IEC 62388:2007

IEC 62388
Edition 1.0 2007-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems –
Shipborne radar – Performance requirements, methods of testing and required
test results
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IEC 62388
Edition 1.0 2007-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems –
Shipborne radar – Performance requirements, methods of testing and required
test results
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
PRICE CODE
XH
ICS 47.020.70 ISBN 2-8318-9409-3

– 2 – 62388 © IEC:2007(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.11

1 Scope.13
1.1 Purpose .13
1.2 Application of these standards.14
1.3 Equipment categories.14
2 Normative references .15
3 Terms and definitions .16
4 General .25
4.1 Establishing equipment type and status.25
4.2 Conditions of measurement and related definitions.26
4.3 Test sites and simulation.26
4.3.1 Environmental and RF testing.26
4.3.2 Over-sea radar performance tests .26
4.3.3 Test targets and target simulation for performance tests.27
4.4 Quality requirements .27
4.5 Test terminology and format .27
4.5.1 General .27
4.5.2 Test requirement terminology .27
4.5.3 Testing method terminology.28
5 Radar performance.28
5.1 General .28
5.2 Transmission and interference.28
5.2.1 Transmission frequency.28
5.2.2 Interference.29
5.3 Performance optimisation and monitoring .29
5.3.1 General .29
5.3.2 Optimum performance .29
5.4 Gain and anti-clutter functions.30
5.4.1 General .30
5.4.2 Gain function .30
5.4.3 Manual and automatic sea anti-clutter .31
5.4.4 Rain anti-clutter .31
5.5 Signal processing.31
5.5.1 General .31
5.5.2 Target enhancement.31
5.5.3 Radar signal correlation.32
5.5.4 Signal processing and radar image latency.32
5.5.5 Second-time-around echoes .33
5.5.6 Transmission format .33
5.5.7 Picture update .33
5.5.8 Additional processing .33
5.5.9 Signal processing description .34
5.6 Operation with SARTs, target enhancers (RTEs) and beacons .34
5.6.1 General .34
5.6.2 Radar beacons, SARTs and enhancers .34

62388 © IEC:2007(E) – 3 –
5.7 Minimum range and range compensation .35
5.7.1 General .35
5.7.2 Range compensation .35
5.7.3 Minimum range.35
5.8 Range and bearing discrimination .36
5.8.1 General .36
5.8.2 Measurement conditions.36
5.8.3 Range discrimination .36
5.8.4 Bearing discrimination .37
5.8.5 Fundamental radar accuracy .37
5.9 Target detection performance assessment .37
5.9.1 General .37
5.9.2 Range of first detection in minimal clutter .38
5.9.3 Assessment of target detection with clutter.40
5.9.4 Radar performance documentation .46
5.10 Radar antenna (including pitch and roll) .47
5.10.1 General .47
5.10.2 Vertical radiation pattern/pitch and roll .47
5.10.3 Antenna horizontal pattern.47
5.10.4 Antenna side lobes .48
5.11 Radar availability.49
5.11.1 Standby and transmit.49
6 Display presentation.49
6.1 General .49
6.2 Performance standards .49
6.3 Presentation of information.50
6.3.1 Consistency of layout .50
6.3.2 Consistency of presentation.50
6.3.3 Separation of operational display area.51
6.3.4 Operational display area information .51
6.4 Readability .51
6.4.1 Readability under all ambient light conditions .51
6.4.2 Legibility of alphanumeric data, information and text.53
6.4.3 Presentation of text .54
6.4.4 Icons .54
6.5 Colours and intensity.54
6.5.1 Use and discrimination of colour.54
6.6 Symbols .56
6.6.1 Operational information .56
6.7 Coding of information .56
6.7.1 Colour coding of alarm-related information .56
6.7.2 Colour coding in combination with other attributes .56
6.7.3 Flashing of information .57
6.8 Integrity marking .57
6.8.1 Indication of source, validity and integrity status.57
6.8.2 Colour coding of validity and integrity .57
6.9 Alarms and indications .58
6.9.1 Operational status .58
6.9.2 List of alarms.58

– 4 – 62388 © IEC:2007(E)
6.9.3 Alarm related information from multiple sources .59
6.10 Presentation of radar information .59
6.10.1 Radar video images.59
6.10.2 Linearity and index delay.60
6.11 Physical requirements .61
6.11.1 Operational display area.61
6.11.2 Contrast and brightness adjustment.61
6.11.3 Temporal stability .62
6.11.4 Physical controls and status indicators .62
6.12 Colours .63
6.12.1 Requirement.63
6.12.2 Method of test and required results .63
6.13 Screen resolution .63
6.13.1 Requirement.63
6.13.2 Methods of test and required results.63
6.14 Screen viewing angle .64
6.14.1 Requirement.64
6.14.2 Methods of test and required results.64
6.15 Magnetic interference.64
6.15.1 Requirement.64
6.15.2 Methods of test and required results.64
7 CCRP and own ship .64
7.1 Consistent common reference point (CCRP) .64
7.1.1 CCRP position.64
7.1.2 Measurements.65
7.1.3 Antenna offset .65
7.2 Own ship .66
7.2.1 General .66
7.2.2 Own ship’s outline and minimised symbol .66
7.2.3 Heading line .66
7.2.4 Stern line.67
8 Navigation tools.67
8.1 General .67
8.1.1 Units of measurement.67
8.1.2 Presentation .68
8.2 Display range scales .68
8.2.1 Mandatory range scales .68
8.3 Variable range marker (VRM) .69
8.3.1 General .69
8.3.2 VRM measurements .69
8.4 Electronic bearing line (EBL) .70
8.4.1 General .70
8.4.2 EBL measurements .70
8.4.3 EBL origin position .70
8.5 Cursor .71
8.5.1 General .71
8.5.2 Cursor measurement .71
8.5.3 Selection by cursor.72
8.6 Offset measurement of range and bearing.72

62388 © IEC:2007(E) – 5 –
8.6.1 General .72
8.6.2 Electronic range/bearing line (ERBL) .72
8.7 Parallel index lines (PI) .73
8.7.1 General .73
8.7.2 PI lines and positioning .73
8.8 Bearing scale .73
8.8.1 General .73
8.8.2 Bearing scale presentation .74
8.9 Range rings.74
8.9.1 General .74
8.9.2 Range ring presentation and measurement.74
8.10 Radar maps.75
8.10.1 General .75
8.10.2 Map functions and display simple user-defined maps .75
8.10.3 Map memory and transfer.76
8.10.4 Map presentation properties .76
8.11 Navigation routes .76
8.11.1 General .76
8.11.2 Route display and monitoring .76
9 Orientation, motion and stabilisation.77
9.1 General .77
9.2 Azimuth stabilisation .77
9.2.1 Accuracy of alignment .77
9.2.2 Heading readout and reference .78
9.2.3 Azimuth stabilisation update .79
9.3 Motion and orientation modes.79
9.3.1 General .79
9.3.2 True and relative motion.79
9.4 Off-centring .79
9.4.1 General .79
9.4.2 Manual and automatic off-centring.79
9.4.3 Automatic reset .80
9.4.4 Display orientation.80
9.5 Ground and sea stabilisation .81
9.5.1 Mode and source.81
9.5.2 Ground stabilisation.81
9.5.3 Sea stabilisation .82
10 Aids for collision avoidance .82
10.1 General .82
10.2 Target trails and past positions.83
10.2.1 General .83
10.2.2 Time and plot requirements .83
10.2.3 Trails/past position availability.84
10.3 Target tracking (TT) .84
10.3.1 General.84
10.3.2 Presentation of targets.85
10.3.3 Tracking calculations .85
10.3.4 Target tracking availability .86
10.3.5 Classification and tracked target capacity .86

– 6 – 62388 © IEC:2007(E)
10.3.6 Manual acquisition .87
10.3.7 Automatic acquisition .87
10.3.8 Motion trend.88
10.3.9 Visibility of 50 % .88
10.3.10 Tracking algorithm .88
10.3.11 Target swap .88
10.3.12 Cease tracking.89
10.3.13 Target tracking scenarios.89
10.3.14 Target motion and tracking accuracy.89
10.3.15 Tracker range and bearing accuracy .97
10.3.16 Reference target .98
10.4 Tracking limitations .99
10.4.1 Tracking warnings .99
10.4.2 Documentation .99
10.5 Automatic identification system .99
10.5.1 General .99
10.5.2 AIS target capacity .100
10.5.3 Filtering of AIS sleeping targets.101
10.5.4 Activation and deactivation of AIS targets. 101
10.5.5 AIS functionality and presentation .102
10.6 Radar and AIS target data. 104
10.6.1 General .104
10.6.2 Bow crossing range and time (BCR/BCT) .105
10.7 Operational target alarms .105
10.7.1 General .105
10.7.2 CPA and TCPA.105
10.7.3 New target alarm .106
10.7.4 Lost tracked radar target .106
10.7.5 Lost AIS target criteria.107
10.8 Target association.108
10.8.1 General .108
10.8.2 Association and priority .108
10.9 Trial manoeuvre .112
10.9.1 General .112
10.9.2 Trial functions.112
11 Chart radar (optional classification) .113
11.1 General .113
11.1.1 Chart operation and source . 114
11.1.2 Chart elements and availability.114
11.1.3 Chart reference .115
11.1.4 Primary chart information set. 115
11.1.5 Chart stabilisation and chart redraw .116
11.1.6 Chart position and latency.117
11.1.7 Matching and adjustment .117
11.1.8 Chart symbols, colours, and size.118
11.1.9 Chart display size.119
11.1.10 Chart alarms and indications .119
11.1.11 Chart malfunction .119
11.1.12 Chart radar malfunction.120

62388 © IEC:2007(E) – 7 –
11.2 Additional requirements for standalone radar with chart facilities.120
11.2.1 General .120
11.2.2 Provision and updating of chart information .120
11.2.3 Content and structure of chart data .120
12 Ergonomic criteria (control functions and display).121
12.1 General .121
12.1.1 Operational controls .121
12.1.2 Primary controls .122
12.1.3 Control properties.122
13 Interfacing .123
13.1 General .123
13.2 Input interfacing .123
13.2.1 Input data .123
13.2.2 Input quality, integrity and latency . 123
13.3 Output interfacing.124
13.3.1 Output format .124
13.3.2 Output target data .124
13.3.3 VDR interface .125
14 Design, servicing and installation . 125
14.1 General .125
14.1.1 Fault diagnosis and servicing .125
14.1.2 Display design.126
14.2 Transceiver design .126
14.2.1 General .126
14.2.2 Sector blanking.127
14.3 Antenna design .127
14.3.1 Requirement.127
14.3.2 Methods of test and required results.127
14.4 Inter-switched and multiple radars .128
14.4.1 General .128
14.4.2 System safeguards .128
14.4.3 Combining radar .128
14.4.4 Multiple radar system status .129
14.5 Multiple operational displays .129
14.5.1 Additional information and conformity .129
14.6 Safety – antenna and radiation.130
14.6.1 General .130
14.6.2 Antenna radiation and rotation. 130
14.6.3 Microwave radiation levels. 130
15 Alarms and failures.131
15.1 General .131
15.1.1 Alarms and indications .131
15.1.2 Alarm outputs .131
15.1.3 Picture freeze .132
15.1.4 Sensor failure alarm .132
15.2 Backup and fallback arrangements .132
15.2.2 Failure of heading information (azimuth stabilisation) . 132
15.2.3 Failure of speed through the water information .133

– 8 – 62388 © IEC:2007(E)
15.2.4 Failure of course and speed over ground information. 133
15.2.5 Failure of position input information .133
15.2.6 Failure of radar video input information .133
15.2.7 Failure of AIS input information . 134
15.2.8 Failure of an integrated or networked system .134
16 Environmental testing .134
16.1 General .134
16.1.1 Testing to IEC 60945.134
16.2 Additional environmental tests.135
16.2.1 General .135
16.2.2 Antenna shock test .135
17 Equipment familiarisation and documentation .136
17.1 General .136
17.1.1 User requirements .136
17.2 Instructions and documentation .136
17.2.1 General .136
17.2.2 Documentation .137
17.2.3 Operating instructions.137
17.3 Radar system installation .138

Annex A (informative) Guidelines for radar functionality on navigation displays. 139
Annex B (normative) Unwanted emissions of radar systems .140
Annex C (informative) Radar target size (RCS) and detection range calculations. 145
Annex D (informative) Factors that influence target detection . 149
Annex E (normative) Sensor errors .158
Annex F (informative) Target scenario simulator/reported target simulator .160
Annex G (informative) Tracked and reported target states . 161
Annex H (normative) IEC 61162 sentence formats .162
Annex I (normative) Radar control function/indication grouping.172
Annex J (normative) Presentation colours and symbols .176
Annex K (normative) Colour calibration for chart radar. 200

Figure 1 – Reduction of range to first detection due to rain at S-band .41
Figure 2 – Reduction of range to first detection due to rain at X-band .42
Figure 3 – TT scenario 1.91
Figure 4 – TT scenario 2.93
Figure 5 – TT scenario 3.94
Figure 6 – TT scenario 4.95
Figure 7 – TT scenario 5.96
Figure B.1 – B falls within the allocated band .143
–40
Figure B.2 – B falls outside the allocated band.144
–40
Figure C.1 – Enhancement by reflection (dB) over free-space (9,41 GHz). 148
Figure C.2 – Enhancement by reflection (dB) over free-space (3,05 GHz). 148
Figure D.1 – Effect of sea spikes on target detection .151
Figure D.2 – Multi-path plots for S-band. 153

62388 © IEC:2007(E) – 9 –
Figure D.3 – Multi-path plot for X-band .153
Figure G.1 – Tracked target states.161
Figure G.2 – AIS target states.161

Table 1 – Performance requirements for categories of ship/craft for SOLAS V .15
Table 2 – Range of first detection in clutter-free conditions.39
Table 3 – X-band pass/fail assessment criteria .45
Table 4 – S-band pass/fail assessment criteria .45
Table 5 – Pass/fail assessment.45
Table 6 – Douglas sea state parameters .46
Table 7 – Main horizontal beam pattern .48
Table 8 – Effective side-lobes .48
Table 9 – Ambient light conditions .52
Table 10 – Operational alarm status .58
Table 11 – Tracked target capacity (subset of Table 1) .86
Table 12 – Typical tracked target accuracy (95 % probability figures) .90
Table 13 – TT scenario 1, with sensor errors applied .90
Table 14 – TT scenario 1, times of measurement task .91
Table 15 – TT scenario 1, accuracies after 1 min and 3 min (all ± values).92
Table 16 – TT scenario 2, own ship turning through ± 180°.92
Table 17 – TT scenario 3, initial target data .93
Table 18 – TT scenario 4, initial target data for fast targets (standard speed ships) .94
Table 19 – TT scenario 4, initial target data for fast targets (HSC) .94
Table 20 – TT scenario 5: initial target data for standard craft.95
Table 21 – TT scenario 5: initial target data for collision scenario for HSC .96
Table 22 – Measurement points and results at 3 min and 6 min for HSC .96
Table 23 – Measurement points and results at 11 min and 14 min for HSC .97
Table 24 – Measurement points and results at 3 min and 6 min for standard craft.97
Table 25 – Measurement points and results at 11 min and 14 min for standard craft.97
Table 26 – Measurement of tracked target accuracy .98
Table 27 – AIS target display capacity (subset of Table 1) .
...