93.020 - Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works
ICS 93.020 Details
Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works
Erdarbeiten. Schachtarbeiten. Grundungen. Untertagearbeit
Travaux de terrassement. Excavation. Fondation. Travaux en souterrain
Zemeljska dela. Izkopavanja. Gradnja temeljev. Dela pod zemljo
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This document specifies the measurement of strain by means of strain gauges and strainmeters carried out for geotechnical monitoring. General rules of performance monitoring of the ground, of structures interacting with the ground, of geotechnical fills and of geotechnical works are presented in ISO 18674-1.
This document is applicable to:
— performance monitoring of
— 1-D structural members such as piles, struts, props and anchor tendons;
— 2-D structural members such as foundation plates, sheet piles, diaphragm walls, retaining walls and shotcrete/concrete tunnel linings;
— 3-D structural members such as gravity dams, earth- and rock-fill dams, embankments and reinforced soil structures;
— checking geotechnical designs and adjustment of construction in connection with the observational design procedure;
— evaluating stability during or after construction.
With the aid of a stress-strain relationship of the material, strain data can be converted into stress and/or forces (for 1-D members; see ISO 18674-8) or stresses (for 2-D and 3-D members, see ISO 18674-5).
NOTE This document fulfils the requirements for the performance monitoring of the ground, of structures interacting with the ground and of geotechnical works by the means of strain measuring instruments as part of the geotechnical investigation and testing in accordance with References [1] and [2].
- Draft52 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the measurement of strain by means of strain gauges and strainmeters carried out for geotechnical monitoring. General rules of performance monitoring of the ground, of structures interacting with the ground, of geotechnical fills and of geotechnical works are presented in ISO 18674-1. This document is applicable to: — performance monitoring of — 1-D structural members such as piles, struts, props and anchor tendons; — 2-D structural members such as foundation plates, sheet piles, diaphragm walls, retaining walls and shotcrete/concrete tunnel linings; — 3-D structural members such as gravity dams, earth- and rock-fill dams, embankments and reinforced soil structures; — checking geotechnical designs and adjustment of construction in connection with the observational design procedure; — evaluating stability during or after construction. With the aid of a stress-strain relationship of the material, strain data can be converted into stress and/or forces (for 1-D members; see ISO 18674-8) or stresses (for 2-D and 3-D members, see ISO 18674-5). NOTE This document fulfils the requirements for the performance monitoring of the ground, of structures interacting with the ground and of geotechnical works by the means of strain measuring instruments as part of the geotechnical investigation and testing in accordance with References [1] and [2].
- Standard47 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method of determining the water content of rocks.
This document is applicable to the laboratory determination of the water content of a rock test specimen by oven-drying within the scope of geotechnical investigations. The oven-drying method is the definitive procedure used in usual laboratory practice.
The practical procedure for determining the water content of a rock is to determine the mass loss on drying the test specimen to a constant mass in a drying oven controlled at a given temperature. The mass loss is assumed to be due to free water and is referenced to the remaining dry mass of the test specimen.
NOTE This document fulfils the requirements of the determination of water content of rock for geotechnical investigation and testing according to EN 1997-2.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of determining the water content of rocks.
This document is applicable to the laboratory determination of the water content of a rock test specimen by oven-drying within the scope of geotechnical investigations. The oven-drying method is the definitive procedure used in usual laboratory practice.
The practical procedure for determining the water content of a rock is to determine the mass loss on drying the test specimen to a constant mass in a drying oven controlled at a given temperature. The mass loss is assumed to be due to free water and is referenced to the remaining dry mass of the test specimen.
NOTE This document fulfils the requirements of the determination of water content of rock for geotechnical investigation and testing according to EN 1997-2.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of determining the water content of rocks. This document is applicable to the laboratory determination of the water content of a rock test specimen by oven-drying within the scope of geotechnical investigations. The oven-drying method is the definitive procedure used in usual laboratory practice. The practical procedure for determining the water content of a rock is to determine the mass loss on drying the test specimen to a constant mass in a drying oven controlled at a given temperature. The mass loss is assumed to be due to free water and is referenced to the remaining dry mass of the test specimen. NOTE This document fulfils the requirements of the determination of water content of rock for geotechnical investigation and testing according to EN 1997-2.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard19 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document contains provisions for geotechnical engineering design that are applicable to a broad range of offshore structures, rather than to a particular structure type. This document outlines methods developed for the design of shallow foundations with an embedded length (L) to diameter (D) ratio L/D < 0,5, intermediate foundations, which typically have 0,5 ≤ L/D ≤ 10 (see Clause 7), and long and flexible pile foundations with L/D > 10 (see Clauses 8 and 9).
This document also provides guidance on soil-structure interaction aspects for flowlines, risers and conductors (see Clause 10) and anchors for floating facilities (see Clause 11). This document contains brief guidance on site and soil characterization, and identification of hazards (see Clause 6).
This document can be applied for foundation design for offshore structures used in the lower carbon energy industry.
- Standard237 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document informs about the experience of European member state practices for successfully using alternative materials in earthworks. It covers all earthworks, whether for roads, railways, and other infrastructure, including fills, capping layers, transition zones, drainage ribs or others (for details, see EN 16907-1:2018, Clause 1 "Scope").
Alternative materials have properties, on a geotechnical standpoint, which makes them different from the materials (soils and rocks) being normally used in earthworks. Therefore, the objective of this document is:
- to give an overview of the alternative materials that have been successfully used in earthworks in Europe;
- for the alternative materials, for which use in earthworks is adequately documented, to give general information regarding the points of attention that clients, designers and earthwork companies, keep in mind in any attempt to use them in earthworks.
This document does not deal with alternative materials used as aggregate.
This document does not deal with alternative materials used as binders (fly ash, granulated blast furnace slag or others) or binder components.
- Technical report94 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes a method for the determination of the oxidizable organic matter content of a soil, which is mainly composed of fresh organic matter and fulvic and humic acids, by back titration with potassium permanganate.
The result obtained with this technical specification is not comparable with those obtained by EN 17685-1:2023 (loss on ignition).
- Technical specification12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to the borehole shear test using the phicometer procedure, commonly named the phicometer test (etymologically derived from phi for friction angle, co for cohesion and meter for measurement).
The test can be performed in all types of natural soils, fills and artificial soils, which can be saturated or not.
It does not apply to very soft fine soils, very loose coarse soils, medium strong to very strong rocks and natural or artificial soils with a predominance of cobbles having a particle diameter greater than 150 mm.
Generally, the test is applicable in soils with an order of magnitude of their in situ resistance characteristics as follows:
— Ménard pressuremeter limit pressure: 0,4 MPa < plM < 3,5 MPa approximately or more than 4 MPa in granular non-cohesive soils;
— CPT Cone resistance: 1,5 MPa
This document applies only to tests carried out at a depth less than or equal to 30 m.
The parameters derived from this test are the shear strength properties, as the cohesion and angle of friction.
- Standard51 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document informs about the experience of European member state practices for successfully using alternative materials in earthworks. It covers all earthworks, whether for roads, railways, and other infrastructure, including fills, capping layers, transition zones, drainage ribs or others (for details, see EN 16907-1:2018, Clause 1 "Scope").
Alternative materials have properties, on a geotechnical standpoint, which makes them different from the materials (soils and rocks) being normally used in earthworks. Therefore, the objective of this document is:
- to give an overview of the alternative materials that have been successfully used in earthworks in Europe;
- for the alternative materials, for which use in earthworks is adequately documented, to give general information regarding the points of attention that clients, designers and earthwork companies, keep in mind in any attempt to use them in earthworks.
This document does not deal with alternative materials used as aggregate.
This document does not deal with alternative materials used as binders (fly ash, granulated blast furnace slag or others) or binder components.
- Technical report94 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to the borehole shear test using the phicometer procedure, commonly named the phicometer test (etymologically derived from phi for friction angle, co for cohesion and meter for measurement).
The test can be performed in all types of natural soils, fills and artificial soils, which can be saturated or not.
It does not apply to very soft fine soils, very loose coarse soils, medium strong to very strong rocks and natural or artificial soils with a predominance of cobbles having a particle diameter greater than 150 mm.
Generally, the test is applicable in soils with an order of magnitude of their in situ resistance characteristics as follows:
— Ménard pressuremeter limit pressure: 0,4 MPa < plM < 3,5 MPa approximately or more than 4 MPa in granular non-cohesive soils;
— CPT Cone resistance: 1,5 MPa
This document applies only to tests carried out at a depth less than or equal to 30 m.
The parameters derived from this test are the shear strength properties, as the cohesion and angle of friction.
- Standard51 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to the borehole shear test using the phicometer procedure, commonly named the phicometer test (etymologically derived from phi for friction angle, co for cohesion and meter for measurement). The test can be performed in all types of natural soils, fills and artificial soils, which can be saturated or not. It does not apply to very soft fine soils, very loose coarse soils, medium strong to very strong rocks and natural or artificial soils with a predominance of cobbles having a particle diameter greater than 150 mm. Generally, the test is applicable in soils with an order of magnitude of their in situ resistance characteristics as follows: — Ménard pressuremeter limit pressure: 0,4 MPa lM — CPT Cone resistance: 1,5 MPa — SPT N: 8 The test can also be carried out in soils presenting a resistance outside these application limits as long as the representativeness of the results is assessed or validated by the analysis of the PBST graphs (see Clause 8). This document applies only to tests carried out at a depth less than or equal to 30 m. The parameters derived from this test are the shear strength properties, as the cohesion and angle of friction.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard44 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document describes a method for the determination of the oxidizable organic matter content of a soil, which is mainly composed of fresh organic matter and fulvic and humic acids, by back titration with potassium permanganate.
The result obtained with this technical specification is not comparable with those obtained by EN 17685-1:2023 (loss on ignition).
- Technical specification12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of EN 1997 1
(1) This document provides general rules for the design and verification of geotechnical structures.
(2) This document is applicable for the design and verification of geotechnical structures outside the scope of EN 1997 3.
NOTE In this case, additional or amended provisions can be necessary.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) In addition to the assumptions given in EN 1990, the provisions of EN 1997 (all parts) assume that:
— ground investigations are planned by individuals or organisations with knowledge of potential ground and groundwater conditions;
— ground investigations are executed by individuals with appropriate skills and experience;
— the evaluation of test results and derivation of ground properties from the ground investigation are carried out by individuals with appropriate geotechnical experience and qualifications;
— the data required for design are collected, recorded, and interpreted by appropriately qualified and experienced individuals;
— geotechnical structures are designed and verified by individuals with appropriate qualifications and experience in geotechnical design;
— adequate continuity and communication exist between the individuals involved in data collection, design, verification and execution.
(2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, which establishes principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, robustness, and durability of structures, including geotechnical structures, and other construction works.
NOTE Additional or amended provisions can be necessary for assessment of existing structures, see EN 1990 2.
(3) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997 2, which gives provisions for determining ground properties from ground investigations.
(4) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997 3, which gives specific rules for the design and verification of certain types of geotechnical structures.
(5) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with other Eurocodes for the design of geotechnical structures, including temporary geotechnical structures.
- Draft103 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of FprEN 1997-2
(1) This document provides rules for determining ground properties for the design and verification of geotechnical structures.
(2) This document covers requirements and guidance for planning ground investigations, collecting information about ground properties and groundwater conditions, and preparation of the Ground Model.
(3) This document covers requirements and guidance for the selection of field investigation and laboratory test methods to obtain derived values of ground properties.
(4) This document covers requirements and guidance on the presentation of the results of ground investigation, including derived values of ground properties, in the Ground Investigation Report.
1.2 Assumptions
(5) The provisions in FprEN 1997-2 are based on the assumptions given in EN 1990 and FprEN 1997-1.
(6) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with FprEN 1997-1, which provides general rules for design and verification of all geotechnical structures.
(7) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with prEN 1997-3, which provides specific rules for design and verification of certain types of geotechnical structures.
(8) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with FprEN 1998-1-1 which provides the requirements for the ground properties needed to define the seismic action.
(9) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with FprEN 1998-5 which provides rules for the design of geotechnical structures in seismic regions.
- Draft129 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements, recommendations and information concerning the execution of permanent or temporary sheet pile wall, combined pile walls, high modulus wall structures and the handling of equipment and materials.
This document does not give requirements and recommendations for the installation of specific parts of the structure such as ground anchorages, displacement piles and micropiles which are covered by other documents.
This document is applicable to steel sheet pile walls, combined walls, high modulus walls, and synthetic sheet pile walls (composite), precast concrete and timber sheet pile walls. Tubular piles included in combined walls and high modulus walls can be filled with concrete.
Composite structures such as Berliner walls and sheet pile walls in combination with shotcrete, are not covered by this document.
- Standard134 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements, recommendations and information concerning the execution of permanent or temporary sheet pile wall, combined pile walls, high modulus wall structures and the handling of equipment and materials.
This document does not give requirements and recommendations for the installation of specific parts of the structure such as ground anchorages, displacement piles and micropiles which are covered by other documents.
This document is applicable to steel sheet pile walls, combined walls, high modulus walls, and synthetic sheet pile walls (composite), precast concrete and timber sheet pile walls. Tubular piles included in combined walls and high modulus walls can be filled with concrete.
Composite structures such as Berliner walls and sheet pile walls in combination with shotcrete, are not covered by this document.
- Standard134 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the measurement of forces by means of load cells carried out for geotechnical monitoring. General rules of performance monitoring of the ground, of structures interacting with the ground, of geotechnical fills and of geotechnical works are presented in ISO 18674-1.
This document is applicable to:
— performance monitoring of geotechnical structures such as anchors, tiebacks, piles, struts, props and steel linings;
— checking geotechnical designs and adjustment of construction in connection with the observational method;
— evaluating stability during or after construction.
This document is not applicable to devices where the load is purposely applied to geotechnical structures in the wake of geotechnical field tests such as calibrated hydraulic jacks for pull-out tests of anchors or load tests of piles.
NOTE 1 This document fulfils the requirements for the performance monitoring of the ground, of structures interacting with the ground and of geotechnical works by the means of load cells as part of the geotechnical investigation and testing in accordance with References [2] and [3].
NOTE 2 ISO 18674-7 is intended to define the measurement of forces by means of strain or displacement gauges.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes the specifications for the execution of static pile load tests in which a single pile is subjected to an axial static load in tension in order to define its load-displacement behaviour.
This document is applicable to vertical piles as well as raking piles.
All types of piles are covered by this document. The tests considered in this document are limited to maintained load tests. Cyclic load tests are not covered by this document.
NOTE ISO 22477-2 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997-1. Numerical values of partial factors for limit states and of correlation factors to derive characteristic values from static pile load tests to be taken into account in design are provided in EN 1997-1.
This document provides specifications for the execution of static axial pile load tests:
a) checking that a pile behaves as designed,
b) measuring the resistance of a pile.
- Standard26 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the measurement of forces by means of load cells carried out for geotechnical monitoring. General rules of performance monitoring of the ground, of structures interacting with the ground, of geotechnical fills and of geotechnical works are presented in ISO 18674-1.
This document is applicable to:
— performance monitoring of geotechnical structures such as anchors, tiebacks, piles, struts, props and steel linings;
— checking geotechnical designs and adjustment of construction in connection with the observational method;
— evaluating stability during or after construction.
This document is not applicable to devices where the load is purposely applied to geotechnical structures in the wake of geotechnical field tests such as calibrated hydraulic jacks for pull-out tests of anchors or load tests of piles.
NOTE 1 This document fulfils the requirements for the performance monitoring of the ground, of structures interacting with the ground and of geotechnical works by the means of load cells as part of the geotechnical investigation and testing in accordance with References [2] and [3].
NOTE 2 ISO 18674-7 is intended to define the measurement of forces by means of strain or displacement gauges.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the measurement of forces by means of load cells carried out for geotechnical monitoring. General rules of performance monitoring of the ground, of structures interacting with the ground, of geotechnical fills and of geotechnical works are presented in ISO 18674-1. This document is applicable to: — performance monitoring of geotechnical structures such as anchors, tiebacks, piles, struts, props and steel linings; — checking geotechnical designs and adjustment of construction in connection with the observational method; — evaluating stability during or after construction. This document is not applicable to devices where the load is purposely applied to geotechnical structures in the wake of geotechnical field tests such as calibrated hydraulic jacks for pull-out tests of anchors or load tests of piles. NOTE 1 This document fulfils the requirements for the performance monitoring of the ground, of structures interacting with the ground and of geotechnical works by the means of load cells as part of the geotechnical investigation and testing in accordance with References [2] and [3]. NOTE 2 ISO 18674-7 is intended to define the measurement of forces by means of strain or displacement gauges.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard34 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document is applicable to pressuremeter tests using cylindrical flexible probes placed in pre-existent boreholes using testing procedures other than the Menard procedure.
Pressuremeter tests following the Menard procedure are provided in ISO 22476-4.
NOTE A high-pressure flexible pressuremeter probe which contains transducers for the measurement of radial displacements is also known as flexible dilatometer probe or high-pressure dilatometer probe.
This document applies to tests performed in any kind of grounds, starting from soils, treated or untreated fills, hard soils and soft rocks, up to hard and very hard rocks, either on land or offshore.
The parameters derived from this test can include stiffness, strength, initial in-situ stress state and consolidation properties.
- Standard44 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes the specifications for the execution of static pile load tests in which a single pile is subjected to an axial static load in tension in order to define its load-displacement behaviour.
This document is applicable to vertical piles as well as raking piles.
All types of piles are covered by this document. The tests considered in this document are limited to maintained load tests. Cyclic load tests are not covered by this document.
NOTE ISO 22477-2 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997-1. Numerical values of partial factors for limit states and of correlation factors to derive characteristic values from static pile load tests to be taken into account in design are provided in EN 1997-1.
This document provides specifications for the execution of static axial pile load tests:
a) checking that a pile behaves as designed,
b) measuring the resistance of a pile.
- Standard26 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes the specifications for the execution of static pile load tests in which a single pile is subjected to an axial static load in tension in order to define its load-displacement behaviour. This document is applicable to vertical piles as well as raking piles. All types of piles are covered by this document. The tests considered in this document are limited to maintained load tests. Cyclic load tests are not covered by this document. NOTE ISO 22477-2 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997-1. Numerical values of partial factors for limit states and of correlation factors to derive characteristic values from static pile load tests to be taken into account in design are provided in EN 1997-1. This document provides specifications for the execution of static axial pile load tests: a) checking that a pile behaves as designed, b) measuring the resistance of a pile.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard21 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of the loss on ignition (wLOI) of fine, intermediate, composite and coarse soils, organic soils and anthropogenic materials (according to
EN 16907 2) after ignition under air at 550°C.
NOTE The loss of mass suffered by these materials at 550 °C is usually due to the release of volatile compounds, water (absorbed, crystalized or structural) and gases from decomposition of organic matter and inorganic substances such as sulfur, sulfides or hydroxides (e.g. H2O, CO2, SO2).
A method is given in Annex B in order to estimate the organic matter content (COM) from the value of wLOI for clayey soils.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes equipment, procedural and reporting requirements and recommendations on cone and piezocone penetration tests.
NOTE This document fulfils the requirements for cone and piezocone penetration tests as part of geotechnical investigation and testing according to the EN 1997 series.
This document specifies the following features:
a) type of cone penetration test;
b) cone penetrometer class according to Table 2;
c) test categories according to Table 3;
d) penetration length or penetration depth;
e) elevation of the ground surface or the underwater ground surface at the location of the cone penetration test with reference to a datum;
f) location of the cone penetration test relative to a reproducible fixed location reference point;
g) pore pressure dissipation tests.
This document covers onshore and nearshore cone penetration test (CPT). For requirements for offshore CPT, see ISO 19901-8.
- Standard75 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to pressuremeter tests using cylindrical flexible probes placed in pre-existent boreholes using testing procedures other than the Menard procedure.
Pressuremeter tests following the Menard procedure are provided in ISO 22476-4.
NOTE A high-pressure flexible pressuremeter probe which contains transducers for the measurement of radial displacements is also known as flexible dilatometer probe or high-pressure dilatometer probe.
This document applies to tests performed in any kind of grounds, starting from soils, treated or untreated fills, hard soils and soft rocks, up to hard and very hard rocks, either on land or offshore.
The parameters derived from this test can include stiffness, strength, initial in-situ stress state and consolidation properties.
- Standard44 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to pressuremeter tests using cylindrical flexible probes placed in pre-existent boreholes using testing procedures other than the Menard procedure. Pressuremeter tests following the Menard procedure are provided in ISO 22476-4. NOTE A high-pressure flexible pressuremeter probe which contains transducers for the measurement of radial displacements is also known as flexible dilatometer probe or high-pressure dilatometer probe. This document applies to tests performed in any kind of grounds, starting from soils, treated or untreated fills, hard soils and soft rocks, up to hard and very hard rocks, either on land or offshore. The parameters derived from this test can include stiffness, strength, initial in-situ stress state and consolidation properties.
- Standard37 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of the loss on ignition (wLOI) of fine, intermediate, composite and coarse soils, organic soils and anthropogenic materials (according to
EN 16907 2) after ignition under air at 550°C.
NOTE The loss of mass suffered by these materials at 550 °C is usually due to the release of volatile compounds, water (absorbed, crystalized or structural) and gases from decomposition of organic matter and inorganic substances such as sulfur, sulfides or hydroxides (e.g. H2O, CO2, SO2).
A method is given in Annex B in order to estimate the organic matter content (COM) from the value of wLOI for clayey soils.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes equipment, procedural and reporting requirements and recommendations on cone and piezocone penetration tests.
NOTE This document fulfils the requirements for cone and piezocone penetration tests as part of geotechnical investigation and testing according to the EN 1997 series.
This document specifies the following features:
a) type of cone penetration test;
b) cone penetrometer class according to Table 2;
c) test categories according to Table 3;
d) penetration length or penetration depth;
e) elevation of the ground surface or the underwater ground surface at the location of the cone penetration test with reference to a datum;
f) location of the cone penetration test relative to a reproducible fixed location reference point;
g) pore pressure dissipation tests.
This document covers onshore and nearshore cone penetration test (CPT). For requirements for offshore CPT, see ISO 19901-8.
- Standard75 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document defines the principle and the methods for the determination of the "degradability coefficient" of rocky material.
The degradability coefficient IDG distinguishes the behaviour of certain rocky material and is used to show the change in the geotechnical characteristics (particle size, clay content, plasticity, etc.) in relation to the characteristics seen immediately following excavation.
Changes in the particle size occur due to the combined action of climatic or geohydrological elements (frost, soaking-drying cycles) and mechanical stress to which it is subjected. In the case of degradable rocky material, this leads to a fairly significant and continuous reduction in the mechanical and geometric characteristics of the works in which they are used.
The two methods developed in this document for the determination of IDG are not equivalent, so any result obtained by this document can refer to the method used.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes the reference method for the determination of the methylene blue value (VBS) in soils and rocks for earthworks.
The test is based on measuring the quantity of methylene blue that can be adsorbed by the material suspended in water. This quantity of absorbed methylene blue is reported by direct proportionality to the 0/50 mm ground. The soil blue value is directly related to the specific surface area of the soil particles or rocky material.
NOTE The VBS test uses common equipment and calibration as the methylene blue test MB for aggregates (EN 933 9), but the test is applies to another granular fraction (5 mm for VBS and 2 mm for MB, respectively). Thus, the results obtained between the two tests cannot be compared in the general case.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document defines the principle and the methods for the determination of the "fragmentability coefficient" of rocky material.
The fragmentability coefficient IFR distinguishes the behaviour of certain rocky material and is used to show the change in particle size from the moment than the material is excavated through to its subsequent implementation and in certain cases during its whole service life. Changes in the particle size occur due to the structural resistance of the rock being unable to support the mechanical stress to which it is subjected during its implementation and use.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes equipment, procedural and reporting requirements and recommendations on cone and piezocone penetration tests. NOTE This document fulfils the requirements for cone and piezocone penetration tests as part of geotechnical investigation and testing according to the EN 1997 series. This document specifies the following features: a) type of cone penetration test; b) cone penetrometer class according to Table 2; c) test categories according to Table 3; d) penetration length or penetration depth; e) elevation of the ground surface or the underwater ground surface at the location of the cone penetration test with reference to a datum; f) location of the cone penetration test relative to a reproducible fixed location reference point; g) pore pressure dissipation tests. This document covers onshore and nearshore cone penetration test (CPT). For requirements for offshore CPT, see ISO 19901-8.
- Standard66 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Amendment7 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for equipment, survey procedure, data analysis and reporting of array measurement of microtremors which is one of the non-destructive testing methods with an array of sensors deployed on the ground surface. This document applies to the array measurement of microtremors to estimate a 1D shear wave velocity profile. This document specifically describes array measurement of microtremors using vertical ground vibration to estimate an S-wave velocity profile by processing microtremor records based on the fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves.
- Standard38 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Amendment8 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document defines the principle and the methods for the determination of the "fragmentability coefficient" of rocky material.
The fragmentability coefficient IFR distinguishes the behaviour of certain rocky material and is used to show the change in particle size from the moment than the material is excavated through to its subsequent implementation and in certain cases during its whole service life. Changes in the particle size occur due to the structural resistance of the rock being unable to support the mechanical stress to which it is subjected during its implementation and use.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Amendment7 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes the reference method for the determination of the methylene blue value (VBS) in soils and rocks for earthworks.
The test is based on measuring the quantity of methylene blue that can be adsorbed by the material suspended in water. This quantity of absorbed methylene blue is reported by direct proportionality to the 0/50 mm ground. The soil blue value is directly related to the specific surface area of the soil particles or rocky material.
NOTE The VBS test uses common equipment and calibration as the methylene blue test MB for aggregates (EN 933 9), but the test is applies to another granular fraction (5 mm for VBS and 2 mm for MB, respectively). Thus, the results obtained between the two tests cannot be compared in the general case.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document defines the principle and the methods for the determination of the "degradability coefficient" of rocky material.
The degradability coefficient IDG distinguishes the behaviour of certain rocky material and is used to show the change in the geotechnical characteristics (particle size, clay content, plasticity, etc.) in relation to the characteristics seen immediately following excavation.
Changes in the particle size occur due to the combined action of climatic or geohydrological elements (frost, soaking-drying cycles) and mechanical stress to which it is subjected. In the case of degradable rocky material, this leads to a fairly significant and continuous reduction in the mechanical and geometric characteristics of the works in which they are used.
The two methods developed in this document for the determination of IDG are not equivalent, so any result obtained by this document can refer to the method used.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 17892-1:2014 specifies a method of determining the water content of soils.
It is applicable to the laboratory determination of the water (also known as moisture) content of a soil test specimen by oven-drying within the scope of geotechnical investigations. The water content is required as a guide to the classification of natural soils and as a control criterion in re-compacted soils, and is measured on samples used for most field and laboratory tests. The oven-drying method is the definitive procedure used in usual laboratory practice.
The practical procedure for determining the water content of a soil is to determine the mass loss on drying the test specimen to a constant mass in a drying oven controlled at a given temperature. The mass loss is assumed to be due to free water and is referenced to the remaining dry mass of solid particles.
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This European Standard, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for interchangeable auxiliary equipment when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021.
This document does not repeat the requirements from EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for interchangeable auxiliary equipment.
This document specifies the specific safety requirements for interchangeable auxiliary equipment to be used in drilling and foundation operations, connected with drilling and foundation equipment, agricultural equipment and/or earth moving machinery when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer.
Interchangeable auxiliary equipment includes pile installation and extraction equipment, impact hammers, extractors, vibrators, deep vibrators, static pile pushing/pulling devices, rotary percussion hammers, rotary drilling drives, drill mast equipment such as leaders equipped with a drill stem and gears attached to the boom of an excavator and casing oscillators/rotators.
Diaphragm wall cutting tools are dealt with in EN 16228-5:2014+A1:2021.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for mobile drill rigs for in soil or soil and rock mixture in civil and geotechnical engineering, "deleted text" when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 16228 1:2014+A1:2021.
This document does not repeat the requirements from EN 16228 1:2014+A1:2021, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for mobile drill rigs.
In this document the general term "mobile drill rig" covers several different types of machines for use in:
- civil engineering;
- geotechnical engineering (including ground investigation, anchoring, soil nailing, mini-piling, ground stabilization, grouting);
- water well drilling;
- geothermal installations;
- landfill drilling;
- underpinning and tunnelling;
- for use above ground as well as underground.
Typically, the process of drilling involves the addition of drill rods, tubes, casings or augers etc., normally threaded, as the borehole extends to depth.
NOTE 1 EN 16228-4:2014+A1:2021 covers machines with a rotary torque greater than 35 kNm.
NOTE 2 The term "drill rigs" includes rigs with a separate power pack supplied by the rig manufacturer.
The following machines are excluded from the scope of this document:
- tunnelling machines, unshielded tunnel boring machines and rodless shaft boring machines for rock according to prEN 16191;
- raise boring machines;
- drill rigs used in oil and gas industry;
- specialized mining machinery and equipment for opencast mining (e.g. rock drill rigs, blast hole drills) (under the scope of CEN/TC 196);
- all underground mining machinery and equipment for the extraction of solid mineral substances (e. g. rock drill rigs, raise boring machines, shaft boring machines, mining auger boring machines, jumbos) as well as machinery and equipment for underground mine development (under the scope of CEN/TC 196);
- core drilling machines on stand covered by EN 12348;
- hand-held machines (in particular machines covered by ISO 11148-5).
This document is not applicable to mobile drill rigs for in soil or soil and rock mixture in civil and geotechnical engineering manufactured before the date of its publication.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for jetting, grouting and injection equipment when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in
EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021.
This document does not repeat the requirements from EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for jetting, grouting and injection equipment.
Rigs for drilling, vibrating, pile driving, to be used for preparing holes for these applications are covered by EN 16228-2:2014+A1:2021 and/or EN 16228-4:2014+A1:2021.
Jetting, grouting and injection equipment is used in the preparation, transfer and application of grouting materials used for either:
- the improvement of ground condition; or
- the filling of voids e.g. around piles or ground anchors.
Jetting, grouting and injection equipment are constituted by all equipment and installations, operated by hand or electrically, pneumatically, mechanically or hydraulically powered, necessary for the following:
- mixing, storing, measuring and pumping of substances (cement suspension, mortar or chemical liquids/mixtures);
- jetting, grouting and injection processes (of/into subsoil) with low, medium or high pressure or vacuum systems;
- deleted text
- all control systems, electrical or mechanical pressure and flow recorders, for monitoring the grouting;
- all jetting, grouting and injection accessories, such as: special tools, lances, rods, sockets, packers, retention clamps and swivel hooks.
This document does not apply to machines and equipment for conveying, spraying and placing concrete and mortar (covered by EN 12001).
This document does not deal with jetting, grouting or injection units intended to use products that generate toxic gases.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for foundation equipment when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021.
This document does not repeat the requirements from EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021 but adds or replaces the requirements for application for foundation equipment.
In this document the general term "foundation equipment" covers several different types of machines used for installation and/or extracting by drilling (machines with a rotary torque greater than 35 kNm), driving, vibrating, pushing, pulling or a combination of techniques, or any other way, of:
- longitudinal foundation elements;
- soil improvement by vibrating and soil mixing techniques;
- vertical drainage.
NOTE Some foundation equipment may have an additional rotary head with a torque less than 35 kNm for pre-drilling applications; this equipment is covered by this standard.
Machines with one or more of the following characteristics are not covered by this standard, but are covered by EN 16228-2:
- machines that have a main rotary head torque of less than 35 kNm;
- machines that have multi-directional drilling capability;
- machines for which adding and removing rods or digging and drilling tools etc. is usually required during the installation/extraction process.
Typically the process of foundation techniques involves the installation of longitudinal elements such as concrete piles, steel beams, tubes and sheet piles, injection elements as tubes and hoses and casings for cast in situ.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for diaphragm walling equipment when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021.
This document does not repeat the requirements from EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for diaphragm walling equipment.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the common safety requirements for drilling and foundation equipment.
Part 1 of this European Standard deals with the significant hazards common to drilling and foundation equipment (see Annex A), when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (transport, assembly, dismantling, equipment in service and out of service, maintenance, moving on site, storage, disabling and scrapping).
NOTE 1 The requirements specified in this part of the standard are common to two or more families of drilling and foundation equipment.
This document gives safety requirements for all types of drilling and foundation equipment and is intended to be used in conjunction with one of parts 2 to 7. These machine specific parts do not repeat the requirements from part 1 but supplement or modify the requirements for the type of drilling and foundation equipment in question.
For multipurpose machinery, the parts of the standard that cover the specific functions and applications are used, e.g. a drilling machine also used as a piling machine will use the relevant requirements of EN 16228-1, EN 16228-2, and EN 16228-4.
The following machines are excluded from the scope of this standard:
- tunnelling machines, unshielded tunnel boring machines and rodless shaft boring machines for rock according to EN 16191;
- raise boring machines;
- drill rigs used in oil and gas industry;
- specialized mining machinery and equipment for opencast mining (e.g. rock drill rigs, blast hole drills) (under the scope of CEN/TC 196);
- all underground mining machinery and equipment for the extraction of solid mineral substances (e.g. rock drill rigs, raise boring machines, shaft boring machines, mining auger boring machines, jumbos) as well as machinery and equipment for underground mine development (under the scope of CEN/TC 196);
- core drilling machines on stand (covered by EN 12348);
- hand-held machines (in particular machines covered by ISO 11148-5).
NOTE 2 Specific requirements for offshore applications are not covered by this European Standard.
Where a drilling or foundation equipment of fixed configuration that is not intended to be separated is assembled using a carrier based on earth-moving equipment, agricultural equipment, or a crane, then the completed assembly is !covered by this" standard.
Drilling and foundation equipment within the scope of EN 16228 parts 1 to 6 may include interchangeable auxiliary equipment within the scope of EN 16228-7, either as an integral part of its construction or as interchangeably fitted equipment.
!If drilling and foundation equipment is intended to be used in a potentially explosive atmosphere, or in case of lightning risk, additional requirements will need to be met which are not covered by this document.
This document is not applicable to drilling and foundation equipment manufactured before the date of its publication."
- Standard176 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard, together with part 1, deals with all significant hazards for horizontal directional drilling equipment (HDD) when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer associated with the whole life time of the machine (see Clause 4).
The requirements of this part are complementary to the common requirements formulated in EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021.
This document does not repeat the requirements from EN 16228-1:2014+A1:2021, but adds or replaces the requirements for application for horizontal directional drills.
A machine is considered a horizontal directional drill if it is designed to drill in a shallow arc for the installation of pipes, conduits, and cables and typically has a drill string entry angle of less than 45° relative to the operating surface of the earth.
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