ZEM - Earthworks

This European Standard gives general guidelines for the hydraulic placement of extractive wastes applicable, in particular, to the extractive industries.
The scope of this European Standard includes any dam, confining embankment or other structure serving to contain, retain, confine or otherwise support such wastes on surface in a terrestrial environment.  
This standard therefore addresses the characterisation of the extractive waste for the purposes of hydraulic placement in the MWF both as part of the confining embankment and for safe storage, and in addition:
- specifies minimum requirements for the data to be acquired before the design and execution stage of a hydraulic fill project;
- provides guidelines for the selection of the type of confining embankment appropriate for the selected site;
- provides guidelines for the selection and characterisation of the construction materials;
- establishes general principles on how to design and execute the hydraulic fill project from pre deposition through operation to closure and rehabilitation;
- provides guidelines for monitoring and quality control of all stages of the hydraulic fill project to ensure long-term safety and stability.

This European Standard deals with underwater excavation and hydraulic placement of fill material for land reclamation projects providing structural support. The main focus is on soils that exhibit drained behaviour during and after placement.
This European Standard specifies minimum requirements for site related data to be acquired before the tender and execution stage of a dredging and land reclamation project.
This European Standard gives guidance on how the selection of the dredging equipment shall be undertaken. It also gives guidance on the selection of a borrow area.
This European Standard offers the general principles on how to design the actual execution of a hydraulic fill project and offers guidelines for monitoring and quality control of that execution in order to guarantee that the fill mass exhibits the behaviour as intended by the designer of the land reclamation.
This European Standard neither gives prescriptions nor recommendations or guidance on dredging of rock, mine tailings, mineral wastes and contaminated soils.
This European Standard aims at facilitating mutual understanding of all parties involved in designing the execution of a hydraulic fill project. It gives a framework to arrive at clear and unambiguous goals and arrangements. The main purpose of this European Standard is to ensure that functional requirements and specifications for such projects are in harmony with site boundary conditions and construction methods.

This standard presents execution procedures for excavating, transporting and placing soils and rocks for the construction of earth-structures. It includes excavation and placement of rock materials underwater.
Dredging of soils and the associated hydraulic placement of fills are covered by Part 6 of this standard.
NOTE:
Execution of earthworks follows the conclusions of the earthworks design and optimisation phase (Part 1), which must anticipate soil and rock specificities and their suitability. In case some events could not be foreseen, additional design is performed during the execution of works

This European Standard defines a common basis for description and classification for use by all parties involved in the design, planning and construction of the earthworks.
This European Standard specifies the principles of classification, the processes and properties to be used in the description and classification of earthworks materials. For that, it specifies soil and rock groups as basis of material specifications for earth structure elements.
NOTE   Informative examples of existing national experience based classification systems and their use are presented in the annexes to prEN 16907-1.

This standard (Part 1) gives definitions, principles and general rules for the planning, design and specification of earthworks. It introduces the other parts of the standard, which have to be used together with Part 1.
It is applicable to all types of earth-structures, whatever their intended use is (roads, railways, airfields, waterways, buildings, landfills, tailing dams, etc.), except where listed below:
-   Some specific types of works such as the execution of trenches and small earthworks may be organized using simplified or specific rules;
-   Some structures, such as dykes and dams, need earthworks which have specific design and construction requirements: these may extend beyond the rules of this standard.

This European Standard applies to the treatment with binders of natural soils, weak and intermediate rocks (including chalk), recycled materials and artificial materials for the execution of earthworks during the construction and maintenance of roads, railways, airfields, platforms, dykes, ponds and any other types of earth structure.
It relates only to the treatment by layers for earthworks, as opposed to the treatment by columns for example.
The standard specifies the requirements for the constituents of the mixtures, the preliminary laboratory testing methodology, the laboratory performance classification, and the execution and control.
Note 1: The informative annexes also give example of good practices for execution and control.
The laboratory performance classification specified in this European Standard covers the two types of treatment : improvement and stabilization.
− For improvement, the classification takes into account the short term performance.
− For stabilization, the classification takes into account the medium to long term performance.
Note 2: For stabilization, the classification is based on the laboratory performance classification specified in EN 14227-15, except for the classification according to Rt and E which has been replaced by a performance classification according to Rt and E specific to earthworks.

This European Standard provides recommendations and guidance on the quality assurance and quality control of earthworks construction forming part of general civil engineering and building works. It provides guidance on the techniques to be used to give clients, contractors and designers confidence that the earthworks have been constructed in accordance with their requirements.

This technical specification provides guidance, specifications and requirements on the use of Continuous Compaction Control (CCC) as a quality control method in earthworks by means of roller integrated dynamic measuring and documentation systems.
The CCC method is suitable for soils, granular materials and rockfill materials which can be compacted using vibratory rollers.
NOTE   A continuous Compaction Control (CCC) technology based on the measure of propel energy necessary to overcome the rolling resistance is also available and can be used as a quality control method in earthworks. The propelling power of the compactor provides an indication of the material stiffness and it is measured as a function of the machine ground speed, slope angle and rolling resistance. This method is not included in this document.

This document describes the reference method for the determination of the the Lime Fixation Point (LFP) in soil treatment for earthworks.
The test consists in measuring the lowest quantity of lime to be added in a soil suspension in water, that will result in a pH value of the soil-lime mix suspension of 12,4, measured at 25 +/- 1°C.

This document describes the reference method for the determination of the Index of dust emission (IDE) in soil treatment for earthworks.

This document describes a method for the determination of the loss on ignition (wLOI) of fine, intermediate, composite and coarse soils, organic soils and anthropogenic materials (according to EN 16907-2) after ignition under air at 550°C.
The loss of mass suffered by these materials at 550 °C is usually due to the release of volatile compounds, water (absorbed, crystalized or structural) and gases from decomposition of organic matter and inorganic substances such as sulfur, sulphides or hydroxides (e.g. H2O, CO2, SO2).
A method is given in Annex B in order to estimate the organic matter content (COM) from the value of wLOI for clayed soils.

This document defines the principle and the methods for the determination of the "fragmentability coefficient" of rocky material.
The fragmentability coefficient IFR distinguishes the behaviour of certain rocky material and is used to show the change in particle size from the moment than the material is excavated through to its subsequent implementation and in certain cases during its whole service life. Changes in the particle size occur due to the structural resistance of the rock being unable to support the mechanical stress to which it is subjected during its implementation and use.

This document describes the reference method for the determination of the methylene blue value (VBS) in soils and rocks for earthworks.
The test is based on measuring the quantity of methylene blue that can be adsorbed by the material suspended in water. This quantity of absorbed methylene blue is reported by direct proportionality to the 0/50 mm ground. The soil blue value is directly related to the specific surface area of the soil particles or rocky material.
NOTE   The VBS test uses common equipment and calibration as the methylene blue test MB for aggregates (EN 933 9), but the test is applies to another granular fraction (5 mm for VBS and 2 mm for MB, respectively). Thus, the results obtained between the two tests cannot be compared in the general case.

This document defines the principle and the methods for the determination of the "degradability coefficient" of rocky material.
The degradability coefficient IDG distinguishes the behaviour of certain rocky material and is used to show the change in the geotechnical characteristics (particle size, clay content, plasticity, etc.) in relation to the characteristics seen immediately following excavation.
Changes in the particle size occur due to the combined action of climatic or geohydrological elements (frost, soaking-drying cycles) and mechanical stress to which it is subjected. In the case of degradable rocky material, this leads to a fairly significant and continuous reduction in the mechanical and geometric characteristics of the works in which they are used.
The two methods developed in this document for the determination of IDG are not equivalent, so any result obtained by this document can refer to the method used.