59.100.20 - Carbon materials
ICS 59.100.20 Details
Carbon materials
Kohlenstoffasern. Kohlenstoffgewebe
Matériaux de renforcement a base de carbone
Ogljikovi materiali
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 59.100.20 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Carbon materials". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 52 standards classified under ICS 59.100.20 (Carbon materials). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document specifies a method for determining oxygen to carbon ratio of carbon fibre surfaces using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). This method is applicable to all kinds of carbon fibres and their fibre forms.
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This document specifies methods for the simultaneous measurement of the fibre tensile strength distribution, and the fibre resin interfacial shear strength of recycled carbon fibres using the modified fragmentation test.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The properties determined by these test methods are of value in material specifications, qualifications, data base generation, certification, research, and development.
5.2 These test methods are intended for the testing of fibers that have been specifically developed for use as reinforcing agents in advanced composite structures. The test results of an impregnated and consolidated fiber should be representative of the strength and modulus that are available in the material when used as intended. The performance of fibers in different resin systems can vary significantly so that correlations between results using these test methods and composite testing may not always be obtained.
5.3 The reproducibility of test results is dependent upon precise control over all test conditions. Resin type, content and distribution, curing process, filament alignment, gripping in the testing machine, and alignment in the testing machine are of special importance.
5.4 The measured strengths of fibers are not unique quantities and test results are strongly dependent on the test methods used. Therefore the test method described here will not necessarily give the same mean strengths or standard deviations as those obtained from single filaments, dry fibers, composite laminas, or composite laminates.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the preparation and tensile testing of resin-impregnated and consolidated test specimens made from continuous filament carbon and graphite yarns, rovings, and tows to determine their tensile properties.
1.2 These test methods also cover the determination of the density and mass per unit length of the yarn, roving, or tow to provide supplementary data for tensile property calculation.
1.3 These test methods include a procedure for sizing removal to provide the preferred desized fiber samples for density measurement. This procedure may also be used to determine the weight percent sizing.
1.4 These test methods include a procedure for determining the weight percent moisture adsorption of carbon or graphite fiber.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies a method using a thermal imaging camera for measuring the heat transfer parameter of PAN-based 12 K carbon fibre tow with a filament diameter of 7 µm. This document is applicable to both sized and unsized carbon fibres. NOTE At the time of publication, the experience is on 12 K tow. Other tows will be included when the experience becomes available.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test is used to determine the oxidative resistances of carbon fibers as a means of selecting the most stable fibers for incorporation in high-temperature fiber-reinforced composite systems. It can be used for quality control, material specification, and for research and development of improved carbon fibers. Factors that influence the oxidative resistance and should be reported are fiber identification, carbon fiber precursor type, fiber modulus, and any information on impurities, particularly metals. Also note that the presence of finish on the fiber can affect the oxidative resistance, and thus, alternative specimen preparations that enable the evaluation of finish effects are included.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the apparatus and procedure for the determination of the weight loss of carbon fibers, exposed to ambient hot air, as a means of characterizing their oxidative resistance.
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard information, see Section 8.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to report considerations, which should be included in testing nonstandard specimens that lie outside the constraints imposed on size/volume in existing ASTM standards for graphite (noting that there are some generic ASTM standards with no such constraints). These constraints may be real or may be an artifact of the round-robin test program that supported the standard. It is the responsibility of the user to demonstrate that the application of a standard outside any specified constraints is valid and reasonably provides properties of the bulk material from which the nonstandard specimen was extracted.
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1.1 This guide covers best practice for properties measurements on small (nonstandard) graphite specimens and requirements for representing properties of the bulk material. This guide is aimed specifically at measurements required on graphites, where there may be constraints on the geometry or volume of the test specimen, or both. The objective of this guide is to provide advice on how the application of selected standards under noncompliant conditions can be tested for suitability.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for guidance for material development to improve toughness, material comparison, quality assessment, and characterization.
5.2 The fracture toughness value provides information on the initiation of fracture in graphite containing a straight-through notch; the information on stress intensity factor beyond fracture toughness as a function of crack extension provides information on the crack propagation resistance once a fracture crack has been initiated to propagate through the test specimen.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and provides a measure of the resistance of a graphite to crack extension at ambient temperature and atmosphere expressed in terms of stress-intensity factor, K, and strain energy release rate, G. These crack growth resistance properties are determined using beam test specimens with a straight-through sharp machined V-notch.
1.2 This test method determines the stress intensity factor, K, from applied force and gross specimen deflection measured away from the crack tip. The stress intensity factor calculated at the maximum applied load is denoted as fracture toughness, KIc, and is known as the critical stress intensity factor. If the resolution of the deflection gauge is sensitive to fracture behavior in the test specimen and can provide a measure of the specimen compliance, strain energy release rate, G, can be determined as a function of crack extension.
1.3 This test method is applicable to a variety of grades of graphite which exhibit different types of resistance to crack growth, such as growth at constant stress intensity (strain energy release rate), or growth with increasing stress intensity (strain energy release rate), or growth with decreasing stress intensity (strain energy release rate). It is generally recognized that because of the inhomogeneous microstructure of graphite, the general behavior will exhibit a mixture of all three during the test. The crack resistance behavior exhibited in the test is usually referred to as an “R-curve.”
Note 1: One difference between the procedure in this test method and test methods such as Test Method E399, which measure fracture toughness, KIc, by one set of specific operational procedures, is that Test Method E399 focuses on the start of crack extension from a fatigue precrack for metallic materials. This test method for graphite makes use of a machined notch with sharp cracking at the root of the notch because of the nature of graphite. Therefore, fracture toughness values determined with this method may not be interchanged with KIc as defined in Test Method E399.
1.4 This test method gives fracture toughness values, KIc and critical strain energy release rate, GIc for specific conditions of environment, deformation rate, and temperature. Fracture toughness values for a graphite grade can be functions of environment, deformation rate, and temperature.
1.5 This test method is divided into two major parts. The first major part is the main body of the standard, which provides general information on the test method, the applicability to materials comparison and qualification, and requirements and recommendations for fracture toughness testing. The second major part is composed of annexes, which provide information related to test apparatus and test specimen geometry.
Main Body
Section
Scope
1
Referenced Documents
2
Terminology
3
Summary of Test Method
4
Significance and Use
5
Apparatus
6
Test Specimen
7
Procedure
8
Specimen Dryness
9
Calculation of Results
10
Report
11
Precision and Bias
12
Keywords
13
Annex
Annex A1
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6.1 Measurement units expressed in these test methods are in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
1.7 This standard does no...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sonic velocity measurements are useful for comparing materials with similar elastic properties, dimensions, and microstructure.
5.2 Eq 1 provides an accurate value of Young’s modulus only for isotropic, non-attenuative, non-dispersive materials of infinite dimensions. For non-isotropic graphite Eq 1 can be modified to take into account the Poisson’s ratios in all directions. As graphite is a strongly attenuative material, the value of Young’s modulus obtained with Eq 1 will be dependent on specimen length. If the specimen lateral dimensions are not large compared with the wavelength of the propagated pulse, then the value of Young’s modulus obtained with Eq 1 will be dependent on the specimen lateral dimensions. The accuracy of the Young’s modulus calculated from Eq 1 will also depend upon uncertainty in Poisson’s ratio and its impact on the evaluation of the Poisson’s factor in Eq 2. However, a value for Young’s modulus Eq 1 or Eq 7) can be obtained for many applications, which is often in good agreement with the value obtained by other more accurate methods, such as in Test Method C747. The technical issues and typical values of corresponding uncertainties are discussed in detail in STP 1578.6
5.3 If the grain size of the carbon or graphite is greater than or about equal to the wavelength of the sonic pulse, the method may not provide a value of the Young’s modulus representative of the bulk material. Therefore it would be desirable to test a lower frequency (longer wavelength) to demonstrate that the range of obtained velocity values are within acceptable levels of accuracy. Significant signal attenuation should be expected when grain size of the material is greater than or about equal to the wavelength of the transmitted sonic pulse or the material is more porous than would be expected for as-manufactured graphite.
Note 1: Due to frequency dependent attenuation in graphite, the wavelength of the sonic pulse through the test specimen is not necessaril...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the longitudinal and transverse (shear) sonic velocities in manufactured carbon and graphite which can be used to obtain approximate values for the elastic constants: Young’s modulus (E), the shear modulus (G), and Poisson’s ratio (v).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies four methods for the determination of the density of carbon fibre tested as a yarn: - method A: liquid-displacement method; - method B: sink/float method; - method C: density-gradient column method; - method D: gas pycnometer method. Method C is the reference method in cases of dispute, etc.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 By definition, the tensile strength of manufactured graphite is obtained by the direct uniaxial tensile test (Test Method C749). The C749 tensile test specimen is relatively large and is frequently incompatible with available irradiation capsule volumes, or oxidation apparatus (Test Method D7542). The splitting tensile test provides an alternate means of testing tensile properties on specimens that have severe geometric constraints and otherwise cannot meet the prescribed testing geometries of Test Method C749. By loading a disc-shaped specimen, on edge, under a compressive load, the resulting tensile stresses transverse to the loading axis provide an indication of the tensile strength properties of graphite. To obtain consistent and meaningful values of a splitting tensile strength, it is vital that the fracture initiate in the center of the disk and not along an edge. This standard test helps to ensure that the disk specimens break diametrally along the loading diameter due to tensile stresses that are perpendicular to the loading axis and that the fracture initiates at the center of the disk.
4.2 The stress determined using the diametral compression test is the maximum tensile stress at the center of the disk when loaded under the prescribed conditions and the fracture initiates at the center of the disk. It should be understood that this tensile stress value is obtained with the specimen in a complex biaxial stress condition. When the test is performed carefully and consistently these tensile stress values are comparable to each other, but the performers of this test should validate the values obtained. Any bias when comparing values with this standard to the uniaxial tensile stress values obtained using Test Method C749 should be identified and reported. Validation shall be performed on the same material and may not be applicable to other states of the same material (for example, oxidized, irradiated). Guidance on small specimen testing can be found in G...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers testing apparatus, specimen preparation, and testing procedures for determining the splitting tensile strength of graphite by diametral line compression of a disk. This small specimen geometry (Test Method D7779) is specifically intended for irradiation capsule use. Users are cautioned to use Test Method C749 if possible for measuring tensile strength properties of graphite.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 All dimension and force measurements and stress calculations shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The remarkable structural, physical and chemical properties of graphene — particularly its mechanical strength, high electronic mobility, lightness, and transparency (single layer or a few layers) — have generated worldwide research and industrial production efforts aimed at developing practical applications. Various industrially scalable production methods have been developed, including bottom-up approaches that grow graphene from small molecules (with or without a substrate), and top-down methods that start with graphite and exfoliate it by mechanical, chemical or electrochemical methods to produce nanoscale product such as graphene flakes. Two common exfoliation methods are: (1) oxidation of graphite to graphene oxide (GO) followed by additional processing to form reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) (2) and, (2) liquid phase exfoliation of graphite (3). The exfoliation methods, as well as substrate-less bottom-up approaches, produce materials in the form of flakes that can be dispersed in various solvents, making them suitable for applications requiring solution processing. Although there are many commercial “graphene” materials available on the market, the quality of these products is highly variable (4). There are many challenges in assessing the physical properties of the materials. In this guide we discuss how Raman spectroscopy (Raman) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to characterize materials consisting of flakes of graphene and related materials (that is, few layer graphene (FLG), GO, r-GO). Illustrative examples are provided showing how these methods can be used to identify the type of material present and to extract important parameters including lateral flake size, average flake thickness, ratio of intensities of the D and G modes (ID/IG) in the Raman spectrum and carbon to oxygen ratio. Specifically, when encountering an “unknown” material or product purporting to be “graphene,” it is essent...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard will provide guidance on the measurement approaches for assessment of lateral flake size, average flake thickness, Raman intensity ratio of the D to G bands, and carbon/oxygen ratio for graphene and related products. The techniques included here are atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Examples will be given for each type of measurement.
1.2 This guide is intended to serve as an example for manufacturers, producers, analysts, and others with an interest in graphene and related products such as graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. This Standard Guide is not intended to be a comprehensive overview of all possible characterization methods.
1.3 This guide does not include all sample preparation procedures for all possible materials and applications. The user must validate the appropriateness for their particular application.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies five test methods used for the determination of the diameter and cross-sectional area of single carbon fibre filaments. The shape of the cross-section of the filaments from different suppliers can vary significantly. The term "diameter" used in this document applies to all cases, from a "true" diameter, where the filament is exactly circular in cross-section, to an "apparent" diameter where the filament is not circular. The methods proposed are not necessarily directly applicable to all types of filament. The product specification determines the method to be used. If there is no specification, the selection of the appropriate method is a matter of judgement. The details given here are considered to be sufficiently precise to enable this choice to be made.
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ISO 30012:2016 specifies test methods for measurement of the size and aspect ratio of crushed carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics (CFRP), especially for recycling purpose. In this International Standard the shape of crushed CFRP, the fragment, is treated as a rectangular shape, and the measurement of the long and short sides of the shape is described. It applies to fragments of the following average dimensions: - length of the long side: 5 mm to 50 mm; - width of the short side: 1 mm to 10 mm. ISO 30012:2016 provides three measuring methods, two methods are manual methods using microscope and scale and the third method is an automatic method using a measuring apparatus. Crushed CFRP obtained from thermosetting or thermoplastic resin matrices are covered by this International Standard. NOTE If the crushed CFRP contain a lot of small fragments and fine particle, it is intended to screen out by a sieve of 1 mm size before the measurement.
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ISO 13931:2013 specifies two methods (i.e. method A and method B) for the determination of the volume resistivity of carbon fibre.
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ISO - Taking over of an ISO Technical Corrigendum
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ISO - Taking over of an ISO Technical Corrigendum
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ISO 10618:2004 specifies a method of test for the determination of the tensile strength, tensile modulus of elasticity and strain at maximum load of a resin-impregnated yarn specimen. The method is applicable to yarns (continuous and staple-fibre yarns) of carbon fibre for use as reinforcements in composite materials.
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ISO 10618:2004 specifies a method of test for the determination of the tensile strength, tensile modulus of elasticity and strain at maximum load of a resin-impregnated yarn specimen. The method is applicable to yarns (continuous and staple-fibre yarns) of carbon fibre for use as reinforcements in composite materials.
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ISO 10618:2004 specifies a method of test for the determination of the tensile strength, tensile modulus of elasticity and strain at maximum load of a resin-impregnated yarn specimen. The method is applicable to yarns (continuous and staple-fibre yarns) of carbon fibre for use as reinforcements in composite materials.
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ISO 10548 specifies test methods for the determination of the size content of carbon fibre yarn. It is applicable to continuous-filament yarns and staple-fibre yarns.
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ISO 10548 specifies test methods for the determination of the size content of carbon fibre yarn. It is applicable to continuous-filament yarns and staple-fibre yarns.
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ISO 10548 specifies test methods for the determination of the size content of carbon fibre yarn. It is applicable to continuous-filament yarns and staple-fibre yarns.
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1.1 This International Standard establishes a system of designation for filament yarns of carbon fibre which may be used as the basis for specifications.
1.2 This designation system is applicable to filament yarns used for the reinforcement of polymer composites.
It does not apply to discontinuous fibre products pyrolized in the form of staple yarns, woven fabrics, braids, knits,
mats, etc.
1.3 The types of filament yarns are differentiated from each other by a classification system based on appropriate levels of the designatory properties:
a) tensile modulus of elasticity;
b) tensile strength;
c) linear density.
1.4 It is not intended to imply that materials having the same designation give the same performance. This International Standard does not provide engineering data, performance data or data on processing conditions which may be required to specify a material for a particular application and/or method of processing.
1.5 In order to specify a filament yarn for a particular application or to ensure reproducible processing, additional
requirements may be given in data block 3 (see clause 3).
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1.1 This International Standard establishes a system of designation for filament yarns of carbon fibre which may be used as the basis for specifications.
1.2 This designation system is applicable to filament yarns used for the reinforcement of polymer composites.
It does not apply to discontinuous fibre products pyrolized in the form of staple yarns, woven fabrics, braids, knits,
mats, etc.
1.3 The types of filament yarns are differentiated from each other by a classification system based on appropriate levels of the designatory properties:
a) tensile modulus of elasticity;
b) tensile strength;
c) linear density.
1.4 It is not intended to imply that materials having the same designation give the same performance. This International Standard does not provide engineering data, performance data or data on processing conditions which may be required to specify a material for a particular application and/or method of processing.
1.5 In order to specify a filament yarn for a particular application or to ensure reproducible processing, additional
requirements may be given in data block 3 (see clause 3).
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1.1 This International Standard establishes a system of designation for filament yarns of carbon fibre which may be used as the basis for specifications. 1.2 This designation system is applicable to filament yarns used for the reinforcement of polymer composites. It does not apply to discontinuous fibre products pyrolized in the form of staple yarns, woven fabrics, braids, knits, mats, etc. 1.3 The types of filament yarns are differentiated from each other by a classification system based on appropriate levels of the designatory properties: a) tensile modulus of elasticity; b) tensile strength; c) linear density. 1.4 It is not intended to imply that materials having the same designation give the same performance. This International Standard does not provide engineering data, performance data or data on processing conditions which may be required to specify a material for a particular application and/or method of processing. 1.5 In order to specify a filament yarn for a particular application or to ensure reproducible processing, additional requirements may be given in data block 3 (see clause 3).
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Describes a method of test for the determination of the tensile properties of a single-filament specimen. Applicable to single filaments of carbon fibres, taken from multifilament yarns, woven fabrics, braids and related products.
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This standard is applicable to high-performance, high modulus carbon fibre filament yarns as defined in material standards. The carbon fibre filament yarns are used for manufacturing semi-finished products and for reinforcing metallic, plastic and ceramic parts. Polyacrylonitrile, pitch or viscose filament yarns are used as precursor which are transformed into carbon fibre filament yarns by controlled pyrolysis.
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This standard is applicable to high-performance, high modulus carbon fibre filament yarns as defined in material standards. The carbon fibre filament yarns are used for manufacturing semi-finished products and for reinforcing metallic, plastic and ceramic parts. Polyacrylonitrile, pitch or viscose filament yarns are used as precursor which are transformed into carbon fibre filament yarns by controlled pyrolysis.
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This International Standard specifies three methods for the determination of the density of carbon fibre yarn: method A: liquid-displacement method; method B: sink/float method; method C: density-gradient column method. Method C is the reference method.
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Specifies four test methods for the determination of the diameter and cross-sectional area of single carbon fibres. The shape of the cross-section of the filaments from different suppliers may vary significantly. The term "diameter" used herein applies to all cases from a diameter where the filament is exactly circular in cross-section.
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Specifies test methods for the determination of the size content of carbon fibre yarn. Applicable to continuous-filament yarns and staple-fibre yarns.
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Specifies three methods for the determination of the density of desized carbon fibre yarn: liquid-displacemenmt method, sink/float method, density-gradient column method. The last method is the reference method. The determination of density may also be carried out on sized fibre by agreement between customer and supplier.
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