ISO 11108:1996
(Main)Information and documentation - Archival paper - Requirements for permanence and durability
Information and documentation - Archival paper - Requirements for permanence and durability
Contains requirements for unprinted archival paper intended for documents and publications required for permanent retention and frequent use. For these purposes paper of high performance and high durability is required.
Information et documentation — Papier pour documents d'archives — Prescriptions pour la permanence et la durabilité
Informatika in dokumentacija - Arhivski papir - Zahteve za trajnost in obstojnost
General Information
Relations
Overview
ISO 11108:1996, published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), establishes requirements for archival paper used in documents and publications that demand long-term preservation and frequent handling. This standard specifically covers unprinted archival paper that must demonstrate high permanence and durability to ensure documents of historical, legal, or significant value remain intact over extended periods.
Archival paper, as defined by ISO 11108, is designed for specialized uses where maintaining chemical and physical stability over time is critical. Compliance with this standard guarantees that paper materials meet stringent quality criteria necessary for archival storage and frequent use without compromising integrity.
Key Topics
Scope and Application
ISO 11108 applies to unprinted papers intended for permanent retention, emphasizing materials that can endure frequent use without degradation.Material Composition
Archival paper must primarily consist of natural fibers such as cotton, cotton linters, hemp, and flax, with allowances for limited amounts of fully bleached chemical pulp to enhance performance.Physical Properties
- Grammage: Minimum of 70 g/m² is required to ensure sufficient substance.
- Tearing Resistance: At least 350 mN in any direction to resist wear.
- Folding Endurance: Minimum values established (e.g., at least 242 in Schopper instrument tests) to verify paper's capacity to withstand repeated folds.
Chemical Stability
- pH Range: Neutral to slightly alkaline, between 7.5 and 10.0, to prevent acid-related degradation.
- Alkali Reserve: At least 0.4 mol of acid-neutralizing compound per kilogram to neutralize acids formed during aging or from pollution.
- Oxidation Resistance: A low Kappa number (below 5.0) indicates minimal lignin presence, which contributes to paper longevity.
Testing and Reporting
The standard mandates specific laboratory tests under controlled conditions (23°C, 50% relative humidity) and detailed reporting criteria, including test results, visual inspections, and statements of compliance or non-compliance.
Applications
ISO 11108 archival paper is essential for:
Archival Institutions and Libraries
Preserving historical records, manuscripts, legal documents, and important publications that require permanent retention and frequent consultation.Government and Legal Offices
Creating documents with long-term evidentiary value that must withstand repeated handling without chemical or physical deterioration.Publishing Houses and Printers
Producing official publications, reports, or certifiable documents where archival quality paper enhances document lifespan and reliability.Document Digitization and Conservation Projects
Selecting suitable paper stock for conservation efforts or when printing replacement archival-quality copies.
Using ISO 11108-compliant archival paper prevents premature deterioration, reduces restoration costs, and ensures continuous access to critical documents over decades.
Related Standards
ISO 9706 (Information and documentation – Paper for documents – Requirements for permanence)
ISO 11108 is closely linked to ISO 9706; compliant archival paper also fulfills the requirements of ISO 9706. This relationship is explained in Annex A of ISO 11108. While papers meeting ISO 11108 can carry ISO 9706 compliance marks, the focus remains on adherence to ISO 11108 for archival usage.ISO 186 (Sampling to determine average paper quality)
Specifies how to sample paper batches for inspection, a key method referenced in ISO 11108 for quality control.ISO 187 (Atmosphere for conditioning and testing)
Regulates standard testing environments to ensure consistent and reliable paper property assessments.ISO 536 (Determination of grammage)
Defines the procedure to measure paper weight, fundamental for verifying minimum thickness requirements.ISO 1974 (Testing tearing resistance)
Establishes methods for measuring the tear resistance of paper materials as required by archival standards.ISO 5626 (Determination of folding endurance)
Details test methods to evaluate fold resistance vital for archival paper durability.ISO 6588 and ISO 10716 (Alkali reserve determination)
Define chemical testing to quantify alkaline content, ensuring acid-neutralizing capacity.
Conclusion
ISO 11108:1996 provides comprehensive requirements for high-performance archival paper, focusing on chemical stability, mechanical strength, and long-term durability. This standard serves as a critical reference for professionals involved in archival management, document conservation, legal and government records preservation, and high-quality publishing. By adhering to ISO 11108, organizations can ensure their important documents maintain structural integrity and legibility over extended periods, supporting historical and legal reliability while facilitating frequent access.
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO 11108:1996 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Information and documentation - Archival paper - Requirements for permanence and durability". This standard covers: Contains requirements for unprinted archival paper intended for documents and publications required for permanent retention and frequent use. For these purposes paper of high performance and high durability is required.
Contains requirements for unprinted archival paper intended for documents and publications required for permanent retention and frequent use. For these purposes paper of high performance and high durability is required.
ISO 11108:1996 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 01.140.20 - Information sciences; 85.060 - Paper and board. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO 11108:1996 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO 11108:2025. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ISO 11108:1996 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 2017-01-2140. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2003
Informatika in dokumentacija - Arhivski papir - Zahteve za trajnost in obstojnost
Information and documentation -- Archival paper -- Requirements for permanence and
durability
Information et documentation -- Papier pour documents d'archives -- Prescriptions pour
la permanence et la durabilité
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 11108:1996
ICS:
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
85.060 Papir, karton in lepenka Paper and board
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL
ISO
STANDARD
First edition
1996-12-15
Information and documentation - Archival
- Requirements for permanente
Paper
and durability
In forma Gon et documen ta tion - Papier pour documents d’archives -
Prescriptions pour Ia permanente et Ia durabilite
Reference number
ISO l'l108:1996(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national Standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Esch member body interested in a subject for
which a technical committee has been established has the right to be
represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard ISO 11108 was prepared by Technical Committee
lSO/TC 46, Information and documentation, Subcommittee SC 10,
Physical keeping of documents.
Annex A of this International Standard is for information only.
0 ISO 1996
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronie or mechanical, including
photocopying and microfilm, without Permission in writing from the publisher.
International Orga nization for Standardization
Case Postale 56 l CH-1 21 1G eneve 20 l Switzerland
Printed in Switzerland
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD @ ISO
Information and documentation - Archival Paper -
Requirements for permanente and durability
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the requirements for archival Paper. lt is applicable to unprinted Papers
intended for documents and publications required for permanent retention and frequent use. For these documents
and publications, Paper of high permanente and high durability is required.
NOTES
1 Archival Paper is primarily required for documents and publications intended to be kept permanently because of their high
historical, legal or other significant value. Archival Paper is for special purposes, not for common use. The use of the term
“archival Paper” does not imply that all Papers kept in archives are “archival Papers”.
2 The relationship between this International Standard and ISO 9706 is described in annex A.
2 Normative references
The following Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this
International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Standards are subject to
revision, and Parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the Standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 186:1994, Paper and board - Sampling to determine average quality.
Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
ISO 187:1990, Paper, board and pulps -
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples.
ISO 3021981, Pulps - Determination of Kappa number.
ISO 536:1995, Paper and board - Determination of grammage.
ISO 1974: 1990, Paper - Determination of tes ting resis tance (Elmendorf me thod).
ISO 4046: 1978, Paper, board, pulp and related terms - Vocabulary.
Determination of folding endurante.
ISO 5626: 1993, Paper -
Determination of pH of aqueous extracts.
ISO 6588: 1981, Paper, board and pulps -
ISO 9706:1994, Information and documentation - Paper for documents - Requirements for permanente.
Determination of alkali reserve.
ISO 107 16: 1994, Paper and board -
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply.
3.1 archival Paper: Paper of high permanente and high durability.
3.2 permanente: The ability to remain chemically and physically stable over Iong periods of time.
[ISO 97061
3.3 durabi
...
INTERNATIONAL
ISO
STANDARD
First edition
1996-12-15
Information and documentation - Archival
- Requirements for permanente
Paper
and durability
In forma Gon et documen ta tion - Papier pour documents d’archives -
Prescriptions pour Ia permanente et Ia durabilite
Reference number
ISO l'l108:1996(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national Standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Esch member body interested in a subject for
which a technical committee has been established has the right to be
represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard ISO 11108 was prepared by Technical Committee
lSO/TC 46, Information and documentation, Subcommittee SC 10,
Physical keeping of documents.
Annex A of this International Standard is for information only.
0 ISO 1996
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronie or mechanical, including
photocopying and microfilm, without Permission in writing from the publisher.
International Orga nization for Standardization
Case Postale 56 l CH-1 21 1G eneve 20 l Switzerland
Printed in Switzerland
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD @ ISO
Information and documentation - Archival Paper -
Requirements for permanente and durability
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the requirements for archival Paper. lt is applicable to unprinted Papers
intended for documents and publications required for permanent retention and frequent use. For these documents
and publications, Paper of high permanente and high durability is required.
NOTES
1 Archival Paper is primarily required for documents and publications intended to be kept permanently because of their high
historical, legal or other significant value. Archival Paper is for special purposes, not for common use. The use of the term
“archival Paper” does not imply that all Papers kept in archives are “archival Papers”.
2 The relationship between this International Standard and ISO 9706 is described in annex A.
2 Normative references
The following Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this
International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Standards are subject to
revision, and Parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the Standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 186:1994, Paper and board - Sampling to determine average quality.
Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
ISO 187:1990, Paper, board and pulps -
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples.
ISO 3021981, Pulps - Determination of Kappa number.
ISO 536:1995, Paper and board - Determination of grammage.
ISO 1974: 1990, Paper - Determination of tes ting resis tance (Elmendorf me thod).
ISO 4046: 1978, Paper, board, pulp and related terms - Vocabulary.
Determination of folding endurante.
ISO 5626: 1993, Paper -
Determination of pH of aqueous extracts.
ISO 6588: 1981, Paper, board and pulps -
ISO 9706:1994, Information and documentation - Paper for documents - Requirements for permanente.
Determination of alkali reserve.
ISO 107 16: 1994, Paper and board -
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply.
3.1 archival Paper: Paper of high permanente and high durability.
3.2 permanente: The ability to remain chemically and physically stable over Iong periods of time.
[ISO 97061
3.3 durability: The ability to resist the effects of wear and tear when in use.
3.4 alkali reserve (of a Paper): A compound (such as Calcium carbonate) that neutralizes acid that might be
generated as a result of natura1 ageing or from atmospheric pollution, determined as specified in ISO 10716.
[ISO 97061
4 Required characteristics
4.1 General
A Sample of the lot under inspection shall be obtained as described in ISO 186. By visual inspection, the Paper shall
be free from obvious defects, such as creases, large Specks, holes and wrinkles.
4.2 Fibre composition
princ
...
Iso
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Première édition
1996-12-15
Information et documentation - Papier
pour documents d’archives - Prescriptions
pour la permanence et la durabilité
Information and documentation - Archiva/ paper - Requiremen ts for
permanence and durability
Numéro de référence
ISO II 108:1996(F)
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération
mondiale d’organismes nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de
I’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée aux
comités techniques de I’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une
étude a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les
organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernemen-
tales, en liaison avec I’ISO participent également aux travaux. L’ISO colla-
bore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI)
en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les projets de Normes internationales adoptés par les comités techniques
sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur publication comme
Normes internationales requiert l’approbation de 75 % au moins des co-
mités membres votants.
La Norme internationale ISO 11108 a été élaborée par le comité technique
lSO/TC 46, Information et documentation, sous-comité SC 10, Archivage
matériel des documents.
L’annexe A de la présente Norme internationale est donnée uniquement à
titre d’information.
0 ISO 1996
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf prescription différente, aucune partie de cette publi-
cation ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun pro-
cédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l’accord
écrit de l’éditeur.
Organisation internationale de normalisation
Case postale 56 l CH-1 211 Genève 20 l Suisse
Imprimé en Suisse
il
NORME INTERNATIONALE @ ISO ISO 11108:1996(F)
Information et documentation - Papier pour documents
d’archives - Prescriptions pour la permanence et la
durabilité
1 Domaine d’application
La présente Norme internationale fixe les prescriptions pour le papier pour documents d’archives. Elle est
applicable aux papiers non imprimés utilisés pour les documents et les publications destinés à une conservation et
Pour ces documents et ces publications, un papier présentant un haut degré de
à un usage permanents.
permanence et de durabilité est nécessaire.
NOTES
1 L’utilisation du papier pour documents d’archives est en priorité requise pour les documents et les publications destinés à
être soumis à une conservation permanente en raison de leur haute valeur historique, légale ou autre. Le papier pour
documents d’archives est conçu à des fins particulières, non pour l’usage courant. L’utilisation du terme «papier pour
documents d’archives)) n’implique pas que tous les papiers conservés dans les dépôts sont des ((papiers pour documents
d’archives)).
Les différences et correspondances entre la présente Norme internationale et I’ISO 9706 sont décrites dans l’annexe A.
2 Références normatives
Les normes suivantes contiennent des dispositions qui, par suite de la référence qui en est faite, constituent des
dispositions valables pour la présente Norme internationale. Au moment de la publication, les éditions indiquées
étaient en vigueur. Toute norme est sujette à révision et les parties prenantes des accords fondés sur la présente
Norme internationale sont invitées à rechercher la possibilité d’appliquer les éditions les plus récentes des normes
indiquées ci-après. Les membres de la CEI et de I’ISO possèdent le registre des Normes internationales en vigueur
à un moment donné.
Échantillonnage pour dé terminer la qualité moyenne.
ISO 186: 1994, Papier et carton -
ISO 187:1990, Papier, carton et pâtes - Atmosphère normale de conditionnement et d’essai et méthode de
surveillance de l’atmosphère et de conditionnement des échantillons.
ISO 3021981, Pâtes - Détermination de l’indice Kappa.
ISO 536:1995, Papier et carton - Détermination du grammage.
ISO 1974: 1990, Papier - Détermination de la résistance au déchirement (Méthode Elmendorf).
ISO 4046:1978, Papier, carton, pâtes et termes connexes - Vocabulaire.
ISO 5626: 1993, Papier - Détermination de la résis tance au pliage.
ISO 6588: 1981, Papier, carton et pâtes - Détermination du pH des extraits aqueux.
ISO 9706:1994, Information et documentation - Papier pour documents - Prescriptions pour la permanence.
ISO 10716:1994, Papier et carton - Dé termina tion de la réserve alcaline.
3 Définitions
Pour les besoins de la présente Norme internationale, les définitions suivantes s’appliquent.
. papier pour documents d’archives: Papier présentant un haut degré de permanence et de durabilité.
3.2 permanence: Capacité de rester chimiquement et physiquement stable durant de longues périodes.
[ ISO 97061
33 . durabilité: Capacité de résister aux effets de l’usure et au déchirement lors de l’utilisation.
3.4 réserve alcaline (d‘un papier): Produit (tel que le carbonate de calcium) neutralisant les acides que peuvent
produire le vieillissement naturel ou la pollution atmosphérique, déterminé selon I’ISO 10716.
[ ISO 97061
4 Caractéristiques prescrites
4.1 Généralités
Un échantillon du lot à examiner doit être prélevé selon la méthode décrite dans I’ISO 186. Le papier ne doit
présenter
...
ISO 11108:1996 establishes essential requirements for archival paper, specifically targeting unprinted paper intended for documents and publications that necessitate permanent retention and frequent usage. The standard emphasizes the importance of high-performance and high-durability paper, ensuring that archival materials are not only preserved over time but also remain usable for continued accessibility. One of the standout strengths of ISO 11108:1996 is its comprehensive approach to defining the permanence and durability needed in archival papers. It sets forth clear criteria that paper must meet to qualify for archival purposes, including resistance to deterioration due to environmental factors, chemical stability, and longevity. This specificity serves as a critical guideline for manufacturers and archivists alike, enhancing the trust and reliability of archival materials utilized in various institutions. Furthermore, the relevance of this standard cannot be overstated in an era where digital preservation increasingly competes with traditional archival methods. ISO 11108:1996 asserts that even as technology evolves, the need for durable and stable physical documents remains significant. The standard supports practitioners in the archival field by ensuring that critical documents, such as historical records and publications, maintain their integrity over time. Overall, ISO 11108:1996 not only addresses the necessary technical specifications for archival papers but also reinforces the best practices in the field of documentation and preservation. The enduring value of this standard lies in its ability to safeguard our heritage while promoting accessibility, making it a cornerstone for any organization aiming to uphold high standards in archival documentation.
ISO 11108:1996は、情報および文書の分野における重要な標準であり、アーカイブ紙の要件に関する明確な基準を提供します。特に、恒久的な保存と頻繁な使用が求められる文書や出版物に適した未印刷のアーカイブ紙の仕様を定めています。この標準は、耐久性と永続性を確保するための高性能な紙の必要性を強調しており、アーカイブ業界において非常に重要な役割を果たしています。 ISO 11108:1996の強みは、その具体的な要件にあります。これにより、文書保管の長期的な戦略がサポートされ、選ばれたアーカイブ紙が実際に耐久性を持つものであることを保証します。このため、ユーザーは選定したアーカイブ素材によって文書の保存状態が維持され、情報が将来の世代にわたって伝達されることを確実にします。 さらに、この標準はグローバルな適用性を持ち、国際的なアーカイブ基準と一貫性を保ちつつ、質の高いアーカイブ紙の採用を促進します。そのため、アーカイブおよび保存分野における専門家や機関にとって不可欠な文書であり、特に文化的財産や歴史的記録を守るために役立っています。 ISO 11108:1996は、アーカイブの関連者に対して、高い耐久性を持つ文書保存に欠かせない基準を提供しており、その実施が求められる現在、ますます重要性を増しています。この標準により、アーカイブの品質と信頼性が向上し、情報と文書の保存に対する意識が高まります。
ISO 11108:1996은 정보 및 문서 분야에서 중요한 표준으로, 영구 보존이 필요하고 자주 사용되는 문서 및 출판물용 비인쇄 아카이브 종이에 대한 요구 사항을 명시하고 있습니다. 이 표준은 고성능 및 고내구성 종이를 요구하며, 아카이브 종이의 영속성과 내구성에 중점을 둡니다. ISO 11108:1996의 강점 중 하나는 명확한 기준을 제공함으로써 아카이브 종이의 품질을 보장한다는 점입니다. 이는 문서 보존 및 아카이빙의 중요성이 날로 커지는 현대 사회에서 더욱 필요해지고 있습니다. 이 표준은 적절한 물리적, 화학적 특성을 통해 종이가 오랜 시간 동안 사용할 수 있도록 보장하여, 문화재와 역사적 문서의 장기 보존을 지원합니다. 또한, ISO 11108:1996은 아카이빙 환경에서의 모든 요구 사항을 다루고 있어, 문서 작업을 수행하는 다양한 기관과 단체에게 필수적인 지침이 됩니다. 이 표준의 관련성은 문서 보존 및 아카이빙을 위한 종합적인 해결책을 제공하는 데 있습니다. 특히, 학술 기관, 도서관, 아카이브거는 물론 기업에서도 영구 문서 보관을 위해 이 표준을 따라야 할 필요성이 높습니다. 결론적으로, ISO 11108:1996은 아카이브 종이에 대한 요구 사항을 체계적으로 정리하여 점차 증가하는 정보 보존 요구에 부합하는 중요한 기준을 제시하고 있습니다. 이 표준은 내구성이 뛰어난 비인쇄 아카이브 종이의 필요성을 강조하여, 안정적이고 지속 가능한 아카이빙 방법을 제시하고 있습니다.
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