81.040.01 - Glass in general
ICS 81.040.01 Details
Glass in general
Glas im allgemeinen
Verre en général
Steklo na splošno
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 81.040.01 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Glass in general". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 97 standards classified under ICS 81.040.01 (Glass in general). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
This document provides the specifications and specifies the requirements for the designation of three types of glass namely crystal glass, crystal, and lead crystal, according to their chemical composition, density and refractive index. This document also describes the test methods to measure the respective characteristics of these crystal glass types. Given the potential lead contamination concerns in crystal glass and crystal, this document additionally stipulates a maximum permissible limit for lead content. This document is applicable to the designated crystal glass types used as tableware, containers (e.g. bottles, decanters, perfume jars), giftware, home decor and any decorative components in consumer goods (e.g. glass components and/or parts used in jewellery, textile applications, and electrical and electronic equipment), furniture and luminaries. This document does not apply to crystal glass types used within the areas of construction, healthcare and laboratories, and other technical uses of glass.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Many of the low-silica technical glasses which contain soluble or reactive oxides require processing or involve applications that require cleaning. Very often these cleaning procedures have evolved over several decades and are considered an art. They usually contain numerous steps, some of questionable validity. It is the premise of this practice that cleaning glass can be more scientific. Design of a cleaning procedure should involve (1) a definition of the soil to be removed, (2) an awareness of the constraints imposed by the glass composition, and (3) a rational selection of alternative methods that will remove the soil and leave the glass in a condition suitable for its intended application. This practice provides information to assist in step (3). General references on glass cleaning and on various methods of evaluating cleanliness and associated information has been published.2
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers information that will permit design of a rational cleaning procedure that can be used with a glass that is somewhat soluble in many aqueous chemical solutions. Typically, this type of glass is used in applications such as optical ware, glass-to-metal seals, low dielectric loss products, glass fibers, infrared transmitting products, and products resistant to metallic vapors.
1.2 In most cases, this type of glass contains high concentrations of oxides that tend to react with a number of aqueous chemicals. Such oxides include B2O3, Al2O3, R2O, RO, La2O3, ZnO, PbO, P2O5, and Fe2O3. The more conventional high-silica glasses are usually more chemically resistant, but the cleaning principles outlined here also apply to them.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 4 and Table 1.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The glass transition is dependent on the thermal history of the material to be tested. For amorphous and semicrystalline materials the assignment of the glass transition temperature may lead to important information about thermal history, processing conditions, stability, progress of chemical reactions, and mechanical and electrical behavior.
5.2 Thermomechanical analysis provides a rapid means of detecting changes in hardness or linear expansion associated with the glass transition.
5.3 This test method is useful for research and development, quality control, and specification acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes procedures for the assignment of the glass transition temperature of materials on heating using thermomechanical measurements under compression experimental conditions.
1.2 This test method is applicable to amorphous or to partially crystalline materials that are sufficiently rigid below the glass transition to inhibit indentation by the sensing probe.
1.3 The normal operating temperature range is from −100 °C to 600 °C. This temperature range may be extended depending upon the instrumentation used.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is well suited for measuring the viscosity of glasses between the range within which rotational viscometry (see Practice C965) is useful and the range within which beam bending viscometry is useful (see Test Method C1350M). It can be used to determine the viscosity/temperature curve in the region near the softening point (see Test Method C338). This test method is useful for providing information related to the behavior of glass as it is formed into an object of commerce, and in research and development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the viscosity of glass from 104 Pa·s to 108 Pa·s by measuring the rate of viscous compression of a small, solid cylinder.2
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended to provide a means for determining the concentration of fill gases, typically argon, oxygen, and nitrogen gases in individual sealed insulating glass units, which were intended to be filled with a specific concentration of fill gases at the time of manufacture.
4.2 The fill gases, oxygen and nitrogen, are physically separated by gas chromatography and compared to corresponding components separated under similar conditions from a reference standard mixture or mixtures of known composition. If the carrier gas is the same as the fill gas, then just the oxygen and nitrogen (air contaminate) are separated.
4.3 The composition of the sample is calculated from the chromatogram by comparing the area under the curve of each component with the area under the curve of the corresponding component on the reference standard chromatogram.
4.4 It is essential that the person or persons performing this test are very knowledgeable about the principles and techniques of gas chromatography, operation and calibration of gas chromatographs. More information can be found in Practice E355.
4.5 It takes time for the fill gas to equilibrate in any insulating glass unit. This is particularly important in insulating glass units using a tubular spacer and in units containing interior components such as tubular muntin bars. Performing this test before a unit has equilibrated could result in fill gas concentrations that are measurably different than the actual fill gas concentration.
4.6 This method may be used to determine the initial fill gas concentration achieved by the filling method, or the fill gas concentration in units that have been in service or that have been subjected to durability tests such as those described in Test Method E2188.
4.7 This is a destructive test method in that the edge seal of the insulating glass unit is breached in order to obtain a gas sample for analysis by gas chromatography.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for using gas chromatographs to determine the concentration of argon gas in the space between the panes of sealed insulating glass.
1.2 This test method is not applicable to insulating glass units containing open capillary/breather tubes.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies a) a method for determining the hydrolytic resistance of glass grains at 98 °C. The resistance is measured and expressed by the volume of acid required for titration of the alkali extracted from the unit mass of glass, and can also be expressed by the amount of sodium oxide equivalent to this volume of acid, and b) a classification of glass according to the hydrolytic resistance determined by the method of this document. This document is intended for use on the less resistant types of glass, such as soda-lime glass. NOTE 1 For the more resistant glasses, e.g. borosilicate glass, the method specified in ISO 720 is more suited. NOTE 2 It is emphasized that there is no exact correlation between the classification laid down in this document and that laid down in ISO 720, and it is, therefore, essential to identify which classification is being used.
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This document specifies a) a method for determining the hydrolytic resistance of glass grains at 121 °C. The resistance is measured and expressed by the volume of acid required for titration of the alkali extracted from the unit mass of glass, and can also be expressed by the amount of sodium oxide equivalent to this volume of acid, and b) a classification of glass according to the hydrolytic resistance determined by the method of this document. This document is intended for use on the more resistant types of glass, e.g. borosilicate glass. NOTE 1 For the less resistant glasses, e.g. soda-lime, the method specified in ISO 719 is more suited. NOTE 2 It is emphasized that there is no exact correlation between the classification laid down in this document and that laid down in ISO 719, and it is, therefore, essential to identify which classification is being used.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The performance of glass products may be affected by presence of residual stresses due to process, differential thermal expansion between fused components, and by inclusions. This test method provides means of quantitative evaluation of stresses.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the analysis of stress in glass by means of a polarimeter based on the principles developed by Jessop and Friedel (1, 2).2 Stress is evaluated as a function of optical retardation, that is expressed as the angle of rotation of an analyzing polarizer that causes extinction in the glass.
1.2 There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tests conducted in accordance with this practice are used to evaluate the stability of laminated glazing materials when they are exposed outdoors or used indoors. The relative durability of glazing in outdoor use can be very different depending on the location of the exposure because of differences in ultraviolet (UV) radiation, time of wetness, temperature, pollutants, and other factors. It cannot be assumed, therefore, that results from one exposure in a single location will be useful for determining relative durability in a different location. When comparing exposure results, at a minimum, the locations of exposure are to be as similar as possible with regard to critical factors such as the amount and rate of solar radiation deposited on the specimens, temperature and humidity levels during exposure. Exposures in several locations with different climates that represent a broad range of anticipated service conditions may be necessary.
4.2 Because of year-to-year climatological variations, results from a single exposure test cannot be used to predict the absolute rate at which a material degrades. Several years of repeat exposures are needed to get an average test result for a given location.
4.3 The results of short-term natural and accelerated exposure tests can provide an indication of relative outdoor performance, but they should not be used to predict the absolute long-term performance of a material. The results of tests conducted under natural exposure for less than twelve months will depend on the particular season of the year in which they begin.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to cover procedures for the exposure of laminated glass materials to natural and accelerated weather.
1.2 This practice is limited to the method by which the material is to be exposed and the general procedure to be followed. It is intended for use with finished articles of commerce as well as with all sizes and shapes of test specimens.
1.3 Means of evaluation of the effects of weathering will depend on the intended use for the test material.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful for accurate measurement of from a wide variety of glass samples, whose ranges from 1.48–1.55.
4.2 It should be recognized that measurement of surface fragments, especially from float glass samples, can result in refractive index values which are different than the refractive index values of fragments from the interior of (for example, bulk) the same broken glass source (5).
4.3 The precision of this test method shall be established in each laboratory that employs it as part of the validation protocol (see Section 9).
4.4 It should be recognized that this technique measures the refractive index of the glass at the match point temperature, which will be higher than ambient temperature, and thus, may give different values from those obtained by other methods, which measure the refractive index at room temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring and comparing the refractive index (η) at a fixed wavelength (λ) and temperature (T) ( ) of glass from known sources to recovered fragments from a questioned source.
1.2 This test method does not include the measurement of optical dispersion or the measurement of refractive index ( ) at any other wavelength other than the Sodium D line ( ). This method employs a narrow band pass filter at 589 nm, but other filters could be employed using the described method, allowing the to be determined at other wavelengths, and therefore, also allowing for the dispersion value to be calculated.
1.3 Alternative methods for the determination of are listed in Refs (1-5).2
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through education, training, and experience and is to be used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is well suited for measuring the viscosity of glasses in ranges higher than those covered by parallel plate (see Test Method C1351M) and rotational viscometry (see Practice C965) methods. This test method is useful for providing information related to the behavior of glass after it has been formed into an object of commerce and in research and development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of glass viscosity from approximately 108 Pa·s to approximately 1013 Pa·s by measuring the rate of viscous bending of a simply loaded glass beam.2 Due to the thermal history of the glass, the viscosity may not represent conditions of thermal equilibrium at the high end of the measured viscosity range. Measurements carried out over extended periods of time at any temperature or thermal preconditioning will minimize these effects by allowing the glass to approach equilibrium structural conditions. Conversely, the method also may be used in experimental programs that focus on nonequilibrium conditions.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended to provide a means for testing the performance of the sealing system and construction of insulating glass units.
4.1.1 Insulating glass units tested in accordance with this method may be suitable for structurally glazed applications. However, factors such as sealant longevity when exposed to long term ultraviolet light and the structural properties of the sealant must be reviewed for these applications.
4.1.2 Insulating glass units tested in accordance with this method are not intended for continuous exposure to high relative humidity conditions or long-term immersion in water.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing the performance of preassembled permanently sealed insulating glass units or insulating glass units with capillary tubes intentionally left open.
1.2 This test method is applicable only to insulating glass units that are constructed with glass.
1.3 This test method is applicable to both double-glazed and triple-glazed insulating glass units. For triple-glazed insulating glass units where both of the outer lites are glass and the inner lite is either glass or a suspended film.
1.4 The unit construction used in this test method contains dimensions that are an essential component of the test. Different types of glass, different glass thicknesses, and different cavity sizes may affect the test results.
1.5 This test method is not applicable to insulating glass units containing a spandrel glass coating due to testing limitations.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ISO 14719:2011 specifies a spectral photometric method with 1,10-phenanthroline for the quantitative determination of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in oxidic raw and basic materials for ceramics, glass and glazes, e.g. feldspar, kaolinites, clay, limestone, quartz refractory materials. ISO 14719:2011 could be extended to other aluminosilicate materials, providing that uncertainty data is produced to support it. However, there might be problems in the decomposition of high-purity alumina and chrome ore samples.
The method is not suitable for reduced materials, such as silicon carbide, graphite-magnesia, etc.
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ISO 14719:2011 specifies a spectral photometric method with 1,10-phenanthroline for the quantitative determination of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in oxidic raw and basic materials for ceramics, glass and glazes, e.g. feldspar, kaolinites, clay, limestone, quartz refractory materials. ISO 14719:2011 could be extended to other aluminosilicate materials, providing that uncertainty data is produced to support it. However, there might be problems in the decomposition of high-purity alumina and chrome ore samples.
The method is not suitable for reduced materials, such as silicon carbide, graphite-magnesia, etc.
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ISO 14719:2011 specifies a spectral photometric method with 1,10-phenanthroline for the quantitative determination of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in oxidic raw and basic materials for ceramics, glass and glazes, e.g. feldspar, kaolinites, clay, limestone, quartz refractory materials. ISO 14719:2011 could be extended to other aluminosilicate materials, providing that uncertainty data is produced to support it. However, there might be problems in the decomposition of high-purity alumina and chrome ore samples. The method is not suitable for reduced materials, such as silicon carbide, graphite-magnesia, etc.
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ISO 21078-1:2008 specifies methods of determining boron(III) oxide in refractory products and raw materials, in mass fractions of 0,01 % or greater. It is applicable to the determination of total boron(111) oxide in oxidic materials for ceramics, glass and glazes.
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ISO 21078-2:2006 specifies procedures of chemical analysis for the determination of boron(III) oxide used as a binder component added to aluminosilicate refractories, using an acid extraction method.
It is applicable for refractories containing less than 1 % (mass fraction) of boron(III) oxide.
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ISO 21078-1:2008 specifies methods of determining boron(III) oxide in refractory products and raw materials, in mass fractions of 0,01 % or greater. It is applicable to the determination of total boron(111) oxide in oxidic materials for ceramics, glass and glazes.
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ISO 21078-2:2006 specifies procedures of chemical analysis for the determination of boron(III) oxide used as a binder component added to aluminosilicate refractories, using an acid extraction method. It is applicable for refractories containing less than 1 % (mass fraction) of boron(III) oxide.
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The principle of the method specified is conditioning the extract solution to be analyzed, developing the blue silicomolybdate complex using ammonium molybdate and a reducing solution, measuring the optical density of the resulting colour complex by means of a molecular absorption spectrometer at 800 nm using 10 mm optical cells. Measures the concentrations of silicon, expressed as its oxide SiO2. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware including laboratory and pharmaceutical ware, food and drink packaging ware, tableware and kitchenware.
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The principle of the method specified is spraying the extract solution into the flame of the burner of an emission or absorption spectrometer, if necessary with the addition of a spectrochemical buffer solution, or into the flame of a filter flame spectrometer without this addition. For FES and FAAS, the lines at 589,0 nm and 766,5 nm, respectively, are used and compared with the measurements of reference solutions, for a flame filter spectrometer, the specific filters are used. Measures the concentrations of sodium and potassium, expressed as their oxides Na2O and K2O. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware.
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The principle of the method specified is measuring the portion of the 422,7 nm line absorbed by calcium atoms and of the 285,2 nm line absorbed by magnesium atoms using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer, and comparison with the absorption produced by reference solutions. Measures the concentrations of calcium and magnesium, expressed as their oxides CaO and MgO. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware including laboratory and pharmaceutical ware, food and drink packaging ware, tableware and kitchenware.
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The principle of the method specified is reducing the iron in the extract solution, complexing, extracting the complex into chloroform and measurement of the optical density of the resulting colour complex by means of a molecular absorption spectrometer at 533 nm or evaporating with hydrofluoric and perchloric acids, dissolving of the residue in hydrochloric acid, measuring the absorption using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer at 248,3 nm. Measures the concentration of iron, expressed as its oxide Fe2O3. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware.
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Describes a test method for determining the stresses which may occur after the sealing of two glasses by means of stress birefringence.
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The principle of the method specified is complexing of the boron in the extract solution to be analyzed with azomethine H, measurement of the optical density of the resulting colour complex by means of a molecular absorption spectrometer at 415 nm using 20 mm optical cells. Measures the concentration of boron, expressed as its oxide B2O3. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware including laboratory and pharmaceutical ware made, e.g., from borosilicate glass, neutral glass, tableware and kitchenware.
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The principle of the method specified is complexing of the aluminium in the extract solution to be analyzed with chromazurol S, measuring the optical density of the resulting solution by means of a molecular absorption spectrometer at 545 nm using 10 mm optical cells. Measures the concentration of aluminium, expressed as its oxide Al2O3. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware including laboratory and pharmaceutical ware, food and drink packaging ware, tableware and kitchenware.
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The principle of the method specified is measuring the portion of the 422,7 nm line absorbed by calcium atoms and of the 285,2 nm line absorbed by magnesium atoms using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer, and comparison with the absorption produced by reference solutions. Measures the concentrations of calcium and magnesium, expressed as their oxides CaO and MgO. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware including laboratory and pharmaceutical ware, food and drink packaging ware, tableware and kitchenware.
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The principle of the method specified is spraying the extract solution into the flame of the burner of an emission or absorption spectrometer, if necessary with the addition of a spectrochemical buffer solution, or into the flame of a filter flame spectrometer without this addition. For FES and FAAS, the lines at 589,0 nm and 766,5 nm, respectively, are used and compared with the measurements of reference solutions, for a flame filter spectrometer, the specific filters are used. Measures the concentrations of sodium and potassium, expressed as their oxides Na2O and K2O. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware.
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The principle of the method specified is complexing of the aluminium in the extract solution to be analyzed with chromazurol S, measuring the optical density of the resulting solution by means of a molecular absorption spectrometer at 545 nm using 10 mm optical cells. Measures the concentration of aluminium, expressed as its oxide Al2O3. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware including laboratory and pharmaceutical ware, food and drink packaging ware, tableware and kitchenware.
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The principle of the method specified is reducing the iron in the extract solution, complexing, extracting the complex into chloroform and measurement of the optical density of the resulting colour complex by means of a molecular absorption spectrometer at 533 nm or evaporating with hydrofluoric and perchloric acids, dissolving of the residue in hydrochloric acid, measuring the absorption using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer at 248,3 nm. Measures the concentration of iron, expressed as its oxide Fe2O3. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware.
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The principle of the method specified is conditioning the extract solution to be analyzed, developing the blue silicomolybdate complex using ammonium molybdate and a reducing solution, measuring the optical density of the resulting colour complex by means of a molecular absorption spectrometer at 800 nm using 10 mm optical cells. Measures the concentrations of silicon, expressed as its oxide SiO2. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware including laboratory and pharmaceutical ware, food and drink packaging ware, tableware and kitchenware.
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The principle of the method specified is complexing of the boron in the extract solution to be analyzed with azomethine H, measurement of the optical density of the resulting colour complex by means of a molecular absorption spectrometer at 415 nm using 20 mm optical cells. Measures the concentration of boron, expressed as its oxide B2O3. Applies to the analysis of extract solutions obtained from any kind of glass or glassware including laboratory and pharmaceutical ware made, e.g., from borosilicate glass, neutral glass, tableware and kitchenware.
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Describes the tensile test for isotropic glass. The wavelength-dependent stress-optical coefficient is a characteristic value of materials and it is necessary for determining the stress from results of measurement of stress birefringence.
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Describes the bending test for isotropic glass. The wavelength-dependent stress-optical coefficient is a characteristic value of materials and it is necessary for determining the stress from results of measurement of stress birefringence.
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Specifies the reagents, the preparation and number of samples, and the test procedure; describes the expression of results and the contents of the test report. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (1984).
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- Standard3 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This method allows continuous measurements viscosity and measurements under various shearing stresses. The viscosity is determined by the flow field coefficient, the torque and the rotational frequency. Two types of rotation viscometers are described: viscometer of the Couette type with adjustable revolving crucible and viscometer of Searle type with the crucibel at rest and the plunger revolving. The procedure is specified and typical examples of flow field with formules for calculating (annex A) and a typical rotation viscometer (annex B) are described.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
A method of determining the dynamic viscosity of glass by measuring the elongation a glass fibre under a defined uniaxial stress. In addition the viscosity-temperature relationship and the dependence of the viscosity on the thermal history can be checked. The theoretical basis relation and the apparatus including the method of measuring are specified.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
The specified method is suitable for characterizing the low-viscosity range of glass working: A vertically positioned narrow metal rod, i.e. the bar, is allowed to sink under its own weight into the melt. From the rate of sinking the dynamic viscosity is calculated. The teoretical basis relation and the apparatus including method of measurements are described.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
The temperature characterizes a certain glass transition range from the elastic brittle (low temperature) state to the viscous (high temperature) state of glass. It is used for specifying cooling programmes. The transformation temperature is determined by measuring the change in length, related to the length at intial temperature, of a rod made from the glass under test with temperature. The relative change in length is plotted against the temperature (dilatometer curve). From this dilatometer curve the transformation temperature is determined by a graphic procedure as shown in a diagramm.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
The method deals with the measurement of the change of length of a glass fibre under specified conditions. The apparatus including the used dilatometers and the possibilities of corretion, the formulae for the final length and the expansion coefficient are specified. In the annex, devices for self-adjusting alignment of specimen and push-rod axis are described and illustrated.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
Rules a given characterizing glass as a liquid (or liquid-analogue deformable) material. Three ranges of viscosity can be distinguished: melting, working and annealing range. General requirements for measurement and calibration, for apparatus and for sampling are specified. The formulae for calculating the different values are described. In annex A tables for estimating the influence of errors in viscosity and temperature determination and in annex B examples of certified reference glasses are shown.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
The specified method provides values being useful for specifying the cooling programme in the production of glassware. The annealing point is determined by measuring the rate of midpoint viscous bending of a simple loaded glass beam. The strain point is subsequently determined by an extrapolation method. Annex A provides the formulae for cross-sectional moment of inertia at various cross-section geometries, and annex B shows an example of beam bending apparatus
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
A method of determining the dynamic viscosity of glass on a rod-shaped test specimen, i.e. a beam, supported at its end is specified. The viscous deflection rate of the beam is measured under given load at the midpoint between the supports. In addition the viscosity-temperature relationship and the dependence of the viscosity on the thermal history of the sample can be determined. The theoretical basis relations and the apparatus including method of measurements are described.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
The temperatur above which the glass is capable of most forming operations is determined by measuring the elongation of a round glass fibre under its own weight. Closely defines requirements for the test specimen, procedure and apparatus lead to optimum repeatability of the specified temperature point. The furnace is specified with essential aspects.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off