 to entry: The response can be described as being linear through the origin. A plot of the analyser response
against the concentration of the component would show a straight line intercepting the (0,0) point of the plot. In
such circumstances, the use of a single calibration mixture containing the component at a concentration within
the working range (single-point calibration) is appropriate, as the ratio of response to concentration remains
constant at all points.
Note 3 to entry: Where a more complex response function, first order not passing through the origin or second or
third order polynomial, has been defined by the use of multiple calibration mixtures, and the different elements
of this function, e.g. the coefficient of the polynomial, have been shown to maintain a constant relationship to each
other, then a single-point calibration can be used to adjust all the elements of the function on a short-term basis
(for example, daily).
2.5.1.10
bracketing
method consisting in principle in reducing the interval over which the linearity of the calibration
function is assumed as much as possible
Note 1 to entry: This leads to surrounding the value of the unknown quantity by two values of reference materials
(RMs) as tightly as possible (or bracketing).
2.5.1.11
multi-point calibration
establishment of a calibration function using more than two calibration points
Note 1 to entry: In multi-point (also called βmulti-levelβ) calibrations, the response curves of the detector are
determined for each component over the ranges to be analysed using a series of certified reference gas mixtures.
Note 2 to entry: To define the response curves, it is necessary to obtain results at a number of different concentration
levels for each component. The number of concentration levels needed depends on the order of the polynomial
(response curve) that has to be fitted. For first order, the minimum number of concentration levels needed is
three, for second order is five, and for third order is seven. In most cases, the order of fit of the response curves is
unknown beforehand, in which cases; it is advisable to perform the analysis of at least seven concentration levels
so as to detect third order detector behaviour with a high degree of detection sensitivity. Where the order of fit
is known, then the corresponding number of concentration levels can be used. For polynomical order one, these
concentration levels should be equally spaced across the specified working range of each component. The lowest
concentration level should be slightly below the lowest concentration level of the working range, and the highest
concentration level should be slightly higher than the highest concentration level of the working range.
2.5.1.12
verification
provision of objective evidence that a given item fulfils specified requirements
EXAMPLE Confirmation that performance properties or legal requirements of a measuring system are
achieved.
Note 1 to entry: When applicable, measurement uncertainty should be taken into consideration.
Note 2 to entry: The item can be, e.g. a process, measurement procedure, material, compound, or measuring
system.
Note 3 to entry: The specified requirements can be, e.g. that a manufacturerβs specifications are met.
[20]
Note 4 to entry: Verification in legal metrology as defined in VIM 2007 and in conformity assessment in general,
pertains to the examination and marking and/or issuing of a verification certificate for a measuring system.
Note 5 to entry: Verification should not be confused with calibration; not every verification is a validation.
12 Β© ISO 2014 β All rights reserved/Tous droits rΓ©servΓ©s
Note 6 to entry: In chemistry, verification of the identity of the entity involved, or of activity, requires a description
of the structure or properties of that entity or activity.
2.5.1.13
analytical quality control
monitoring of the measurement system on a regular basis so as to detect quickly when the method has
deteriorated, or the calibration shifted, or both
2.5.1.14
control chart
plot in which component mole fraction values from each analysis of the control gas are compared with
the mean value and the lines for Β±2 standard deviations and Β±3 standard deviations obtained from the
results of the initial analyses of the control gas
2.5.2 Gas analysis
2.5.2.1 General definitions
2.5.2.1.1
mass (volume)
(mole) fraction
quotient of the mass [volume (under specified conditions of pressure and temperature)] (amount of
substance) of a component A to the sum of the masses [sum of the volumes (intended prior to mixing
under specified conditions of pressure and temperature)] (sum of the amounts of substances) of all
components of the gas mixture
2.5.2.1.2
mass (molar)(volume)
concentration
quotient of the mass [volume (under specified conditions of pressure and temperature)] (amount of
substance) of each component to the volume of the gas mixture under specified conditions of pressure
and temperature
Note 1 to entry: The mass, molar, and volume concentrations depend on the pressure and temperature of the gas
mixture.
2.5.2.1.3
gas composition
fractions or concentrations of all the components determined from natural gas analysis
2.5.2.1.4
gas analysis
measurement methods and techniques for determining the gas composition
2.5.2.1.5
direct measurement of components
measurement in which individual components or group of components are determined by comparison
with identical components in the reference gas mixture
Note 1 to entry: Main and associated components are usually determined using direct measurement.
2.5.2.1.6
indirect measurement of components
measurement in which individual components or groups of components are determined using relative
response factors to a reference component in the reference gas mixture
Note 1 to entry: Trace components are mostly determined using indirect measurement.
2.5.2.2 Analysed components
2.5.2.2.1
main component
major component
component whose content influences physical properties
Note 1 to entry: Main components of natural gases generally include: nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and saturated
hydrocarbons from methane through pentane.
2.5.2.2.2
associated component
minor component
component whose content does not significantly influence physical properties
Note 1 to entry: Associated components generally include: helium, hydrogen, argon, and oxygen.
2.5.2.2.3
trace component
trace constituent
component present at very low levels
Note 1 to entry: Trace components generally include hydrocarbons or groups of hydrocarbons above n-pentane
and the components listed in 2.5.2.3.
2.5.2.2.4
group of components
components with similar properties whose mole fractions are so low, that their measurement as
individuals would be difficult or require excessive time, and measured as a group
Note 1 to entry: The property of the group, rather than each individual property, is used to evaluate the properties
of the mixture.
Note 2 to entry: The group can be physically combined as a result of the analytical procedure, as with backflushing
in chromatography, or individually measured and combined by calculation. If they a
...
ΠΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ«Π ISO
Π‘Π’ΠΠΠΠΠ Π’ 14532
ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
2014-06-15
ΠΠ°Π· ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ. Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ
Natural gas β Vocabulary
Π‘ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Β©
ISO 2014
R/E
ΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠΠ’ ΠΠΠ©ΠΠ©ΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ Π‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ
Β© ISO 2014
ΠΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π‘ΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΡ
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ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Π°Ρ
, Ρ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ
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ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ
ΠΠ° Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Ρ ΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
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ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
R/E
Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ .iv
ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ .vi
1 ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ .1
2 Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ .1
2.1 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ .1
2.2 ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ .4
2.3 ΠΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ± .7
2.4 ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ . 10
2.5 ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· . 13
2.6 Π€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° . 24
2.7 ΠΠ·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ. 29
2.8 ΠΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ . 30
2.9 Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° . 31
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π (ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅) ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ . 33
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π (ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅) ΠΠ»ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. 36
ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ . 42
R/E
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ISO) Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²
ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ ISO). Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ
Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ ISO. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ ISO, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊ
ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ISO,
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅. ISO ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (IEC) ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ
Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ISO. ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ² ISO/IEC Directives,
Part 2 (ΡΠΌ. www.iso.org/directives ).
ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ
Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π². ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ISO Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ
Π·Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π², ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. Π‘Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ
,
ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ISO ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅ (ΡΠΌ. www.iso.org/patents ).
ΠΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ,
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ISO, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ, Π°
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ISO ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΠ’Π ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ
Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ (TΠT), ΡΠΌ. ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ° (URL): Foreword -
Supplementary information
Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, ISO/TC 193, ΠΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·.
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (ISO 14532:2001/Cor.1:2002).
iv Β© ISO 2013β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
R/E
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent
rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of
patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO's adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)
see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 193, Natural gas.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 14532:2001/Cor. 1:2002).
R/E
ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ISO 193, ΠΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·, Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ Π² ΠΌΠ°Π΅ 1989 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π³Π°Π·Ρ. Π‘ΡΠ΄Π°
Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π³Π°Π·Π°, ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ², ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ.
Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ,
ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π² ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ
. Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ,
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ ΠΈ
ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π² Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ
,
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ° β Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ ISO/TC 193.
ΠΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π°
Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ
.
Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ:
β Π Π°Π·Π±ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°Π²Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π²
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ISO, Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ISO/TC 193, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π³Π»Π°Π²Π°Ρ
.
Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ².
β ΠΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ β ΡΠ°ΠΌ, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ Π΄Π°ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
vi Β© ISO 2013β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
R/E
Introduction
ISO/TC 193 Natural Gas was established in May, 1989, with the task of creating new standards and updating
existing standards relevant to natural gas. This includes gas analysis, direct measurement of properties,
quality designation, and traceability.
In these activities, a comprehensive and uniform review of the definitions, symbols, and abbreviations used in
the standards was not previously systematically pursued. The development of standards with terminology
created to suit specific purposes often resulted in the detriment of uniformity and cohesiveness between
standards.
Thus, there is the need for a work of harmonization of the terminology used in the standards pertaining to
natural gas. The intention of this International Standard is to incorporate the reviewed definitions into the
ISO/TC 193 source International Standard.
As the aim is to create a coherent body of standards which support each other with regard to their definitions,
common and unambiguous terms and definitions used throughout all International Standards is the starting
point for the understanding and application of every International Standard.
The presentation of this International Standard has been arranged to facilitate its use as follows:
β Major headings pertain to specific fields of the natural gas industry. All definitions that fall under these
headings, as gleaned from ISO International Standards issued through ISO/TC 193, are listed under that
heading. A review of the contents will serve to facilitate finding specific terms.
β Notes are given under numerous definitions where it was deemed important to give informative
guidance for a given definition. The Notes are not considered a part of the definition.
R/E
ΠΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ«Π Π‘Π’ΠΠΠΠΠ Π’ ISO 14532:2014( )
ΠΠ°Π· ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ. Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ
1 ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π°Π±Π±ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΡΡ,
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°.
Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ CEN (ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ), Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ· Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (IGU Dictionary of the Gas Industry.
ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²
ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΡ ISO/TC 193.
2 Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
2.1 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
2.1.1 ΠΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·
2.1.1.1
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·
ΠΠ
natural gas
NG
ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²; Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅, Π²
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π², ΡΡΠ°Π½, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π½ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅, ΠΏΠ»ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π°Π·Ρ,β Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π°Π·ΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π· ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
2.1.1.2
Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ (ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ) Π³Π°Π·
raw gas
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·, ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ²Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·,
ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.
2.1.1.3
Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°
ΠΠΠ
substitute natural gas
SNG
Π½Π΅ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·
R/E
2.1.1.4
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π°Π·
ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·-Π³Π°Π·
manufactured gas
synthetic gas
Π³Π°Π·, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ, Π½Π΅Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ (ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·-) Π³Π°Π·Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°
Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, Π½ΠΎ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡ
(ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·Π°Ρ
).
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π³Π°Π·Ρ Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ:
a) ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·-Π³Π°Π·Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°, ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠ°
ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ,
b) ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
Π³Π°Π·Π° Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ Π³Π°Π·Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ.
ΠΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ (b) ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π³Π°Π·Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·, (Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π·Π±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ) ΠΊΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π· ΠΈ
Π‘ΠΠ(LPG)/Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ, Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π· (Ρ
ΠΎΡΡ Π²
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·).
2.1.1.5
ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Π³Π°Π·
lean gas
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π°
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: Π’ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Π³Π°Π· ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°.
2.1.1.6
Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·
rich gas
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π°
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π· ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ².
2.1.1.7
Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ (ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ) Π³Π°Π·
wet gas
Π³Π°Π·, Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π³Π°Π·Ρ, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎ
ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²Π»Π°Π³Ρ
ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΡΠ±Π΅
2.1.1.8
(Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ)ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π°Π·
sour gas
Π³Π°Π·, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
(ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
) Π³Π°Π·Π°Ρ
.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ Π³Π°Π·Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ (ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ)
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π°Π·Ρ, ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Ρ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 3 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ².
2 Β© ISO 2014 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
R/E
2.1.1.9
ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·
dry natural gas
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 0,005% [(50 ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π°
ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ (ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
))] Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π΅
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π³Π°Π·Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ (ΠΌΠ³/ΠΌ ).
[17]
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° Π² ISO 18453.
2.1.1.10
Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·
saturated gas
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅
2.1.1.11
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ (ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΉ) ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·
ΠΠΠ
compressed natural gas
CNG
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ (ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ) Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π° Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠΠ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ, Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΉ
Π΄ΠΎ 20 000 kΠa ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ .
2.1.1.12
ΡΠΆΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·
Π‘ΠΠ
liquefied natural gas
LNG
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΆΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π° Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π· Π·Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°.
2.1.1.13
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°
gas quality
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ
2.1.1.14
Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π°Π·
biogas
ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° Π³Π°Π·Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Π±ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ) ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² Π°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π±Π΅Π· Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
(ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
)
ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² (Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΊΠ°Ρ
), Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π³Π°Π· ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² (ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·).
2.1.1.15
Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½
biomethane
Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π³Π°Π·, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π°Π·Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ², Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°
R/E
2.1.1.16
Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°
biomass
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π·Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², Π·Π°Π»Π΅Π³Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
, Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ, Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ,
ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: Π‘ΠΌ. ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ Β«ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°Β», Β«ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°Β» ΠΈ Β«Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°Β».
2.1.2 Π‘Π΅ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²
2.1.2.1
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²
pipeline grid
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°
2.1.2.2
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°
ΠΠ Π‘
local distribution system
LDS
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π° Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
2.1.2.3
ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ°-ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ
custody transfer point
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: Π ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
2.1.2.4
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡ
transfer station
cΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
(ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ) ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ°-ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ
Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
2.2 ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
2.2.1 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
2.2.1.1
Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
absolute measurement
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ
Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ.
4 Β© ISO 2014 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
R/E
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³Π°Π·Π° Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ.
2.2.1.2
ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
direct measurement
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π°Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ,
Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π³Π°Π·Π°.
2.2.1.3
ΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
indirect measurement
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅, Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Π½ΠΎ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
/Π³Π°Π·,
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ
2.2.1.4
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°
lower range value
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ (ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°), Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Ρ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊ
2.2.1.5
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°
upper range value
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ (ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°) Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Ρ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊ
2.2.1.6
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»
span
ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°
2.2.1.7
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
relative measurement
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³Π°Π·Π°, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π²
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅, ΠΊ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
Π°, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ,
ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
2.2.2 ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ
2.2.2.1
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
gas chromatographic method
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π³Π°Π·Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅ Π³Π°Π·Π°-Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ-ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ. Π Π°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ.
R/E
2.2.2.2
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄
potentiometric method
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π³Π°Π·Π°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π° ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡ,
ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ(Ρ) Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ².
2.2.2.3
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
potentiometric titration
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ° Π³Π°Π·Π° Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ,
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ°, Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ° (ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ) ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π²Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ.
2.2.2.4
Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
turbidimetric titration
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ-ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ
Π°Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ 0,1 ΠΌΠ³.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠ±Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ-
Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ³/ΠΌ .
2.2.2.5
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
combustion method
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²
Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡ) Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠΈΠΊΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄Π° (Wickbold):ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΠΈΠΊΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
[2]
[ ]
ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° (ΡΠΌ. ISO 4260 ).
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ° (Lingener): Π ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
,
[8]
[ ]
ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° (ΡΠΌ. ISO 6326-5 ).
2.2.2.6
Π°Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠΈΡ
absorption
ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ) ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ
Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ±Π΅Π½ΡΠ°.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ Π³Π°Π·Π° ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²,
Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ Π£Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π° Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ.
6 Β© ISO 2014 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
R/E
2.2.2.7
Π°Π΄ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠΈΡ
adsorption
ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ» Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ.
2.2.2.8
Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠΈΡ
desorption
ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π΄ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠΈ
2.3 ΠΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±
2.3.1 ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°
2.3.1.1
ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡ
direct sampling
ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ± Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ,
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ
2.3.1.2
ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡ
indirect sampling
ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ
Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ
2.3.1.3
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ Π² ΡΡΡΠ±Π΅
in-line instrument
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ, Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°
2.3.1.4
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ±Π΅
on-line instrument
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π³Π°Π·Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈ
ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°
2.3.1.5
Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡ
off-line instrument
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ
2.3.1.6
ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π°
spot sample
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, Π²Π·ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ
ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π³Π°Π·Π°
2.3.2 ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°
2.3.2.1
ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌ
floating piston cylinder
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°. ΠΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Ρ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ
R/E
2.3.2.2
Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ
incremental sampler
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ± ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ
2.3.2.3
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ
proportional-flow incremental sampler
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±, ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π³Π°Π·Π° Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π°
Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π² ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° (Π·Π°Ρ
Π²Π°Ρ).
2.3.2.4
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π΅Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±
sample container
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π΅Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π΅Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ± Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² Π³Π°Π·Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½Ρ, ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ± Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°.
2.3.2.5
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ
sample line
ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π³Π°Π·Π° ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ± ΠΊ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ.
2.3.2.6
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΄
sample probe
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π² Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°.
ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΄ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π³Π°Π·Π° Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΊΡ Π²Π½Π΅ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°
2.3.2.7
Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ
hot loop
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π² ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅,
ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π³Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅
ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅.
2.3.2.8
ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ
vent line
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π° ΠΈΠ· Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°/ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: Π‘ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΡ
Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
2.3.2.9
Π±Π°ΠΉΠΏΠ°Ρ
fast loop
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°
8 Β© ISO 2014 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
R/E
2.3.3 Π£ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±
2.3.3.1
ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ
condenser
Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ (Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²),
Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π³Π°Π·Π΅, Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡ
Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
2.3.3.2
ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ
liquid separator
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ
2.3.3.3
ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΡ (Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ)
pressure reducer
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π°Π·Π° Π² ΡΡΡΠ±Π΅ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: Π Π΅Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅
Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ
Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ².
2.3.3.4
ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡ (ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½) ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
back-pressure regulator
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ/ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π°Π·Π° Π² ΡΡΡΠ±Π΅ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ
ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: Π Π΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ
ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π½Π΅ Π²Π·ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ.
2.3.3.5
Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
heating device
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ. Π Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ½Π°. ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°
ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎΡ
Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΠΆΠΎΡΠ»Ρ β Π’ΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΠ½Π° (Joule-Thomson).
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ βΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ»
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
, Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠΈ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠΈ.
2.3.4 ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
2.3.4.1
Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ
purging time
Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅
ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ°
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π° Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.
R/E
2.3.4.2
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π°
representative sample
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π°, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π², ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ
2.3.4.3
Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
residence time
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π» Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π° Π³Π°Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ
2.3.4.4
ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°
sampling point
ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅ Π³Π°Π·Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π΅, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ
2.3.4.5
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°
sampling location
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π΅
2.3.4.6
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π°
gas sorption effects
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π³Π°Π·Ρ Π°Π΄ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: Π‘ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ². ΠΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π· ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°.
2.4 ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ
2.4.1
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°
measuring system
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ,
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
.
2.4.2
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° (ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ)
introduction unit
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ°Π·ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, Π° Π½Π΅ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅,
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π³Π°Π·Π° Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ°Π½, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ
ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½Π°,
Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡ.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 3 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ², ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
10 Β© ISO 2014 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
R/E
2.4.3
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Ρ
gas chromatograph
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π² Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ (ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ
Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ) ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π» ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: Π₯ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ: ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ. Π£ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π³Π°Π·-Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π³Π°Π·Π°. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ Π²
ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π³Π°Π·Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ Π² Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 3 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Ρ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ β ΡΡΠΎ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°.
2.4.4
Π³Π°Π·-Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
carrier gas
ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·, Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ Π² Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: Π’ΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈ-Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄, Π°Π·ΠΎΡ, Π³Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π°ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ½.
2.4.5
Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π°Π·Ρ
auxiliary gases
Π³Π°Π·Ρ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²
2.4.6
Ρ
Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ
Π₯ΠΠ
chemiluminescence detector
CD
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅
ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: Π₯Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ, Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π·ΠΎΡ (N) ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ (S).
2.4.7
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ
ΠΠ₯Π
electrochemical detector
ED
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² Π³Π°Π·Π΅-
Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅, ΡΠ»ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°.
R/E
2.4.8
ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ
ΠΠΠ
flame ionization detector
FID
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊ, ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ².
2.4.9
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
thermal conductivity detector (TCD)
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ
hot wire detector (HWD)
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ, ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π³Π°Π·Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π° (Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ):
ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: HWD ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ)
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°-Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Ρ.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π³Π°Π·Π°-Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π³Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄, Π·Π°
ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π², ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 3 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ; ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π΅ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ°,
Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ, Π·Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π³Π°Π·Π°-
Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡ
.
2.4.10
ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ
ΠΠ€Π
flame photometric detector
FPD
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π°ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°, ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ,
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡ (P) ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ (S).
2.4.11
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ
integrator
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π» Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ° Π² ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π΅. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°
ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ.
2.4.12
ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
photometry
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ
2.4.13
ΠΊΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°
absorption cell
Π΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΈ Π»ΡΡΠ° Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅
12 Β© ISO 2014 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
R/E
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: Π§Π΅ΠΌ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ (ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΡΡ).
2.5 ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·
2.5.1 ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°
2.5.1.1
ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°
calibration
ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² (ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ), ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ,
Π° Π½Π° Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ,
ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. Π Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ
Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Β«ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ (Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ) ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 3 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ.
2.5.1.2
Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°
adjustment of measuring instrument
ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ-Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ.
2.5.1.3
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°
volumetric conversion
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π² Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
(ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
) ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
2.5.1.4
ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°
correction
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π°Π»Π³Π΅Π±ΡΠ°ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π²Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ βΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡβ.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΉ.
2.5.1.5
ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ
correction factor
ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΉ.
R/E
2.5.1.6
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ
calibration interval
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ
2.5.1.7
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½
working range
Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ
2.5.1.8
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½
extended working range
Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ Π²Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ
2.5.1.9
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°
ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅
single-point calibration
Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΡ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ. ΠΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊ
ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΊΡ (0,0). Π ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π° (ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°), ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 3 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° (ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·
Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ, ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°) ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ,
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅
(Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎ).
2.5.1.10
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ±ΠΊΠΈ
ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
bracketing
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ, Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅, Π² ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π°, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: ΠΡΠΎ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² (Π‘Π), ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ
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