ISO 16316:2024

International
Standard
ISO 16316
First edition
Windows, doors and curtain
2024-10
walling — Impacted by windborne
debris in windstorms — Test
method and classification
Reference number
© ISO 2024
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Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms. 4
5 Principle and significance . 4
5.1 General .4
5.2 Significance and use .5
5.3 Options.5
6 Test apparatus . 5
7 Test specimens . 7
7.1 General .7
7.2 Test specimen size .7
7.3 Test specimen .7
7.4 Order of testing .8
8 Test procedure . 8
8.1 General .8
8.2 Preparation .8
8.2.1 General .8
8.2.2 Installation .8
8.2.3 Conditioning .8
8.2.4 Missile impact .8
8.3 Missile impact test.9
8.3.1 Projectile descriptions .9
8.3.2 Impact-speed tolerance .9
8.3.3 Impact angle .9
8.3.4 Impact location .10
8.4 Air pressure cycling test .16
8.4.1 General .16
8.4.2 Leakage .16
8.4.3 Air-pressure differential .17
8.4.4 Cyclic test loading .17
9 Pass and fail assessment criteria .18
9.1 General .18
9.2 Glass infill(s) .18
9.3 Panel(s) .18
9.4 External emergency exit doorset (panic exit doorset) .18
9.5 Edge releases .18
9.6 Windstorm protective systems .18
10 Product qualification .18
10.1 Requirements .18
10.2 Applicable missile for impact test .19
10.3 Levels of protection .19
10.4 Reference wind-speed zones . .19
Annex A (normative) Required information and test report .21
Annex B (informative) Recommended missile-propulsion devices .24
Annex C (informative) Reference wind speed .26
Annex D (normative) Flow chart of test procedure .27

iii
Annex E (informative) Guidance on substitution criteria for fenestration assemblies qualified
under this document.29
Annex F (informative) Test program examples .43
Annex G (informative) Flow chart of engineering analysis for wind-borne debris resistant
building envelope design .62
Bibliography .64

iv
Foreword
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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 162, Doors, windows and curtain walling.
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v
International Standard ISO 16316:2024(en)
Windows, doors and curtain walling — Impacted by
windborne debris in windstorms — Test method and
classification
1 Scope
This document specifies a method to determine the windborne debris-resistance of windows (including
skylights), doors or curtain walling to natural threats characterized by simulated destructive-windstorm
events. The test method can also be used on windstorm protective systems for the missile impact tests.
The test method determines the performance of windows, doors or curtain walling, under conditions
representative of events that occur in severe, destructive-windstorm environments using simulated missile
impact(s) followed by the application of cyclic test load.
This document is applicable to the design of an entire window (including skylight), door or curtain walling,
and also in case these systems are tested in combination with windstorm protective system assemblies and
their installation.
This document is not applicable to:
— exterior garage doors and rolling doors are beyond the scope of this document and this document does
not refer to:
— bullet;
— blast;
— flood resistance.
— windstorm protective systems when tested alone, i.e. not tested in combination with windows, skylights,
doors or curtain walling. When windows, skylights, doors or curtain walling are tested in combination
with windstorm protective systems, pass and fail assessment criteria (see Clause 9), only refer to
windows, skylights, doors or curtain walling themselves. This document does not define pass or fail
criteria for windstorm protective systems.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/

3.1
windstorm protective system
construction assemblies applied, attached, or locked over an exterior glazed opening system to protect that
system from windborne debris (3.4) during destructive windstorm (3.2) events
Note 1 to entry: Windstorm protective systems include types that are fixed, operable, or removable.
3.2
destructive windstorm
severe weather event with high winds and turbulent gusts, such as a tropical cyclone, having a reference
wind speed (3.3) capable of generating windborne debris (3.4)
3.3
reference wind speed
V
r
velocity of the wind used in calculation as determined by the ordering party
Note 1 to entry: The reference wind speed is intended to represent the 3-second gust wind speed design basis for a
tropical cyclone such as used to describe a 50-year recurrence period or annual 0,02 probability of being exceeded (V
r
=
V , see Annex C).
t=3 s
3.4
windborne debri
object carried by the wind in windstorms
3.5
air pressure differential
P
specified maximum air pressure differential in cyclic test load across the specimen, creating an inward or
outward load
Note 1 to entry: The air pressure portion of the test shall use the test loading sequence (3.12). Select P and P for the
pos neg
maximum inward (positive) and maximum outward (negative) air pressure differential for which qualification is sought.
Note 2 to entry: P is determined depending on local building code or by the design professional.
Note 3 to entry: The air pressure differential is expressed in Pascal or its multiples.
3.6
windborne debris-resistance
performance of a window, a door or a curtain walling, [also in case these systems are tested in combination
with a windstorm protective system (3.1)], to resist the impact of windborne debris (3.4) and cyclic test load
(3.11) without occurrence of specified failure
3.7
test specimen
entire assembled unit submitted for test
3.8
missile
object that is propelled towards a test specimen (3.7), i.e. lumber missile (3.9) and steel ball (3.10) (3.11)
3.9
lumber missile
dressed piece of surface-dried, soft-wood, structural timber that impacts the glazing surface of the specimen.
3.10
steel ball
solid steel ball weighing 2 g ± 5 %, with an 8 mm nominal diameter

3.11
cyclic test load
beginning at a specified air pressure differential (3.5), the application of a positive (and negative) pressure to
achieve another specified air pressure differential and returning to the initial air pressure differential
3.12
test-loading sequence
group of tests carried out in the following sequence:
a) missile impact test
b) air pressure cycling test
3.13
serviceability pressure
uniform, static air-pressure difference from wind, inward or outward, for which the test specimen is
designed under service load conditions.
Note 1 to entry: Serviceability pressures are based on reference wind speed with a mean recurrence interval that
relates to the importance level of the construction.
3.14
fenestration assembly
exterior windows (including skylights), doors, curtain walling, or a combination thereof, intended to be
installed in a building
3.15
height above ground level of assembly
H
a
distance between the ground level and the head of the building component itself.
Note 1 to entry: In case of different ground level for a single front of a building (see key 1 and key 2 Figure 1), the
ground level is the lower altitude line referred to each front of the building (see key 2 of Figure 1).
Note 2 to entry: for the definition of "head" of a window, see ISO 22496.
Key
1 height above (upper) ground level
2 height above ground level of assembly (H ) for the front of the building
a
3 ground level not relevant for the fronts of the building
Figure 1 — Schematic examples of height above ground level of assembly depending on the different
fronts of a building
3.16
external emergency exit doorset
panic exit doorset
external doorset in a construction work which separates the exterior climate from the interior of a building,
that opens in an emergency situation with one single operation (without a key).
Note 1 to entry: An external emergency exit is usually fitted with panic exit devices (push bars) or emergency exit
devices (push to open, lever handle or push pad).
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviated terms apply:
DLO Daylight opening – the width and the height of the visible glass (see Annex F)
G1I Insulating glass type n°1 for test mock-up examples (see Annex F)
G2 Laminated glass type n°2 for test mock-up examples (see Annex F)
G2I Insulating glass type n°2 for test mock-up examples (see Annex F)
H.S. Heat strengthened glass
F.T. Fully tempered glass
TH-1 Threshold type n°1 for test mock-up examples (see Annex F)
TH-2 Threshold type n°2 for test mock-up examples (see Annex F)
P Air pressure differential
W Width of the mock-up examples (see Annex F)
H Height of the mock-up examples (see Annex F)
mu
V reference wind speed
V Velocity of the wind used in the test, as determined by the procedure of this document
t
5 Principle and significance
5.1 General
This test method shall be used to determine the windborne debris-resistance of windows, doors or curtain
walling. Qualification under this document provides a basis to judge the ability of the fenestration assembly
to remain without failure according to Clause 9 during extreme wind events, when they can be impacted by
windborne debris. This minimizes the damaging effects of a destructive windstorm on the building interior
and reduces the magnitude of internal pressurization and wind-driven rain infiltration.
This test method consists of mounting the test specimen and testing to an appropriate class, by impacting
the test specimen with the missile(s) and then applying cyclic pressure differentials (i.e. a cyclic test load)
across the test specimen in accordance with a specified test-loading sequence. The condition of the test
specimen is observed and measured, and the results are reported.
A missile-propulsion device, an air pressure system and a test chamber are used to model representative
conditions that can be representative of windborne debris and pressures in a windstorm event.
The performance determined by this test method relates to the ability of building envelope components to
fulfil the pass criteria listed in Clause 9.

Classification is intended as a basis for judging the ability of the building envelope assembly to remain
essentially without significant openings or holes as the result of a windstorm. Impact by missile(s) and
subsequent cyclic static-pressure differentials simulate conditions representative of windborne debris and
pressures in a destructive windstorm.
5.2 Significance and use
Structural design for the determination of windborne debris-resistance of windows, doors or curtain
walling is based on positive and negative serviceability pressures (see 3.13). Impact resistance of building
envelope components is generally performed according to test methods such as ISO 7892, to prove adequacy
to different types of impacts, varying the mass of the body (impactor), its nature, drop height, impact
location, and impact direction (acting from the outside or inside of the building). ISO 7892 is not developed
to estimate the ability to withstand impacts from windborne debris followed by fluctuating pressures that
simulate the windstorm environment.
Windstorm damage assessments demonstrated that windborne debris impact and the subsequent exposure
to positive and negative pressure caused significant damage to building envelopes in extreme-wind events.
The resistance of windows, doors or curtain walling to wind loading after impact depends upon product
design, installation, load magnitude and duration.
5.3 Options
This test method can be used:
— either to test the windows (incl. skylights), doors or curtain walling for classification according to 10.3
— or to test the windows (incl. skylights), doors or curtain walling to other conditions without classification
as requested by the ordering party, in which case the required information, in accordance with Annex A,
shall be provided for the test procedure.
6 Test apparatus
Any equipment capable of performing the test procedure within the allowable tolerances may be used.
6.1 Mounting frame, supporting the outer specimen test frame(s) in a vertical position during testing.
The mounting frame shall be either integral with the test chamber or capable of being installed into the test
chamber prior to or following missile impact(s). The mounting frame shall be anchored so it does not move
when the specimen is impacted. The specifications for the inner and the outer specimen-support frame shall
be specified in the testing report.
6.2 Air-pressure cycling test chamber, consisting of an enclosure or box with an opening against
which the test specimen is installed. It shall be capable of withstanding the specified cyclic static-pressure
differential. The chamber shall be deep enough to avoid contact with the test specimen during pressure
cycling. Pressure taps shall be provided to facilitate measurement of the cyclic pressure differential. They
shall be located such that the measurements are unaffected by the air supplied to or evacuated from the test
chamber or by any other air movements.
6.3 Air-pressure system, consisting of a controllable blower, a compressed-air supply/vacuum system
or other suitable system capable of providing the required maximum air-pressure differential (inward and
outward acting) across the test specimen. Specified pressure differentials across the test specimen shall be
imposed and controlled through any system that subjects the test specimen to the prescribed test-loading
program. Examples of suitable control systems include manually operated valves, electrically operated
valves or computer-controlled servo-operated valves.
6.4 Air-pressure-measuring apparatus. Pressure differentials across the test specimen shall be
measured by an air-pressure-measuring apparatus with an accuracy of ±2 % of its maximum rated capacity,
or ±100 Pa, whichever is the lowest, and with a response time of less than 50 ms.

EXAMPLE Mechanical pressure gages and electronic pressure transducers are acceptable.
6.5 Missile-propulsion device(s), capable of propelling a missile at a specified speed and orientation
towards a specified impact location; see Annex B. The missile shall not be accelerating upon impact due to
the force of gravity along a line normal to the specimen.
6.6 Speed-measuring system, capable of measuring missile speeds within the tolerances defined in 8.3.2.
6.7 Missiles
6.7.1 General
Missiles shall be one or more of the following, as appropriate to classification, see 10.2. Any other
representative missiles shall have mass, size, shape and impact speed determined by engineering analysis
(see Annex G) considering the reference wind speed.
6.7.2 Small-ball missile
A solid steel ball weighing 2 g ±5 %, with an 8 mm nominal diameter, and an impact speed according to
Table 1.
6.7.3 Lumber missile
The lumber missile shall be made of pine or fir with a moisture content of 15 % ±4 %, and a cross section of
50 mm x 100 mm with no defects, including knots, splits, checks, shakes, or wane within 30 cm of the impact
end, which shall be trimmed (cut in 90° angle).
The lumber missile shall have a mass of between 910 g ± 100 g and 4 100 g ± 100 g and a length between
525 mm ± 100 mm and 4,0 m ± 100 mm and an impact speed according to Table 1.
If required for propulsion, a circular sabot (i.e. circular base plate as represented in Figure 2) having a mass
of no more than 200 g may be applied to the trailing edge of the lumber missile. The mass and length of the
lumber missile includes the mass and length of the sabot.
Key
1 (optional) circular sabot (base plate)
2 lumber missile
Figure 2 — Schematic diagram of lumber missile
6.7.4 Other missile
Any other representative missile with mass, size, shape, and impact speed as a function of reference wind
speed determined by engineering analysis (see Annex G).

6.8 Speed-measuring system. The speed-measuring system shall be calibrated. Calibration shall be
performed at the speed-measuring system manufacturer’s recommended frequency. The speed measuring
system shall be calibrated by at least one of the following methods:
— photographically, using a stroboscope and a still camera;
— photographically, using a high-speed motion-picture or video camera with a frame rate exceeding
500 frames per second capable of producing a clear image and a device that allows single-frame viewing;
— using gravity to accelerate a free-falling object having negligible air drag through the timing system and
comparing measured and theoretical elapsed times.
6.9 Pressure transducers. Electronic pressure transducers shall be calibrated at six-month intervals
using a standardized calibrating system or a manometer readable to 10 Pa (1 mm of water).
6.10 Manometers. The calibration of manometers is normally not required, provided that the instruments
are used at a temperature near their design temperature.
7 Test specimens
7.1 General
The test specimens shall consist of the entire fenestration assembly and contain all devices used to resist
wind and windborne debris (e.g. windstorm protective systems tested in combination with the specimen).
All parts of the test specimen shall be full size, as specified for actual use, using the identical materials,
details, and methods of construction. Mullions shall be tested as part of the test sample and true glazing
bars shall be tested as part of the test samples.
7.2 Test specimen size
The test specimen to be tested shall have nominal dimensions representative of the commercial production.
The size of the test specimen shall be determined by the ordering party. All components of each test
specimen shall be full size.
Where it is impractical to test the entire fenestration assembly such as curtain walling and heavy commercial
assemblies, test the largest size of each type of panel as required by the ordering party, to qualify the entire
assembly. When the smaller panels exceed a 50 % reduction in their individual length size (e.g. height or
width) with reference to the panel that has been tested for certification purposes, a second test should be
conducted. The second test shall check that the higher stiffness of these smaller building components is not
influencing their impact performances when it comes to wind-borne debris simulation.
7.3 Test specimen
Individual windows (including skylights), doors or curtain walling, should be tested separately (see Figure 4
and Figure 6).
Windows (including skylights), doors or curtain walling intended to be installed combined together shall be
tested by joining at least three lites into one mounting frame, separated only by the mullions (see Figure 5
and Figure 7). These mullions should be representative of the mullions of the building envelope to be tested.
Openable elements (and windstorm protective devices affecting their operation) shall be opened and closed
twice before testing.
When windstorm protective systems are intended to be installed combined with windows (including
skylights), doors or curtain walling, the deflection after the impact testing shall be verified. This parameter
is used to establish the minimum design installation distance of these building components from the

internal building envelope to be protected. External windstorm protective systems maximum deflection
should guarantee a minimum distance of these building components from the internal building envelope.
If windows (including skylights), doors or curtain walling are intended to be installed combined with
windstorm protective systems, the assembly shall be tested by joining at least three lites into one mounting
frame, separated only by the mullions.
7.4 Order of testing
Test specimens passing the acceptance criteria of the lumber-missile or small-ball-missile impact test shall
be submitted for the air-pressure-cycle test.
8 Test procedure
8.1 General
The test procedure shall follow Annex D.
Test specimen shall be tested to a class appropriate to its use. The following test information shall be
provided:
a) missile type;
b) maximum specified air-pressure differential (see 8.4.3).
If the test specimen is tested at other conditions, then the relevant information shall be provided in
accordance with Annex A.
8.2 Preparation
8.2.1 General
Remove from the test specimen any sealing or construction material that is not intended to be used when
the unit is installed in or on a building. The test specimen shall not be removed from the mounting frame at
any time during the test sequence.
8.2.2 Installation
Support and secure the test specimen into the mounting frame in a vertical position using the same number
and type of anchors normally used for product installation as defined by the manufacturer or as required
for a specific project. If this is impractical, install the test specimen with the same number of equivalent
fasteners located in the same manner as the intended installation. This test shall not be used to evaluate
anchorage of curtain walling and heavy commercial assemblies. In those cases, the specimen shall be
securely anchored to facilitate testing.
8.2.3 Conditioning
Condition the specimens separately for at least 4 h within a temperature range of 15 °C to 35 °C. For specimens
tested in different temperature conditions, those conditions shall be agreed by the ordering party.
8.2.4 Missile impact
Take the following steps to prepare the specimen for missile impact.
— Secure the specimen and mounting frame such that the missile (lumber missile or small-ball missile)
impacts the exterior side of the specimen as installed.
— Locate the end of the propulsion device from which the missile exits at least 1,5 times the length of the
missile from the specimen. This distance shall be no less than 1,80 m.

— Set up appropriate signal/warning devices to prevent test and/or other personnel from coming between
the propulsion device and the test specimen during testing.
— Weight each missile prior to starting the test.
— Load the missile into the propulsion device.
— Reset the speed-measuring system.
— Align the missile-propulsion device such that the specified missile impacts the test specimen at the
specified location.
8.3 Missile impact test
8.3.1 Projectile descriptions
Propel the missile at the specified impact speed specified in Table 1.
Table 1 — Applicable missiles
Missile type Missile Impact speed (m/s)
A (2 ± 0,1) g (small steel ball) 40
B (910 ± 100) g (small lumber) 15
C (2 050 ± 100) g (small lumber) 12
D (4 100 ± 100) g (medium lumber) 15
E (4 100 ± 100) g (medium lumber) 24
NOTE 1 Impact speed is given here to two significant figures (see ISO 16932:2020, Table 1).
NOTE 2 Missile weight is given to one significant figure (with possible uncertainty given to
one significant figure) (see ISO 16932:2020, Table 1).
8.3.2 Impact-speed tolerance
The measured missile speed shall be within the following respective tolerances at the chosen measuring
point after the missile leaves the propulsion device:
a) ±2 % specified speed for lumber missile impact test;
b) ±1 % specified speed for small-ball missile impact test.
8.3.3 Impact angle
For missiles having a longitudinal axis, on impact the longitudinal axis of the missile shall be within ±5°
of a line normal to the specimen at the specified impact point. For each missile, the allowable deviation of
launching angle is shown in Figure 3.
Key
1 starting point of the missile
2 normal line of the testing face
3 objective/ striking point
Figure 3 — Allowable launching angle deviation

8.3.4 Impact location
8.3.4.1 Lumber-missile test
Impact each test specimen once (in Figure 4, key I), as shown in Figure 4.
a) Impact one specimen with the missile within a 65 mm radius circle at the centre of specimen.
b) Impact a different specimen with the missile within a 65 mm radius circle with the centre located
150 mm from supporting members at a corner.
c) Impact the remaining specimen with the missile within a 65 mm radius circle having its centre located
150 mm from supporting members at a diagonally opposite corner.
a) Specimen 1: impact area of wood lumber missile impact test for individual windows (incl.
skylights), doors or curtain walling tested separately
b) Specimen 2: impact area of wood lumber missile impact test for individual windows (incl.
skylights), doors or curtain walling tested separately

c) Specimen 3: impact area of wood lumber missile impact test for individual windows (incl.
skylights), doors or curtain walling tested separately
Key
I impact area of each specimen
I centre of the impact area
c
L width of each specimen
L height of each specimen
A frame of the specimen
B panel (glazed or opaque) of the specimen
Figure 4 — Impact area of wood lumber missile impact test for individual windows (incl. skylights),
doors or curtain walling tested separately
a) Specimen 1: impact area of wood lumber missile impact test for windows (incl. skylights), doors
or curtain walling intended to be installed combined together and tested by joining at least three
lites into one mounting frame
b) Specimen 2: impact area of wood lumber missile impact test for windows (incl. skylights), doors
or curtain walling intended to be installed combined together and tested by joining at least three
lites into one mounting frame
c) Specimen 3: impact area of wood lumber missile impact test for windows (incl. skylights), doors
or curtain walling intended to be installed combined together and tested by joining at least three
lites into one mounting frame
Key
I impact area of each specimen
I centre of the impact area
c
L width of each specimen
L height of each specimen
A frame of the specimen
B panel (glazed or opaque) of the specimen
Figure 5 — Impact area of wood lumber missile impact test for windows (incl. skylights), doors or
curtain walling intended to be installed combined together and tested by joining at least three lites
into one mounting frame
8.3.4.2 Small-ball-missile test
Impact each test specimen three times (in Figure 6: I1, I2 and I3) with 10 steel balls each as shown in
Figure 6. Each specimen shall receive a total of 30 impacts from steel balls.
a) The corner-impact locations shall be entirely within a 250 mm radius circle having its centre located
275 mm from the corner edges.
b) The edge-impact locations shall be entirely within a 250 mm radius circle having its centre located at
275 mm from the edges and located at the centre line between two corners.
c) The centre-impact location shall be entirely within a 250 mm radius circle having its centre located at
the horizontal and vertical centre line of the specimen.
a) Specimen 1: impact area of steel ball impact test for individual windows (incl. skylights), doors or
curtain walling tested separately
b) Specimen 2: impact area of steel ball impact test for individual windows (incl. skylights), doors or
curtain walling tested separately

c) Specimen 3: impact area of steel ball impact test for individual windows (incl. skylights), doors or
curtain walling tested separately
Key
I impact area n°1 of each specimen
I impact area n°2 of each specimen
I impact area n°3 of each specimen
I centre of the impact area
c
L width of each specimen
L height of each specimen
A frame of the specimen
B panel (glazed or opaque) of the specimen
Figure 6 — Impact area of steel ball impact test for individual windows (incl. skylights), doors or
curtain walling tested separately

a) Specimen 1: impact area of steel ball impact test for windows (incl. skylights), doors or curtain
walling intended to be installed combined together and tested by joining at least three lites into one
mounting frame
b) Specimen 2: impact area of steel ball impact test for windows (incl. skylights), doors or curtain
walling intended to be installed combined together and tested by joining at least three lites into one
mounting frame
c) Specimen 3: impact area of steel ball impact test for windows (incl. skylights), doors or curtain
walling intended to be installed combined together and tested by joining at least three lites into one
mounting frame
Key
I impact area n°1 of each specimen
I impact area n°2 of each specimen
I impact area n°3 of each specimen
I centre of the impact area
c
I impact area n°1 of each specimen
L width of each specimen
L height of each specimen
A frame of the specimen
B panel (glazed or opaque) of the specimen
Figure 7 — Impact area of steel ball impact test for windows (incl. skylights), doors or curtain
walling intended to be installed combined together and tested by joining at least three lites into one
mounting frame
8.4 Air pressure cycling test
8.4.1 General
Specimens passing the acceptance criteria for the lumber- or small-ball-missile impact test shall be
subjected to the air-pressure-cycle test. If the mounting frame is not integral within the test chamber, attach
the mounting frame to the test chamber such that the exterior side of the test specimen faces outward from
the chamber.
8.4.2 Leakage
If at any time during testing the specified maximum pressure differential cannot be achieved in either
direction due to excessive air leakage, cover all cracks and joints through which leakage occurs with tape
or film in such manner as to stop the leakage. Tape shall not be used when there is a probability that it
will restrict significantly differential movement between adjoining segments of the specimen, in which case
cover both sides of the test specimen with a single thickness of polyethylene or other plastic film no thicker
than 0,050 mm.
The tape should be applied in a manner that allows the full load to be transferred to the test specimen and
that does not prevent movement or failure of the test specimen.
Apply the film loosely with extra folds of material at each corner and at all offsets and recesses. When the
load is applied there shall be no fille
...