81.080 - Refractories
ICS 81.080 Details
Refractories
Feuerfestmaterialien
Matériaux réfractaires
Ognjevzdržni materiali
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 81.080 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Refractories". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 812 standards classified under ICS 81.080 (Refractories). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
e-Library Subscription
Create subscription and get permanent access to documents within 81.080 - Refractories
Currently subscription includes documents marked with .We are working on making all documents available within the subscription.
This document specifies a method for the determination of the modulus of rupture of dense and insulating shaped refractory products at ambient temperature, under conditions of a constant rate of increase of stress.
Shaped refractories are those which have fixed geometry and dimensions when delivered to the user. This document is accordingly applicable to standard shape refractory bricks, but also special shapes refractory products and pre-cast products.
This document is also applicable to unshaped refractories (see ISO 1927-6) after preparation of test specimens according to ISO 1927-5.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determination of the cold compressive strength of dense shaped refractory products.
Shaped refractories are those which have fixed geometry and dimensions when delivered to the user. This document is accordingly applicable to standard shape refractory bricks, but also special shapes refractory products and pre-cast products.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This part of ISO 8894 describes a hot-wire (parallel) method for the determination of the thermal conductivity of refractory products and materials. It is applicable to dense and insulating shaped products and to powdered or granular materials (see 6.2), for thermal conductivities of less than 25 W/m·K. The limits are imposed by the thermal diffusivity of the test material and therefore by the dimensions of the test pieces; higher thermal conductivities can be measured if larger pieces are used. Electrically conducting materials cannot be measured.
NOTE 1 The thermal conductivity of products with a hydraulic or chemical bond can be affected by the appreciable amount of water that is retained after hardening or setting and is released on firing. These materials can therefore require pretreatment. The nature and extent of such pretreatment, and the period for which the test piece is held at the measurement temperature as a preliminary to carrying out the test, are details that are outside the scope of this part of ISO 8894 and are agreed between the parties concerned.
NOTE 2 In general, it is difficult to make measurements on anisotropic materials and the use of this method for such materials is also agreed between the parties concerned.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ISO 8894-2:2007 describes a hot-wire (parallel) method for the determination of the thermal conductivity of refractory products and materials.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determination of the cold compressive strength of dense shaped refractory products.
Shaped refractories are those which have fixed geometry and dimensions when delivered to the user. This document is accordingly applicable to standard shape refractory bricks, but also special shapes refractory products and pre-cast products.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of the modulus of rupture of dense and insulating shaped refractory products at ambient temperature, under conditions of a constant rate of increase of stress.
Shaped refractories are those which have fixed geometry and dimensions when delivered to the user. This document is accordingly applicable to standard shape refractory bricks, but also special shapes refractory products and pre-cast products.
This document is also applicable to unshaped refractories (see ISO 1927-6) after preparation of test specimens according to ISO 1927-5.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies two methods for determining the permanent change in dimensions of a dense shaped refractory product. Shaped refractories are those which have fixed geometry and dimensions when delivered to the user. This document is accordingly applicable to standard shape refractory bricks, but also special shapes refractory products and pre-cast products. This document does not apply to products containing carbon. NOTE The methods can be applied to materials sensitive to oxidation. However, some of these materials can be affected during the test in such a way as to make the measurement of the dimensional changes impossible to carry out to the required accuracy.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of the bulk density, apparent porosity and true porosity of dense shaped refractory products. Shaped refractories are those which have fixed geometry and dimensions when delivered to the user. This document is accordingly applicable to standard shape refractory bricks, but also special shapes refractory products and pre-cast products. This document is also applicable to unshaped refractories (see ISO 1927-6) after preparation of test specimens according to ISO 1927-5. NOTE For shaped insulating refractory products, the bulk density and true porosity are determined in accordance with ISO 5016.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the quantitative analysis of residual quartz (i.e. alpha-quartz) in silica bricks within the mass fraction range of 0,3 % to 5,0 %, by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Bragg-Brentano diffractometer. This document includes details of sample preparation and of preliminary establishment of a working curve using external standards. This document does not address the safety issues associated with its use. The ground silica brick powders and reference materials may cause damage to lungs through prolonged or repeat inhalation during tests. It is responsibility of the users of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
ISO 2477:2005 describes a method for determining the permanent change in dimensions on heating of a shaped insulating refractory product.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ISO 2477:2005 describes a method for determining the permanent change in dimensions on heating of a shaped insulating refractory product.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of the modulus of rupture of dense and insulating shaped refractory products at ambient temperature, under conditions of a constant rate of increase of stress. Shaped refractories are those which have fixed geometry and dimensions when delivered to the user. This document is accordingly applicable to standard shape refractory bricks, but also special shapes refractory products and pre-cast products. This document is also applicable to unshaped refractories (see ISO 1927-6) after preparation of test specimens according to ISO 1927-5.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard12 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard12 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for determination of the cold compressive strength of dense shaped refractory products. Shaped refractories are those which have fixed geometry and dimensions when delivered to the user. This document is accordingly applicable to standard shape refractory bricks, but also special shapes refractory products and pre-cast products.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard11 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard11 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document describes the procedure for the preparation of test panels from refractory materials by gunning through pneumatic nozzle mixing type guns at ambient temperatures. The test pieces are for the determination of properties on as-gunned products prepared under either “standard conditions” (as required for quality assurance or product development) or “site conditions”. In the case of “site conditions”, the purpose of the testing is to establish the properties pertaining to a given installation or a given set of installation conditions. In this case, the panel can be obtained during the on-site installation. Parameters such as ambient temperature, gunning elevation, air pressure and curing conditions (temperature, orientation of the panel) applicable during the preparation of the panel are as near as possible to the respective parameters pertaining to the site installation.
It is also possible to simulate certain “site conditions” by gunning panels off-site, for example, in a laboratory setting. This is acceptable under this document, by agreement between interested parties.
This document does not apply to plastic gunning mixes and to those mixes that contain aggregates that are susceptible to hydration.
This document does not apply to shotcrete type mixes, which are dealt with in ISO 18886.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document describes the procedure for the preparation of test panels from refractory materials by gunning through pneumatic nozzle mixing type guns at ambient temperatures. The test pieces are for the determination of properties on as-gunned products prepared under either “standard conditions” (as required for quality assurance or product development) or “site conditions”. In the case of “site conditions”, the purpose of the testing is to establish the properties pertaining to a given installation or a given set of installation conditions. In this case, the panel can be obtained during the on-site installation. Parameters such as ambient temperature, gunning elevation, air pressure and curing conditions (temperature, orientation of the panel) applicable during the preparation of the panel are as near as possible to the respective parameters pertaining to the site installation.
It is also possible to simulate certain “site conditions” by gunning panels off-site, for example, in a laboratory setting. This is acceptable under this document, by agreement between interested parties.
This document does not apply to plastic gunning mixes and to those mixes that contain aggregates that are susceptible to hydration.
This document does not apply to shotcrete type mixes, which are dealt with in ISO 18886.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document describes the procedure for the preparation of test panels from refractory materials by gunning through pneumatic nozzle mixing type guns at ambient temperatures. The test pieces are for the determination of properties on as-gunned products prepared under either “standard conditions” (as required for quality assurance or product development) or “site conditions”. In the case of “site conditions”, the purpose of the testing is to establish the properties pertaining to a given installation or a given set of installation conditions. In this case, the panel can be obtained during the on-site installation. Parameters such as ambient temperature, gunning elevation, air pressure and curing conditions (temperature, orientation of the panel) applicable during the preparation of the panel are as near as possible to the respective parameters pertaining to the site installation. It is also possible to simulate certain “site conditions” by gunning panels off-site, for example, in a laboratory setting. This is acceptable under this document, by agreement between interested parties. This document does not apply to plastic gunning mixes and to those mixes that contain aggregates that are susceptible to hydration. This document does not apply to shotcrete type mixes, which are dealt with in ISO 18886.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard9 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard9 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document describes methods for the determination of mineralogical phases typically apparent in nitride and oxy-nitride bonded silicon carbide refractory products using a Bragg-Brentano diffractometer.
It includes details of sample preparations and general principles for qualitative and quantitative analyses of mineralogical phase composition. Quantitative determination of α-Si3N4, β-Si3N4, Si2ON2, AlN, and β’- SiAlON are described.
For quantitative determination of α-Si3N4, β-Si3N4, Si2ON2, AlN and β’-SiAlON refinement procedures based on the total nitrogen content of the sample are described.
NOTE ISO 21068-3 is used for the analysis of the total nitrogen content of the sample.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies analytical techniques for the determination of total nitrogen and nitrogen calculated as silicon nitride, total oxygen, and metallic and oxidic components in silicon carbide raw materials and refractory products.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies analytical techniques for the determination of volatile components by thermal treatment at specified temperatures, and methods for the determination of the total carbon, free carbon, silicon carbide, total and free silicon and free and surface silica content of silicon-carbide, silicon-nitride and silicon-oxynitride containing raw materials and refractory products.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies analytical techniques for the determination of total nitrogen and nitrogen calculated as silicon nitride, total oxygen, and metallic and oxidic components in silicon carbide raw materials and refractory products.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document describes methods for the determination of mineralogical phases typically apparent in nitride and oxy-nitride bonded silicon carbide refractory products using a Bragg-Brentano diffractometer.
It includes details of sample preparations and general principles for qualitative and quantitative analyses of mineralogical phase composition. Quantitative determination of α-Si3N4, β-Si3N4, Si2ON2, AlN, and β’- SiAlON are described.
For quantitative determination of α-Si3N4, β-Si3N4, Si2ON2, AlN and β’-SiAlON refinement procedures based on the total nitrogen content of the sample are described.
NOTE ISO 21068-3 is used for the analysis of the total nitrogen content of the sample.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies analytical techniques for the determination of volatile components by thermal treatment at specified temperatures, and methods for the determination of the total carbon, free carbon, silicon carbide, total and free silicon and free and surface silica content of silicon-carbide, silicon-nitride and silicon-oxynitride containing raw materials and refractory products.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies three methods for the determination of the bulk density of granular refractory materials (grain density) having a grain size larger than 2 mm:
— Method 1: mercury method with vacuum;
— Method 2: arrested water absorption method;
— Method 3: vacuum method with spin dryer option according to ISO 5017.
Method 1 is intended as the reference method.
NOTE Depending on the nature of the material tested, the three methods can give different results. Any statement of the value of a bulk density can therefore be accompanied by an indication of the method used or to be used in case of dispute.
The same method can be used for the determination of the volume of the sample, for selecting and preparing the sample, for calculating the bulk density and for presenting the test report.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies analytical techniques for the determination of volatile components by thermal treatment at specified temperatures, and methods for the determination of the total carbon, free carbon, silicon carbide, total and free silicon and free and surface silica content of silicon-carbide, silicon-nitride and silicon-oxynitride containing raw materials and refractory products.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard37 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document describes methods for the determination of mineralogical phases typically apparent in nitride and oxy-nitride bonded silicon carbide refractory products using a Bragg-Brentano diffractometer. It includes details of sample preparations and general principles for qualitative and quantitative analyses of mineralogical phase composition. Quantitative determination of α-Si3N4, β-Si3N4, Si2ON2, AlN, and β’- SiAlON are described. For quantitative determination of α-Si3N4, β-Si3N4, Si2ON2, AlN and β’-SiAlON refinement procedures based on the total nitrogen content of the sample are described. NOTE ISO 21068-3 is used for the analysis of the total nitrogen content of the sample.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard11 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies analytical techniques for the determination of total nitrogen and nitrogen calculated as silicon nitride, total oxygen, and metallic and oxidic components in silicon carbide raw materials and refractory products.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard25 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies three methods for the determination of the bulk density of granular refractory materials (grain density) having a grain size larger than 2 mm:
— Method 1: mercury method with vacuum;
— Method 2: arrested water absorption method;
— Method 3: vacuum method with spin dryer option according to ISO 5017.
Method 1 is intended as the reference method.
NOTE Depending on the nature of the material tested, the three methods can give different results. Any statement of the value of a bulk density can therefore be accompanied by an indication of the method used or to be used in case of dispute.
The same method can be used for the determination of the volume of the sample, for selecting and preparing the sample, for calculating the bulk density and for presenting the test report.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document gives definitions and specifies techniques for the preparation of samples for the chemical analysis of silicon-carbide-containing raw materials and refractory products including:
a) SiC raw materials;
b) graphite brick containing silicon carbide;
c) silicon carbide brick (includes the bricks containing silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, sialon);
d) refractories containing carbon and/or silicon carbide mixed with clay;
e) refractories containing carbon and/or silicon carbide mixed with silica (and fused silica);
f) refractories containing carbon and/or silicon carbide mixed with high alumina material;
g) refractories containing carbon and/or silicon carbide mixed with magnesia (and dolomite);
h) refractories containing carbon and/or silicon carbide mixed with chrome mineral or magnesia-chrome materials;
i) refractories containing carbon and/or silicon carbide except those described in a) to h) above.
The items of analysis described in ISO 21068-2, ISO 21068-3 and ISO 21068-4 are as follows:
— loss on drying (LOD);
— loss on ignition (LOI);
— total carbon, Ctotal;
— free carbon, Cfree;
— silicon carbide, SiC;
— free silicon (Sifree);
— free aluminium (Alfree);
— free magnesium (Mgfree);
— free iron (Fefree);
— silicon(IV) dioxide (SiO2);
— aluminium(III) oxide (Al2O3);
— iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3);
— titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2);
— calcium oxide (CaO);
— magnesium oxide (MgO);
— sodium oxide (Na2O);
— potassium oxide (K2O);
— chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3);
— zirconium(IV) oxide (ZrO2);
— boron oxide (total boron calculated as B2O3);
— nitrogen;
— oxygen;
— nitrides (undifferentiated: Si3N4, AlN, BN, sialon, oxy-nitrides, etc.);
— mineralogical phases (XRD-methods).
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document gives definitions and specifies techniques for the preparation of samples for the chemical analysis of silicon-carbide-containing raw materials and refractory products including:
a) SiC raw materials;
b) graphite brick containing silicon carbide;
c) silicon carbide brick (includes the bricks containing silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, sialon);
d) refractories containing carbon and/or silicon carbide mixed with clay;
e) refractories containing carbon and/or silicon carbide mixed with silica (and fused silica);
f) refractories containing carbon and/or silicon carbide mixed with high alumina material;
g) refractories containing carbon and/or silicon carbide mixed with magnesia (and dolomite);
h) refractories containing carbon and/or silicon carbide mixed with chrome mineral or magnesia-chrome materials;
i) refractories containing carbon and/or silicon carbide except those described in a) to h) above.
The items of analysis described in ISO 21068-2, ISO 21068-3 and ISO 21068-4 are as follows:
— loss on drying (LOD);
— loss on ignition (LOI);
— total carbon, Ctotal;
— free carbon, Cfree;
— silicon carbide, SiC;
— free silicon (Sifree);
— free aluminium (Alfree);
— free magnesium (Mgfree);
— free iron (Fefree);
— silicon(IV) dioxide (SiO2);
— aluminium(III) oxide (Al2O3);
— iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3);
— titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2);
— calcium oxide (CaO);
— magnesium oxide (MgO);
— sodium oxide (Na2O);
— potassium oxide (K2O);
— chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3);
— zirconium(IV) oxide (ZrO2);
— boron oxide (total boron calculated as B2O3);
— nitrogen;
— oxygen;
— nitrides (undifferentiated: Si3N4, AlN, BN, sialon, oxy-nitrides, etc.);
— mineralogical phases (XRD-methods).
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document gives definitions and specifies techniques for the preparation of samples for the chemical analysis of silicon-carbide-containing raw materials and refractory products including: a) SiC raw materials; b) graphite brick containing silicon carbide; c) silicon carbide brick (includes the bricks containing silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, sialon); d) refractories containing carbon and/or silicon carbide mixed with clay; e) refractories containing carbon and/or silicon carbide mixed with silica (and fused silica); f) refractories containing carbon and/or silicon carbide mixed with high alumina material; g) refractories containing carbon and/or silicon carbide mixed with magnesia (and dolomite); h) refractories containing carbon and/or silicon carbide mixed with chrome mineral or magnesia-chrome materials; i) refractories containing carbon and/or silicon carbide except those described in a) to h) above. The items of analysis described in ISO 21068-2, ISO 21068-3 and ISO 21068-4 are as follows: - loss on drying (LOD); - loss on ignition (LOI); - total carbon, Ctotal; - free carbon, Cfree; - silicon carbide, SiC; - free silicon (Sifree); - free aluminium (Alfree); - free magnesium (Mgfree); - free iron (Fefree); - silicon(IV) dioxide (SiO2); - aluminium(III) oxide (Al2O3); - iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3); - titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2); - calcium oxide (CaO); - magnesium oxide (MgO); - sodium oxide (Na2O); - potassium oxide (K2O); - chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3); - zirconium(IV) oxide (ZrO2); - boron oxide (total boron calculated as B2O3); - nitrogen; - oxygen; - nitrides (undifferentiated: Si3N4, AlN, BN, sialon, oxy-nitrides, etc.); - mineralogical phases (XRD-methods).
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard7 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Insulating firebrick (IFB) are classified by their bulk density and reheat change (see Classification C155). This test method defines thermal stability by measurement of IFB's reheat change following 24 h at a test temperature.
3.2 Since this test exposes the entire sample to an isothermal temperature condition, the user should be aware that most applications for IFB involve a thermal gradient which may cause the IFB's dimensions to change differentially.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the permanent linear (and volume) change of insulating firebrick upon reheating under prescribed conditions.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The cold strength of a refractory material is an indication of its suitability for use in refractory construction. (It is not a measure of performance at elevated temperatures.)
3.2 These test methods are for determining the room temperature flexural strength in three-point bending (cold modulus of rupture) or compressive strength (cold crushing strength), or both, for all refractory products.
3.3 Considerable care must be used to compare the results of different determinations of the cold crushing strength or modulus of rupture. The specimen size and shape, the nature of the specimen faces (that is, as-formed, sawed, or ground), the orientation of those faces during testing, the loading geometry, and the rate of load application may all significantly affect the numerical results obtained. Comparisons of the results between different determinations should not be made if one or more of these parameters differ between the two determinations.
3.4 The relative ratio of the largest grain size to the smallest specimen dimension may significantly affect the numerical results. For example, smaller cut specimens containing large grains may present different results than the bricks from which they were cut. Under no circumstances should 6 in. by 1 in. by 1 in. (152 mm by 25 mm by 25 mm) specimens be prepared and tested for materials containing grains with a maximum grain dimension exceeding 0.25 in. (6.4 mm).
3.5 This test method is useful for research and development, engineering application and design, manufacturing process control, and for developing purchasing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the cold crushing strength and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of dried or fired refractory shapes of all types.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following sections:
Test Method
Sections
Cold Crushing Strength
4 to 8
Modulus of Rupture
9 to 13
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a means of determining bulk density on as-manufactured logs, blocks, or shaped articles.
4.2 This test method is suitable for manufacturing control and acceptance specifications.
4.3 Test Method C559 may be used when a higher degree of accuracy is required.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of as-manufactured carbon and graphite from measurements of mass and dimensions at room temperature.
1.2 This test method is applicable to boronated carbon and graphite.
1.3 This test method is not applicable to carbon- and graphite-containing materials that are thermally unstable at or below temperatures of 200 °C.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The hydration of dead-burned dolomite grains is an important aspect of both manufacturing and using such grains. Moisture from any source will cause the grains to partially disintegrate, eventually making the dead-burned dolomite unfit for use. This test method may prove useful for determining, in a relative manner, which grains are more resistant to hydration than others.
3.2 Data from one laboratory might help in establishing internal limits for determining whether a particular batch of grain is suitable for refractory production. However, this test method takes great care to run, and is not recommended as a quality control test. Possibly, a specification might be developed between two parties if sufficient care in establishing the bias between the laboratories is carried out.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of hydration of a granular dead-burned refractory dolomite when exposed to moist air.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This test method compares relative resistance to hydration of basic refractory brick and shapes in laboratory tests.
2.2 This test method allows an estimate to be made of the relative potential for hydration.
2.3 The test method is used in industry and in some cases it is used for specification purposes.
2.4 The results must be carefully used as a means of predicting whether or not basic brick or shapes will hydrate under actual conditions of storage or service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the relative resistance of basic brick and shapes to hydration.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method was developed for use both by manufacturers as a process control tool for the production of AZS fusion-cast refractories, and by glass manufacturers in the selection of refractories and design of glass-melting furnaces.
4.2 The results may be considered as representative of the potential for an AZS refractory (specifically, in the tested region) to contribute to glass defect formation during the furnace production operation.
4.3 The procedures and results may be applied to other refractory types or applications (that is, reheat furnace skid rail brick) in which glass exudation is considered to be important.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for causing the exudation of a glassy phase to the surface of fusion-cast specimens by subjecting them to temperatures corresponding to glass furnace operating temperatures.
1.2 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the exudate as the percent of volume increase of the specimen after cooling.
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The balance required for this test method uses only SI units (Section 7).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific gravity, and bulk density are primary properties of refractory shapes. These properties are widely used in the evaluation and comparison of product quality and as part of the criteria for selection and use of refractory products in a variety of industrial applications. These test methods are used for determining any or all of these properties and are particularly useful for testing hydratable products.
3.2 These test methods are primary standard methods that are suitable for use in quality control, research and development, establishing criteria for and evaluating compliance with specifications, and providing data for design purposes.
3.3 Fundamental assumptions inherent in these test methods are:
3.3.1 The test specimens conform to the requirements for size, configuration, and original faces,
3.3.2 The open pores of the test specimens are fully impregnated with liquid during the vacuum-pressure treatment, and
3.3.3 The blotting of the saturated test specimens is performed as specified in a consistent and uniform manner to avoid withdrawing liquid from the pores.
3.3.4 Deviation from any of these assumptions adversely affects the test results.
3.4 In laboratory studies involving castable specimen, a bias was noted between formed 2 in. by 2 in. by 2 in. (50 mm by 50 mm by 50 mm) and specimens quartered from larger 9 in. by 4.5 in. by 2.5 in. (228 mm by 114 mm by 64 mm) cast specimens. Additionally, an error in the apparent porosity determination was found on castables whenever the specimens were heated to 1500 °F (816 °C) and then exposed to water as a saturation media. The error was attributed to reactivity of cement with water and subsequent re-hydration of cement phases. The higher the cement level of the castable, the greater the error noted. It was concluded that an error in porosity values could occur for refractory materials having a potential to form hydrated species with water. T...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the following properties of refractory shapes:
1.1.1 Apparent porosity,
1.1.2 Liquid absorption,
1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and
1.1.4 Bulk density.
1.2 These test methods are applicable to all refractory shapes except those that chemically react with both water and mineral spirits. When testing a material capable of hydration or other chemical reaction with water but which does not chemically react with mineral spirits, mineral spirits is substituted for water and appropriate corrections for the density differences are applied when making calculations.
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The apparatus used in this standard is only available in SI units.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Test Methods C20 cover procedures for testing properties of refractories that are not attacked by water.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The true specific gravity of a material is the ratio of its true density, determined at a specific temperature, to the true density of water, determined at a specific temperature. Thus, the true specific gravity of a material is a primary property which is related to chemical and mineralogical composition.
4.2 This test method is particularly useful for hydratable materials that are not suitable for test with Test Method C135.
4.3 For refractory raw materials and products, the true specific gravity is a useful value for: classification, detecting differences in chemical composition between supposedly like samples, indicating mineralogical phases or phase changes, calculating total porosity when the bulk density is known, and for any other test method that requires this value for the calculation of results.
4.4 This test method is a primary standard method which is suitable for use in specifications, quality control, and research and development. It can also serve as a referee test method in purchasing contracts or agreements.
4.5 Fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method are the following:
4.5.1 The sample is representative of the material in general,
4.5.2 The total sample has been reduced to the particle size specified,
4.5.3 No contamination has been introduced during processing of the sample,
4.5.4 The ignition of the sample has eliminated all free or combined water without inducing sintering or alteration,
4.5.5 An inert gas (helium) has been used in the test, and
4.5.6 The test method has been conducted in a meticulous manner.
4.5.7 Deviation from any of these assumptions negates the usefulness of the results.
4.6 In interpreting the results of this test method, it must be recognized that the specified sample particle size is significantly finer than specified for Test Method C135. Even this finer particle size for the sample does not preclude the presence of some closed pores, and the amount of residual close...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the true specific gravity of solid materials, and is particularly useful for materials that easily hydrate which are not suitable for test with Test Method C135. This test method may be used as an alternate for Test Methods C135, C128, and C188 for determining true specific gravity.
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 Exception—In 7.3, the equivalent SI unit is expressed in parentheses.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluating the resistance of refractories in glass-melting furnace superstructures to vapor attack. This test method may also be useful for evaluating refractories in other applications where vapor attack occurs.
2.2 An electric-heated furnace is recommended. Water vapor and other atmospheric components in a gas- or fuel-fired furnace may participate in the chemical and physical reactions being studied. Results may differ, therefore, depending upon the nature and type of firing employed.
2.3 The degree of correlation between this test method and service performance is not fully determinable. This is intended to be an accelerated test method that generates a substantial degree of reaction in a relatively short amount of time. This acceleration may be accomplished by changing the composition and/or concentration of the reactants, increasing temperatures, or by performing the test in an isothermal environment.
2.4 Since the test method may not accurately simulate the service environment, observed results of this test method may not be representative of those found in service. It is imperative that the user understand and consider how the results of this test method may differ from those encountered in service. This is particularly likely if the reaction products, their nature, or their degree differ from those normally found in the actual service environment.
2.5 It is incumbent upon the user to understand that this is an aggressive, accelerated test method and to be careful in interpreting the results. If, for example, the reaction species have never been found in a real-world furnace, then this test method should not necessarily be considered valid to evaluate the refractory in question.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for comparing the behavior of refractories in contact with vapors under conditions intended to simulate the environment within a glass-melting or other type of furnace when refractories are exposed to vapors from raw batch, molten glass, fuel, fuel contaminants, or other sources. This procedure is intended to accelerate service conditions for the purpose of determining in a relatively short time the interval resistance to fluxing, bloating, shrinkage, expansion, mineral conversion, disintegration, or other physical changes that may occur.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Refractory brick are used as modular units in furnace construction and should not deviate significantly from the intended configuration with respect to size, bulk density, flat surfaces, and right angles. These test methods are particularly suited for use under field conditions and provide a means to determine whether the brick meets the requirements considered necessary to assure a satisfactory refractory construction.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for measuring size, dimensional measurement, bulk density, warpage, and squareness of rectangular dense refractory brick and rectangular insulating firebrick. More precise determination of bulk density of refractory brick can be made by Test Methods C20. Stack height is generally determined only for dense refractories.
Note 1: Test Methods C830 and Test Method C914 are also used to determine bulk density of refractory brick, by different procedures.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:
Sections
Size and Bulk Density
4 through 7
Warpage of Refractory Brick
8 through 10
Squareness of Refractory Brick
11 through 14
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This specification covers structural clay loading-bearing wall tiles of the following grades: Grade LBX, suitable for general use in masonry construction and adapted for use in masonry exposed to weathering; and Grade LB, suitable for general use in masonry where not exposed to frost action, or for use in exposed masonry where protected with a facing of stone, brick, terra cotta, or other masonry. Tile covered by this specification are manufactured from clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring substances and subjected to heat treatment at elevated temperatures (firing), which must develop sufficient fired bond between the particulate constituents to provide the strength and durability requirements. Tiles shall adhere to water absorption, compressive strength, and dimensional (nominal thickness and mass) requirements specified for individual grades.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers structural clay loadbearing wall tile.
1.2 The property requirements of this specification apply at the time of purchase. The use of results from testing of tile extracted from masonry structures for determining conformance or non-conformance to the property requirements (Section 5) of this standard is beyond the scope of this specification.
1.3 Tile covered by this specification are manufactured from clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring earthy substances and subjected to a heat treatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatment must develop sufficient fired bond between the particulate constituents to provide the strength and durability requirements of this specification. (See firing and fired bond in Terminology C1232.)
1.4 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
These test methods cover procedures for the sampling and testing of brick and structural clay tile. The tests include modulus of rupture, compressive strength, absorption, saturation coefficient, effect of freezing and thawing, efflorescence, initial rate or absorption, and determination of weight, size, warpage, length chanange, and void areas. For purposes of these tests, full-size bricks, tiles, or solid masonry units shall be used as test specimens. They shall be representative of the lot of units from which they are to be selected in respect of the range of colors, textures, and sizes and shall be free of or brushed to remove dirt, mud, mortar, or other foreign materials unassociated with the manufacturing process.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the sampling and testing of brick and structural clay tile. Although not necessarily applicable to all types of units, tests include modulus of rupture, compressive strength, absorption, saturation coefficient, effect of freezing and thawing, efflorescence, initial rate of absorption and determination of weight, size, warpage, length change, and void area. (Additional methods of test pertinent to ceramic glazes include imperviousness, chemical resistance, opacity, and resistance to crazing.
1.2 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
Note 1: The testing laboratory performing this test method should be evaluated in accordance with Practice C1093.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.4 These test methods include the following sections:
Section Heading
Section
Scope
1
Referenced Documents
2
Terminology
3
Sampling
4
Specimen Preparation
5
Modulus of Rupture (Flexure Test)
6
Compressive Strength
7
Absorption
8
Freezing and Thawing
9
Initial Rate of Absorption (Suction) (Laboratory Test)
10
Efflorescence
11
Weight Per Unit Area
12
Measurement of Size
13
Measurement of Warpage
14
Measurement of Length Change
15
Initial Rate of Absorption (Suction) (Field Test)
16
Measurement of Void Area in Cored Units
17
Measurement of Void Area in Deep Frogged Units
18
Measurement of Out of Square
19
Measurement of Shell and Web Thickness
20
Breaking Load
21
Imperviousness Test (of Ceramin Glazes)
22
Chemical Resistance Test (of Ceramic Glazes)
23
Autoclaved Crazing Test (of Ceramic Glazes)
24
Opacity Test (of Ceramic Glazes)
25
Precision and Bias
26
Keywords
27
Safety Precautions for Autoclave Equipment and Operation
Appendix X1
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This specification covers thermal insulating bricks made from fire clay that are used as backup insulation for refractory furnace linings of boiler furnaces. The bricks shall be composed of heat-resistant materials that have been burned or fired to produce the desired density, strength, and structure. Representative bricks shall be tested, and shall conform accordingly to specified values of bulk density, modulus of rupture, and reheat change.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers two types of thermal insulating brick for industrial or marine boiler furnaces. Type I is a special, 2500 °F (1371 °C) maximum service temperature, insulating firebrick that is used as backup insulation for refractory furnace linings.2 Type II is a standard insulating brick that, in general, is used where there may be direct contact with combustion gases, such as forge and stress relieving furnaces.3
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Fireclay steel-teeming nozzles and sleeves are classified by volume reheat change. Bloating of some refractories results in irregular reheat dimensions, which are difficult to measure. This practice determines the volume without depending upon physical linear measurements.
3.2 Blast furnace checkers that have irregular cross-sections are classified by “creep properties.” This practice determines the average cross-sectional area.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the methods of calculating areas, volumes, and linear changes of irregularly shaped refractory specimens.
1.2 The specimens must have a constant cross-sectional area over a length (L).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The mullite content of an alumina-silica refractory material has an important influence on volume stability, load-bearing properties, and its satisfactory use in refractory applications. This classification is considered useful for purchase specifications and quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers refractory products consisting predominantly of mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) crystals that are formed by either converting any of the sillimanite group of minerals, or synthesizing from appropriate materials in a melt or sinter process.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard for unglazed, structural clay nonloadbearing screen tile. This standard, however, does not cover the use of results from testing of tile extracted from masonry structures. Specimens in this standard shall be manufactured from clay, shale or similar naturally occurring substances and shall undergo firing. Two types of tiles shall be covered in this specification: the type STX and type STA. Tiles shall adhere to physical properties such durability. All the tiles shall be reasonably free from laminations and other defects.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers unglazed, structural clay, nonloadbearing screen tile.
1.2 The property requirements of this specification apply at the time of purchase. The use of results from testing of tile extracted from masonry structures for determining conformance or nonconformance to the property requirements (Section 6) of this specification is beyond the scope of this standard.
1.3 Tile covered by this specification are manufactured from clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring substances and subjected to a heat treatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatment must develop sufficient fired bond between the particulate constituents to provide the strength and durability requirements of this specification. (See firing and fired bond in Terminology C1232).
1.4 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This specification covers brick intended for use as the lining in the fireboxes of residential fireplaces. Firebox brick are manufactured from clay, fire clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring earthy substances and subjected to a heat treatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatment must develop a fired bond between the particulate constituents to provide the strength and durability requirements. Firebox brick shall be shaped during manufacture by molding, pressing, or extruding and cutting. Modulus of rupture test, pyrometric cone equivalent test, size test, and warpage test shall be performed to conform to the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers brick intended for use as the lining in the fireboxes of residential fireplaces.
1.2 The requirements of this specification apply at the time of purchase. The use of results from testing of brick extracted from masonry for determining conformance or nonconformance to the requirements of this specification is beyond the scope of this standard.
1.3 Firebox brick are manufactured from clay, fire clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring earthy substances and subjected to a heat treatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatment must develop a fired bond between the particulate constituents to provide the strength and durability requirements of this specification (see Terminology C1232).
Note 1: Firebox brick are typically installed using ground fire clay mortar or refractory mortar. Mortar joints are typically 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) thick, just thick enough to accommodate dimensional variations in the firebox brick.
1.4 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this specification.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This specification covers structural clay nonloadbearing tile (partition, fireproofing, and furring). One grade of tile is covered, Grade NB. Structural clay non-load-bearing tile shall conform to the specified requirements for absorption. Tile intended for use in fireproofing structural members shall be of such sizes and shapes that they can be erected to cover completely the exposed surfaces of the members. All tile shall be reasonably free of laminations and of cracks, blisters, surface roughness, and other defects that would interfere with the proper setting of the tile or impair the strength or permanence of the construction.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers structural clay nonloadbearing tile (partition, fireproofing, and furring). Tile intended for use in fireproofing structural members shall be of such sizes and shapes that they can be erected to completely cover the exposed surfaces of the members. Fireproofing tile intended for use in load-bearing masonry shall conform to Specification C34.
1.2 The property requirements of this specification apply at the time of purchase. The use of results from testing of tile extracted from masonry structures for determining conformance or non-conformance to the property requirements (Section 5) of this standard is beyond the scope of this specification.
1.3 Tile covered by this specification are manufactured from clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring substances and subjected to a heat treatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatment must develop sufficient fired bond between the particulate constituents to provide the strength and durability requirements of this specification. (See firing and fired bond in Terminology C1232.)
1.4 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this specification.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The oxidation of silicon carbide refractories at elevated temperatures is an important consideration in the application of these refractories. The product of oxidation is amorphous silica or cristobalite, depending upon the temperature at which oxidation takes place. This oxide formation is associated with expansion and degradation of strength. The quantity of water vapor in the atmosphere greatly affects the rate of oxidation.
3.2 The test, which creates and measures the expansion, is suitable for guidance in product development and relative comparison in application work where oxidation potential is of concern. The variability of the test is such that it is not recommended for use as a referee test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the oxidation resistance of silicon carbide refractories at elevated temperatures in an atmosphere of steam. The steam is used to accelerate the test. Oxidation resistance is the ability of the silicon carbide (SiC) in the refractory to resist conversion to silicon dioxide (SiO2) and its attendant crystalline growth.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method provides a rapid, inexpensive method for comparing the corrosion resistance of refractories. The isothermal conditions of this test method represent the most severe static corrosion environment possible at the specified test temperature. This test method is suitable for quality control, research and development applications, and for product value studies on similar materials. Tests run at a series of temperatures are often helpful in determining the use temperature limitations of a particular material. Melt-line corrosion results are also a useful indication of relative resistance to both upward and downward drilling corrosion mechanisms. Examination of test specimens also provides information about the tendency for a particular refractory to form stones or other glass defects.
3.2 Because this test method is both isothermal and static, and since most glass-contact refractories operate in a dynamic system with a thermal gradient, test results do not directly predict service in a furnace. The effects of differing thermal conductivities, refractory thickness, artificial cooling or insulation upon the refractory thermal gradient, and the erosive action of moving molten glass currents are not evaluated with this test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the corrosion resistance of refractories in contact with molten glass under static, isothermal conditions.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off