SIST ISO 14721:2013

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14721
Second edition
2012-09-01
Space data and information transfer
systems — Open archival information
system (OAIS) — Reference model
Systèmes de transfert des informations et données spatiales —
Système ouvert d'archivage d'information (SOAI) — Modèle de
référence
Reference number
©
ISO 2012
©  ISO 2012
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ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 14721 was prepared by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) (as
CCSDS 650.0-M-2, June 2012) and was adopted (without modifications except those stated in Clause 2 of
this International Standard) by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee
SC 13, Space data and information transfer systems.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 14721:2003), which has been technically
revised.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14721:2012(E)

Space data and information transfer systems — Open archival
information system (OAIS) — Reference model
1 Scope
This International Standard defines the reference model for an open archival information system (OAIS). An
OAIS is an archive, consisting of an organization, which may be part of a larger organization, of people and
systems that has accepted the responsibility to preserve information and make it available for a designated
community. It meets a set of such responsibilities as defined in this International Standard, and this allows an
OAIS archive to be distinguished from other uses of the term "archive". The term "open" in OAIS is used to
imply that this International Standard, as well as future related International Standards, are developed in open
forums, and it does not imply that access to the archive is unrestricted.
This International Standard
 provides a framework for the understanding and increased awareness of archival concepts needed for
long term digital information preservation and access,
 provides the concepts needed by non-archival organizations to be effective participants in the
preservation process,
 provides a framework, including terminology and concepts, for describing and comparing architectures
and operations of existing and future archives,
 provides a framework for describing and comparing different Long Term Preservation strategies and
techniques,
 provides a basis for comparing the data models of digital information preserved by archives and for
discussing how data models and the underlying information may change over time,
 provides a framework that may be expanded by other efforts to cover long term preservation of
information that is not in digital form (e.g. physical media and physical samples),
 expands consensus on the elements and processes for long term digital information preservation and
access, and promotes a larger market which vendors can support, and
 guides the identification and production of OAIS-related standards.
The scope and field of application are furthermore detailed in subclauses 1.1 and 1.2 of the enclosed CCSDS
publication.
2 Requirements
Requirements are the technical recommendations made in the following publication (reproduced on the
following pages), which is adopted as an International Standard:
CCSDS 650.0-M-2, June 2012, Reference model for an open archival information system (OAIS).
For the purposes of international standardization, the modifications outlined below shall apply to the specific
clauses and paragraphs of publication CCSDS 650.0-M-2.
Pages i to v
This part is information which is relevant to the CCSDS publication only.
Page D-1
Add the following information to the reference indicated:
[D6] Document CCSDS 620.0-B-2, May 1992, is equivalent to ISO 12175:1994.
1)
[D7] Document CCSDS 644.0-B-2, November 2000, is equivalent to ISO 15889:2003 .
[D8] Document CCSDS 647.1-B-1, June 2001, is equivalent to ISO 21961:2003.
[D9] Document CCSDS 647.2-B-1, June 2001, is equivalent to ISO 21962:2003.
[D11] Document CCSDS 661.0-B-1, September 2008, is equivalent to ISO 13527:2010.
3 Revision of publication CCSDS 650.0-M-2
It has been agreed with the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems that Subcommittee
ISO/TC 20/SC 13 will be consulted in the event of any revision or amendment of publication
CCSDS 650.0-M-2. To this end, NASA will act as a liaison body between CCSDS and ISO.

1) Cancelled and replaced by ISO 15889:2011.
2 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

Recommendation for Space Data System Practices
REFERENCE MODEL FOR AN
OPEN ARCHIVAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM (OAIS)
RECOMMENDED PRACTICE
CCSDS 650.0-M-2
MAGENTA BOOK
June 2012
ISO 17421:2012(E)
CCSDS RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR AN OAIS REFERENCE MODEL
AUTHORITY
Issue: Recommended Practice, Issue 2
Date: June 2012
Location: Washington, DC, USA
This document has been approved for publication by the Management Council of the
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) and represents the consensus
technical agreement of the participating CCSDS Member Agencies. The procedure for
review and authorization of CCSDS documents is detailed in Organization and Processes for
the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS A02.1-Y-3), and the record of
Agency participation in the authorization of this document can be obtained from the CCSDS
Secretariat at the address below.

This document is published and maintained by:

CCSDS Secretariat
Space Communications and Navigation Office, 7L70
Space Operations Mission Directorate
NASA Headquarters
Washington, DC 20546-0001, USA
CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Page i June 2012
CCSDS RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR AN OAIS REFERENCE MODEL
STATEMENT OF INTENT
The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) is an organization officially
established by the management of its members. The Committee meets periodically to address
data systems problems that are common to all participants, and to formulate sound technical
solutions to these problems. Inasmuch as participation in the CCSDS is completely
voluntary, the results of Committee actions are termed Recommendations and are not in
themselves considered binding on any Agency.
CCSDS Recommendations take two forms: Recommended Standards that are prescriptive
and are the formal vehicles by which CCSDS Agencies create the standards that specify how
elements of their space mission support infrastructure shall operate and interoperate with
others; and Recommended Practices that are more descriptive in nature and are intended to
provide general guidance about how to approach a particular problem associated with space
mission support. This Recommended Practice is issued by, and represents the consensus of,
the CCSDS members. Endorsement of this Recommended Practice is entirely voluntary
and does not imply a commitment by any Agency or organization to implement its
recommendations in a prescriptive sense.
No later than five years from its date of issuance, this Recommended Practice will be
reviewed by the CCSDS to determine whether it should: (1) remain in effect without change;
(2) be changed to reflect the impact of new technologies, new requirements, or new
directions; or (3) be retired or canceled.
In those instances when a new version of a Recommended Practice is issued, existing
CCSDS-related member Practices and implementations are not negated or deemed to be non-
CCSDS compatible. It is the responsibility of each member to determine when such Practices
or implementations are to be modified. Each member is, however, strongly encouraged to
direct planning for its new Practices and implementations towards the later version of the
Recommended Practice.
CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Page ii June 2012
ISO 17421:2012(E)
CCSDS RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR AN OAIS REFERENCE MODEL
FOREWORD
This document is a technical Recommended Practice for use in developing a broader
consensus on what is required for an archive to provide permanent, or indefinite Long Term,
preservation of digital information.
This Recommended Practice establishes a common framework of terms and concepts which
make up an Open Archival Information System (OAIS). It allows existing and future
archives to be more meaningfully compared and contrasted. It provides a basis for further
standardization within an archival context and it should promote greater vendor awareness
of, and support of, archival requirements.
CCSDS has changed the classification of Reference Models from Blue (Recommended
Standard) to Magenta (Recommended Practice).
Through the process of normal evolution, it is expected that expansion, deletion, or
modification of this document may occur. This Recommended Practice is therefore subject
to CCSDS document management and change control procedures, which are defined in the
Procedures Manual for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems. Current
versions of CCSDS documents are maintained at the CCSDS Web site:
http://www.ccsds.org/
Questions relating to the contents or status of this document should be addressed to the
CCSDS Secretariat at the address indicated on page i.
CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Page iii June 2012
CCSDS RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR AN OAIS REFERENCE MODEL
At time of publication, the active Member and Observer Agencies of the CCSDS were:
Member Agencies
– Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)/Italy.
– Canadian Space Agency (CSA)/Canada.
– Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/France.
– China National Space Administration (CNSA)/People’s Republic of China.
– Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR)/Germany.
– European Space Agency (ESA)/Europe.
– Federal Space Agency (FSA)/Russian Federation.
– Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)/Brazil.
– Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)/Japan.
– National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/USA.
– UK Space Agency/United Kingdom.
Observer Agencies
– Austrian Space Agency (ASA)/Austria.
– Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BFSPO)/Belgium.
– Central Research Institute of Machine Building (TsNIIMash)/Russian Federation.
– China Satellite Launch and Tracking Control General, Beijing Institute of Tracking
and Telecommunications Technology (CLTC/BITTT)/China.
– Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)/China.
– Chinese Academy of Space Technology (CAST)/China.
– Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)/Australia.
– CSIR Satellite Applications Centre (CSIR)/Republic of South Africa.
– Danish National Space Center (DNSC)/Denmark.
– Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial (DCTA)/Brazil.
– European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
(EUMETSAT)/Europe.
– European Telecommunications Satellite Organization (EUTELSAT)/Europe.
– Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA)/Thailand.
– Hellenic National Space Committee (HNSC)/Greece.
– Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/India.
– Institute of Space Research (IKI)/Russian Federation.
– KFKI Research Institute for Particle & Nuclear Physics (KFKI)/Hungary.
– Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)/Korea.
– Ministry of Communications (MOC)/Israel.
– National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)/Japan.
– National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/USA.
– National Space Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan (NSARK)/Kazakhstan.
– National Space Organization (NSPO)/Chinese Taipei.
– Naval Center for Space Technology (NCST)/USA.
– Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)/Turkey.
– Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)/Pakistan.
– Swedish Space Corporation (SSC)/Sweden.
– United States Geological Survey (USGS)/USA.
CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Page iv June 2012
ISO 17421:2012(E)
CCSDS RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR AN OAIS REFERENCE MODEL
DOCUMENT CONTROL
Document Title Date Status
CCSDS Reference Model for an Open January Original issue
650.0-B-1 Archival Information System (OAIS) 2002 (superseded)
CCSDS Reference Model for an Open June 2012 Current issue:
650.0-M-2 Archival Information System – updates document
(OAIS), Recommended Practice, based on input from
Issue 2 user community
(note).
NOTE – This issue includes: clarifications to many concepts, in particular Authenticity
with the concept of Transformational Information Property introduced;
corrections and improvements in diagrams; addition of Access Rights
Information to PDI. Annex A from the previous issue, describing existing
archives, has been removed. A security annex has been added as required by
CCSDS. Substantive changes are indicated by change bars in the inside margin.

CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Page v June 2012
CCSDS RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR AN OAIS REFERENCE MODEL
CONTENTS
Section Page
1 INTRODUCTION . 1-1

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE . 1-1
1.2 APPLICABILITY . 1-2
1.3 RATIONALE . 1-3
1.4 CONFORMANCE . 1-3
1.5 ROAD MAP FOR DEVELOPMENT OF RELATED STANDARDS . 1-4
1.6 DOCUMENT STRUCTURE . 1-5
1.7 DEFINITIONS . 1-7

2 OAIS CONCEPTS . 2-1

2.1 OAIS ENVIRONMENT . 2-2
2.2 OAIS INFORMATION . 2-3
2.3 OAIS HIGH-LEVEL EXTERNAL INTERACTIONS . 2-8

3 OAIS RESPONSIBILITIES . 3-1

3.1 MANDATORY RESPONSIBILITIES . 3-1
3.2 EXAMPLE MECHANISMS FOR DISCHARGING RESPONSIBILITIES . 3-1

4 DETAILED MODELS . 4-1

4.1 FUNCTIONAL MODEL . 4-1
4.2 INFORMATION MODEL . 4-20
4.3 INFORMATION PACKAGE TRANSFORMATIONS . 4-50

5 PRESERVATION PERSPECTIVES . 5-1

5.1 DIGITAL MIGRATION . 5-2
5.2 PRESERVATION OF ACCESS AND USE SERVICES . 5-10

6 ARCHIVE INTEROPERABILITY . 6-1

6.1 TECHNICAL LEVELS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN OAIS ARCHIVES . 6-2
6.2 MANAGEMENT ISSUES WITH FEDERATED ARCHIVES . 6-8

ANNEX A COMPOSITE FUNCTIONAL VIEW (NORMATIVE) . A-1
ANNEX B RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER STANDARDS OR EFFORTS
(INFORMATIVE) .B-1
CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Page vi June 2012
ISO 17421:2012(E)
CCSDS RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR AN OAIS REFERENCE MODEL
CONTENTS (continued)
Section Page
ANNEX C BRIEF GUIDE TO THE UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE (UML)
(INFORMATIVE) . C-1
ANNEX D INFORMATIVE REFERENCES (INFORMATIVE) . D-1
ANNEX E A MODEL FOR SOFTWARE USE IN REPRESENTATION
INFORMATION (INFORMATIVE) .E-1
ANNEX F SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS (INFORMATIVE) . F-1
Figure
2-1 Environment Model of an OAIS . 2-2
2-2 Obtaining Information from Data . 2-4
2-3 Information Package Concepts and Relationships . 2-6
2-4 OAIS Archive External Data . 2-8
4-1 OAIS Functional Entities . 4-1
4-2 Functions of the Ingest Functional Entity . 4-5
4-3 Functions of the Archival Storage Functional Entity . 4-8
4-4 Functions of the Data Management Functional Entity . 4-10
4-5 Functions of the Administration Functional Entity . 4-11
4-6 Functions of the Preservation Planning Functional Entity . 4-14
4-7 Functions of the Access Functional Entity . 4-16
4-8 OAIS Data Flow Diagram . 4-18
4-9 Administration Context Diagram . 4-19
4-10 Information Object . 4-21
4-11 Representation Information Object . 4-23
4-12 Information Object Taxonomy . 4-26
4-13 Information Package Contents . 4-34
4-14 Information Package Taxonomy . 4-35
4-15 Archival Information Package (AIP) . 4-37
4-16 Preservation Description Information . 4-38
4-17 Package Description . 4-39
4-18 Archival Information Package (Detailed View) . 4-40
4-19 Archival Specialization of the AIP . 4-41
4-20 Archival Specialization of the Package . 4-42
4-21 Archival Information Unit (AIU) . 4-43
4-22 Unit Description . 4-44
4-23 Archive Information Collections Logical View . 4-46
4-24 Collection Description . 4-47
4-25 Data Management Information . 4-50
4-26 High-Level Data Flows in an OAIS . 4-51
5-1 Conceptual View of Relationships among Names and AIP Components . 5-3
6-1 Cooperating Archives with Mutual Exchange Agreement . 6-3
CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Page vii June 2012
CCSDS RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR AN OAIS REFERENCE MODEL
CONTENTS (continued)
Figure Page
6-2 Cooperating Archives with Standard Ingest and Access Methods . 6-4
6-3 An OAIS Federation Employing a Common Catalog . 6-5
6-4 Archives with Shared Storage . 6-8
A-1 Composite of Functional Entities . A-2
C-1 Key to UML Relationships .C-1
E-1 Layered Information Model . E-1

Table
4-1 Examples of PDI . 4-31

CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Page viii June 2012
ISO 17421:2012(E)
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
The purpose of this document is to define the CCSDS and International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS).
An OAIS is an Archive, consisting of an organization, which may be part of a larger
organization, of people and systems that has accepted the responsibility to preserve
information and make it available for a Designated Community. It meets a set of such
responsibilities as defined in this document, and this allows an OAIS Archive to be
distinguished from other uses of the term ‘archive’. The term ‘Open’ in OAIS is used to
imply that this Recommendation, as well as future related Recommendations and standards,
are developed in open forums, and it does not imply that access to the Archive is
unrestricted.
The information being maintained has been deemed to need Long Term Preservation, even
if the OAIS itself is not permanent. Long Term is long enough to be concerned with the
impacts of changing technologies, including support for new media and data formats, or with
a changing user community. Long Term may extend indefinitely. In this reference model
there is a particular focus on digital information, both as the primary forms of information
held and as supporting information for both digitally and physically archived materials.
Therefore, the model accommodates information that is inherently non-digital (e.g., a
physical sample), but the modeling and preservation of such information is not addressed in
detail. This reference model:
– provides a framework for the understanding and increased awareness of archival
concepts needed for Long Term digital information preservation and access;
– provides the concepts needed by non-archival organizations to be effective
participants in the preservation process;
– provides a framework, including terminology and concepts, for describing and
comparing architectures and operations of existing and future Archives;
– provides a framework for describing and comparing different Long Term
Preservation strategies and techniques;
– provides a basis for comparing the data models of digital information preserved by
Archives and for discussing how data models and the underlying information may
change over time;
– provides a framework that may be expanded by other efforts to cover Long Term
Preservation of information that is NOT in digital form (e.g., physical media and
physical samples);
– expands consensus on the elements and processes for Long Term digital information
preservation and access, and promotes a larger market which vendors can support;
– guides the identification and production of OAIS-related standards.
CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Page 1-1 June 2012
CCSDS RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR AN OAIS REFERENCE MODEL
The reference model addresses a full range of archival information preservation functions
including ingest, archival storage, data management, access, and dissemination. It also
addresses the migration of digital information to new media and forms, the data models used
to represent the information, the role of software in information preservation, and the
exchange of digital information among Archives. It identifies both internal and external
interfaces to the Archive functions, and it identifies a number of high-level services at these
interfaces. It provides various illustrative examples and some ‘best practice’
recommendations. It defines a minimal set of responsibilities for an Archive to be called an
OAIS, and it also defines a maximal Archive to provide a broad set of useful terms and
concepts.
1.2 APPLICABILITY
The OAIS model in this document may be applicable to any Archive. It is specifically
applicable to organizations with the responsibility of making information available for the
Long Term. This includes organizations with other responsibilities, such as processing and
distribution in response to programmatic needs.
This model is also of interest to those organizations and individuals who create information
that may need Long Term Preservation and those that may need to acquire information from
such Archives.
The model, including the functional and information modeling concepts, is relevant to the
comparison and design of facilities which hold information, on a temporary basis, for two
reasons:
– When taking into consideration the rapid pace of technology changes or possible
changes in a Designated Community, there is the likelihood that facilities, thought to
be holding information on a temporary basis, will in fact find that some or much of
their information holdings will need Long Term Preservation attention.
– Although some facilities holding information may themselves be temporary, some or
all of their information may need to be preserved indefinitely. Such facilities need to
be active participants in the Long Term Preservation effort.
Standards developers are expected to use this model as a basis for further standardization in
this area. A large number of related standards are possible. A road map for such
development is briefly addressed in 1.5.
This reference model does not specify a design or an implementation. Actual
implementations may group or break out functionality differently.
CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Page 1-2 June 2012
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CCSDS RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR AN OAIS REFERENCE MODEL
1.3 RATIONALE
A tremendous growth in computational power, and in networking bandwidth and
connectivity, has resulted in an explosion in the number of organizations making digital
information available. Transactions among all types of organizations are being conducted
using digital forms that are taking the place of more traditional media such as paper.
Preserving information in digital forms is much more difficult than preserving information in
forms such as paper and film. This is not only a problem for traditional Archives, but also
for many organizations that have never thought of themselves as performing an archival
function. Along with the many advantages in terms of, for example, searchability and
replication, the spread of digital technology in every field brings certain disadvantages. The
rapid obsolescence of digital technologies creates considerable technical dangers,
particularly a much greater risk than in the past of losing the possibility of restoring,
rendering or interpreting the information. Ways of avoiding or reducing these dangers will
be detailed throughout this Recommendation. Nevertheless, it would be unwise to consider
the problem from a solely technical standpoint. There are also organizational, legal,
industrial, scientific and cultural issues to be considered. To ignore the problems raised by
preserving information in digital forms would lead inevitably to the loss of this information.
It is expected that this reference model, by establishing minimum requirements for an OAIS
Archive along with a set of archival concepts, will provide a common framework from which
to view archival challenges, particularly as they relate to digital information. This should
enable more organizations to understand the issues and take the proper steps to ensure Long
Term information preservation. It should also provide a basis for more standardization and,
therefore, a larger market that vendors can support in meeting archival requirements.
1.4 CONFORMANCE
A conforming OAIS Archive implementation shall support the model of information
described in 2.2. The OAIS Reference Model does not define or require any particular
method of implementation of these concepts.
A conforming OAIS Archive shall fulfill the responsibilities listed in 3.1. Subsection 3.2
provides examples of the mechanisms that may be used to discharge the responsibilities
identified in 3.1. These mechanisms are not required for conformance. A separate standard,
as noted in 1.5, has been produced on which accreditation and certification processes can be
built.
A conformant OAIS Archive may provide to users additional services that are beyond
those required of an OAIS.
It is assumed that implementers will use this reference model as a guide while developing a
specific implementation to provide identified services and content. This document does not
assume or endorse any specific computing platform, system environment, system design
paradigm, system development methodology, database management system, database design
CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Page 1-3 June 2012
CCSDS RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR AN OAIS REFERENCE MODEL
paradigm, data definition language, command language, system interface, user interface,
technology, or media required for implementation.
The OAIS Reference Model is designed as a conceptual framework in which to discuss and
compare Archives. As such, it attempts to address all the major activities of an information-
preserving Archive in order to define a consistent and useful set of terms and concepts. A
standard and other documents that claim to be conformant to the OAIS Reference Model
shall use the terms and concepts defined in the OAIS Reference Model in the same manner.
1.5 ROAD MAP FOR DEVELOPMENT OF RELATED STANDARDS
This Reference Model serves to identify areas suitable for the development of OAIS-related
standards. Some of these standards may be developed by CCSDS; others may be developed
by other standardization bodies. However, any such work undertaken by other bodies should
be coordinated in order to minimize incompatibilities and efforts. Some areas for potential
OAIS-related standards are listed below together with references to relevant standards and/or
initiatives:
– standard(s) for the interfaces between OAIS type Archives;
– standard(s) for the submission (ingest) methodology used by an Archive:
• ISO 20652:2006 Space data and information transfer systems—Producer-Archive
Interface—Methodology Abstract Standard (the more specific Producer-Archive
Interface Specification (PAIS) is under preparation);
– standard(s) for the submission (ingest) of digital data sources to the Archive;
– standard(s) for the delivery of digital sources from the Archive;
– standard(s) for the submission of digital metadata, about digital or physical data
sources, to the Archive:
• PREMIS Data Dictionary for Preservation Metadata. Version 2.0, PREMIS
Editorial Committee, March 2008;
• ISO 15889:2003 Space data and information transfer systems—Data Description
Language—EAST Specification;
• ISO 21961:2003 Space data and information transfer systems—Data Entity
Dictionary Specification Language (DEDSL)—Abstract syntax;
• ISO 21962:2003 Space data and information transfer systems—Data Entity
Dictionary Specification Language (DEDSL)—PVL syntax;
• ISO 22643:2003 Space data and information transfer systems—Data Entity
Dictionary Specification Language (DEDSL)—XML/DTD;
• ISO 13527:2010 Space data and information transfer systems—XML formatted
data unit (XFDU) structure and construction rules;
CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Page 1-4 June 2012
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– syntax standard(s) for the identification of digital sources within the Archive;
– protocol standard(s) to search and retrieve metadata information about digital and
physical data sources;
– standard(s) for media access allowing replacement of media management systems
without having to rewrite the media;
– standard(s) for specific physical media;
– standard(s) for the migration of information across media and formats;
– standard(s) for recommended archival practices:
• ISO 15489-1:2001 Information and documentation—Records management. Part
1: General;
• ISO/TR 15489-2:2001 Information and documentation—Records management.
Part 2: Guidelines;
• ISO 23081-1:2006 Information and documentation—Records management
processes—Metadata for records—Part 1: Principles;
• ISO/TS 23081-2:2007 Information and documentation—Records management
processes—Metadata for records—Part 2: Conceptual and implementation issues;
– standard(s) for certification of Archives:
• CCSDS 652.0-M-1, Audit and Certification of Trustworthy Digital Repositories
(Magenta Book, Issue 1), also available as ISO 16363:2011
1.6 DOCUMENT STRUCTURE
1.6.1 HOW TO READ THIS DOCUMENT
All readers should read the Purpose and Scope (1.1), Applicability (1.2), and Conformance (1.4)
subsections to obtain a view on the objectives and applicability of the document.
Those who want just an overview of the major concepts should also read OAIS Concepts
(section 2) and OAIS Responsibilities (section 3).
Those who will implement OAIS Archives or administer them on a daily basis should read
the entire document.
1.6.2 ORGANIZATION BY SECTION
Section 1 provides purpose, scope, applicability, and definitions sections typical of many
standards. It also provides rationale for the effort, conformance requirements, and a road
map for development of related standards.
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Section 2 provides a high-level overview of the major concepts involved in an OAIS
Archive. It provides a view of the environment of an OAIS Archive and the roles played by
those who interact with it. It discusses what is meant by ‘information’ and what is necessary
to preserve it for the Long Term. It contains key information concepts relevant to OAIS-
conforming implementations.
Section 3 describes the responsibilities required of an OAIS. Subsection 3.1 defines
mandatory responsibilities an OAIS Archive must discharge in preserving its information,
and 3.2 provides clarifying material of the types of activities that may be needed in many
Archives to discharge these responsibilities.
Section 4 provides model views needed for a detailed understanding of an OAIS Archive. It
breaks down the OAIS into a number of functional areas and it identifies some high-level
services at the interfaces. It also provides detailed data model views of information using
Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams.
Section 5 provides some perspectives on the issues of information preservation using digital
migration across media and across new formats or representations. It also provides some
perspectives on the issues of preserving access services to digital information using software
porting, wrapping, and emulation of hardware.
Section 6 is an introduction to the various alternatives for Archive-to-Archive associations to
provide increased or more cost-effective services.
The annexes B-F are not part of the Recommendation and are provided for the convenience
of the reader:
– annex A provides a composite diagram of the detailed functional areas described in 4.1;
– annex B relates parts of this reference model to other standards work;
– annex C provides a brief tutorial on the Unified Modeling Language (UML);
– annex D provides a list of informative references;
– annex E provides a layered model of information;
– annex F provides an overview of security considerations.
Except where indicated otherwise, diagrams show entities such as people or organisations as
square cornered rectangles, functions or functional entities as rounded rectangles with
information between them as arrows, and special information objects as ellipses.
CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Page 1-6 June 2012
ISO 17421:2012(E)
CCSDS RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR AN OAIS REFERENCE MODEL
1.7 DEFINITIONS
1.7.1 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AIC Archival Information Collection
AIP Archival Information Package
AIU Archival Information Unit
API Application Programming Interface
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
CCSDS Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
CD-ROM Compact Disk - Read Only Memory
CDO Content Data Object
CRC Cyclical Redundancy Check
DBMS Data Base Management System
DIP Dissemination Information Package
DRM Digital Rights Management
FITS Flexible Image Transport System
FTP File Transfer Protocol
HFMS Hierarchical File Management System
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
ISBN International Standard Book Number
ISO International Organization for Standardization
MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group
OAIS Open Archival Information System
PDF Portable Document Format
PDI Preservation Description Information
QA Quality Assurance
SIP Submission Information Package
CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Page 1-7 June 2012
CCSDS RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR AN OAIS REFERENCE MODEL
UML Unified Modeling Language
UNICODE Universal Code
VHS Video Home System
WWW World Wide Web
XFDU XML Formatted Data unit
XML eXtensible Markup Language
1.7.2 TERMINOLOGY
There are many terms which are used in this reference model and which need to have well-
defined meanings. These terms are defined in this subsection. When first used in the text,
they are shown in bold and are capitalized. Subsequent use employs capitalization only.
As this reference model is applicable to all disciplines and organizations that do, or expect to,
preserve and provide information in digital form, these terms cannot match all of those
familiar to any particular discipline (e.g., traditional Archives, digital libraries, science data
centers). Rather, the approach taken is to use terms that are not already overloaded with
meaning so as to reduce conveying unintended meanings. Therefore it is expected that all
disciplines and organizations will find that they need to map some of their more familiar
terms to those of the OAIS Reference Model. This should not be difficult and is viewed as a
contribution, rather than a deterrent, to the success of the reference model. For example,
archival science focuses on preservation of the ‘record’. This term is not used in the OAIS
Reference Model, but one mapping might approximately equate it with ‘Content Information
within an Archival Information Package’ (see definitions below, as well as 2.2 and 4.2 for
context). A few such mappings are provided in annex B.
Access Functional Entity: The OAIS functional entity that contains the services and
functions which make the archival information holdings and related services visible to
Consumers.
Access Rights Information: The information that identifies the access restrictions pertaining
to the Content Information, including the legal framework, licensing terms, and access
control. It contains the access and distribution conditions stated within the Submission
Agreement, related to both preservation (by the OAIS) and final usage (by the Consumer). It
also includes the specifications for the application of rights enforcement measures.
Access Aid: A software program or document that allows Consumers to locate, analyze,
order or retrieve information from an OAIS.
Access Collection: A collection of AIPs that is defined by a Collection Description but for
which there is no Packaging Information for the collection in Archival Storage.
CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Page 1-8 June 2012
ISO 17421:2012(E)
CCSDS RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR AN OAIS REFERENCE MODEL
Access Software: A type of software that presents part of or all of the information content
of an Information Object in forms understandable to humans or systems.
Adhoc Order: A request that is generated by a Consumer for information the OAIS has
indicated is currently available.
Administration Functional Entity: The OAIS functional entity that contains the services
and functions needed to control the operation of the other OAIS fun
...

S L O V E N S K I SIST ISO 14721

STANDARD
junij 2013
Trajno ohranjanje podatkov in sistemi za prenos informacij –
Odprti arhivski informacijski sistem (OAIS) – Referenčni model

Space data and information transfer systems – Open archival information system
(OAIS) – Reference model
Systèmes de transfert des informations et données spatiales – Système ouvert
d'archivage d'information (SOAI) – Modèle de référence

Referenčna oznaka
ICS 35.240.99; 49.140 SIST ISO 14721:2013 (sl)

Nadaljevanje na straneh od 2 do 137

© 2017-02. Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje ali kopiranje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

SIST ISO 14721 : 2013
ODPRTI ARHIVSKI INFORMACIJSKI SISTEM (OAIS) – REFERENČNI MODEL

NACIONALNI UVOD
Standard SIST ISO 14721 (sl), Trajno ohranjanje podatkov in sistemi za prenos informacij – Odprti
arhivski informacijski sistem (OAIS) – Referenčni model, 2013, ima status slovenskega standarda in je
enakovreden mednarodnemu standardu ISO 14721 (en), Space data and information transfer systems
– Open archival information system (OAIS) – Reference model, 2012.

NACIONALNI PREDGOVOR
Mednarodni standard ISO 14721:2012 ima osnovo v dokumentu CCSDS 650.0-M-2 (junij 2012), ki ga
je pripravil posvetovalni odbor Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS). Dokument
je nato kot standard prevzela mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo ISO in tehnični odbor
ISO/TC 20 Zrakoplovi in vesoljska vozila, pododbor SC 13 Trajno ohranjanje podatkov in sistemi za
prenos informacij, ga je sprejel brez sprememb, razen naštetih v točki 2 tega mednarodnega
standarda.
Slovenski standard SIST ISO 14721:2013 je prevod mednarodnega standarda ISO 14721:2012. V
primeru spora glede besedila slovenskega prevoda je odločilen izvirni mednarodni standard v
angleškem jeziku. Slovenski standard SIST ISO 14721:2013 je pripravil tehnični odbor SIST/TC IDT
Informatika, dokumentacija in splošna terminologija.

Odločitev za izdajo tega standarda je dne 29. januarja 2013 sprejel SIST/TC IDO Informatika in
dokumentacija (sedaj SIST/TC IDT).

OSNOVA ZA IZDAJO STANDARDA
– Privzem standarda ISO 14721:2012

OPOMBI
– Povsod, kjer se v besedilu standarda uporablja izraz “mednarodni standard”, v
– Nacionalni uvod in nacionalni predgovor nista sestavni del standarda.

2 © ISO 2012 – Vse pravice pridržane

SIST ISO 14721 : 2013
INFORMACIJSKI SISTEM (OAIS) – REFERENČNI MODEL
Predgovor k mednarodnemu standardu

ISO (Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo) je svetovna zveza nacionalnih organov za standarde
(članov ISO). Mednarodne standarde ponavadi pripravljajo tehnični odbori ISO. Vsak član, ki želi delovati
na določenem področju, za katero je bil ustanovljen tehnični odbor, ima pravico biti zastopan v tem
odboru. Pri delu sodelujejo mednarodne vladne in nevladne organizacije, povezane z ISO. V vseh
zadevah, ki so povezane s standardizacijo na področju elektrotehnike, ISO tesno sodeluje z
Mednarodno elektrotehniško komisijo (IEC).

Mednarodni standardi so pripravljeni v skladu s pravili, podanimi v 2. delu Direktiv ISO/IEC.

Glavna naloga tehničnih odborov je priprava mednarodnih standardov. Osnutki mednarodnih
standardov, ki jih sprejmejo tehnični odbori, se pošljejo vsem članom v glasovanje. Za objavo
mednarodnega standarda je treba pridobiti soglasje najmanj 75 odstotkov članov, ki se udeležijo
glasovanja.
Opozoriti je treba na možnost, da je lahko nekaj elementov tega mednarodnega standarda predmet
patentnih pravic. ISO ne prevzema odgovornosti za identifikacijo katerihkoli ali vseh takih patentnih
pravic.
ISO 14721 je pripravil odbor Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) (kot CCSDS
650.0-M-2, junij 2012) in ga je tehnični odbor ISO/TC 20, Zrakoplovi in vesoljska vozila, pododbor SC 13,
Trajno ohranjanje podatkov in sistemi za prenos informacij, sprejel (brez sprememb, razen naštetih v
točki 2 tega mednarodnega standarda).

Ta druga izdaja razveljavlja in nadomešča prvo izdajo (ISO 14721:2003), ki je bila tehnično revidirana.

SIST ISO 14721 : 2013
ODPRTI ARHIVSKI INFORMACIJSKI SISTEM (OAIS) – REFERENČNI MODEL
MEDNARODNI STANDARD
Trajno ohranjanje podatkov in sistemi za prenos informacij – Odprti arhivski
informacijski sistem (OAIS) – Referenčni model

1 Področje uporabe
Ta mednarodni standard določa referenčni model za odprti arhivski informacijski sistem (OAIS). OAIS
je arhiv, ki deluje kot organizacija oseb in sistemov (ti so lahko del večjih organizacij). Arhiv OAIS je
sprejel odgovornost za ohranjanje informacij ciljne skupnosti ter za zagotavljanje dostopa ciljne
skupnosti do teh informacij. Arhiv OAIS opravlja vrsto odgovornosti, določenih v tem mednarodnem
standardu, zaradi katerih se arhiv OAIS razlikuje od drugih uporab izraza "arhiv". Izraz "odprti" v OAIS
poudarja dejstvo, da so ta mednarodni standard in tudi nadaljnji povezani mednarodni standardi razviti
znotraj odprtih forumov, ne pomeni pa neomejenega dostopa do arhiva.
Ta mednarodni standard:
- zagotavlja delovni okvir za razumevanje in večjo ozaveščenost o arhivskih konceptih, ki so
potrebni za dolgoročno digitalno ohranjanje in dostop do informacij;
- zagotavlja koncepte, ki jih nearhivske organizacije potrebujejo za uspešno sodelovanje v
postopku ohranjanja informacij;
- zagotavlja delovni okvir, vključno s terminologijo in koncepti, za opisovanje in primerjanje sestave
ter operacij trenutnih in prihodnjih arhivov;
- zagotavlja delovni okvir za opisovanje in primerjanje različnih strategij ter tehnik dolgoročnega
ohranjanja informacij;
- zagotavlja osnovo za primerjavo podatkovnih modelov digitalnih informacij, hranjenih v arhivih, ter
omogoča razpravljanje o spremembah podatkovnih modelov in osnovnih informacij v določenem
časovnem obdobju;
- zagotavlja delovni okvir za vključevanje drugih postopkov, namenjenih dolgoročnemu ohranjanju
informacij, ki niso v digitalni obliki (npr. fizični mediji, fizični vzorci);
- razširja dogovor o elementih in postopkih dolgoročnega digitalnega ohranjanja informacij ter
dostopa do teh informacij in promovira večjo tržno nišo, ki jo lahko podprejo ponudniki storitev;
- nadzoruje identifikacijo in pripravo podobnih standardov OAIS.
Področje in obseg uporabe sta natančno opredeljena v podpoglavjih 1.1 in 1.2 priloženega dokumenta
CCSDS.
2 Zahteve
Zahteve so tehnična priporočila, navedena v nadaljnjem besedilu tega dokumenta, ki je sprejet kot
mednarodni standard:
CCSDS 650.0-M-2, junij 2012, Reference model for an open archival information system (OAIS).
4 © ISO 2012 – Vse pravice pridržane

SIST ISO 14721 : 2013
INFORMACIJSKI SISTEM (OAIS) – REFERENČNI MODEL
V mednarodni standardizaciji je v določenih poglavjih in odstavkih dokumenta CCSDS 650.0-M-2
treba upoštevati spodaj navedena preoblikovanja prve izdaje tega dokumenta.

Strani od i do v:
Ta del vsebuje informacije, ki so pomembne le za publikacije CCSDS.

Stran D-1:
Referenčnim številkam so dodane naslednje informacije:

[D6] Dokument CCSDS 620.0-B-2, maj 1992, je enakovreden ISO 12175:1994.

1.
[D7] Dokument CCSDS 644.0-B-2, november 2000, je enakovreden ISO 15889:2003

[D8] Dokument CCSDS 647.1-B-1, junij 2001, je enakovreden ISO 21961:2003.

[D9] Dokument CCSDS 647.2-B-1, junij 2001, je enakovreden ISO 21962:2003.

[D11] Dokument CCSDS 661.0-B-1, september 2008, je enakovreden ISO 13527:2010.

3 Revizija dokumenta CCSDS 650.0-M-2

V skladu z dogovorom s Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) bo pododbor
ISO/TC 20/SC 13 svetovalec pri vsaki reviziji ali modifikaciji dokumenta CCSDS 650.0-M-2. V ta
namen bo NASA kot posvetovalni organ tesno sodelovala s CCSDS in ISO.

Razveljavljen in nadomeščen z ISO 15889:2011.
Priporočila za prakse sistema trajnega ohranjanja
podatkov
ODPRTI ARHIVSKI
INFORMACIJSKI SISTEM
(OAIS) – REFERENČNI MODEL
PRIPOROČENA PRAKSA
CCSDS 650.0-M-2
MAGENTA KNJIGA
Junij 2012
SIST ISO 14721 : 2013
ODPRTI ARHIVSKI INFORMACIJSKI SISTEM (OAIS) – REFERENČNI MODEL
ODPRTI ARHIVSKI INFORMACIJSKI SISTEM (OAIS) – REFERENČNI MODEL

ODGOVORNOST
Izdaja: Priporočena praksa, izdaja 2

Datum: Junij 2012
Lokacija: Washington, DC, USA
Objavo tega dokumenta je odobril Management Council of the Consultative Committee for Space Data
Systems (CCSDS). Ta dokument predstavlja tehnični konsenz sodelujočih agencij s statusom članice
CCSDS. Postopki za revizijo in odobritev dokumentov CCSDS so opisani v Organization and
Processes for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS A02.1-Y-3). Potrdila o
sodelovanju agencij pri avtorizaciji tega dokumenta je mogoče pridobiti v tajništvu CCSDS na
spodnjem naslovu.
Za objavo in vzdrževanje tega dokumenta je odgovoren:

CCSDS Secretariat
Space Communications and Navigation Office
7L70 Space Operations Mission Directorate
NASA Headquarters
Washington, DC 20546-0001, USA

CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Stran i Junij 2012
SIST ISO 14721 : 2013
ODPRTI ARHIVSKI INFORMACIJSKI SISTEM (OAIS) – REFERENČNI MODEL

IZJAVA O NAMERI
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) je organizacija, ki so jo uradno ustanovili
upravni odbori njenih članic. Odbor se redno sestaja, da obravnava težave na področju podatkovnih
sistemov, ki so skupne vsem udeležencem, ter oblikuje temeljne tehnične rešitve teh težav.
Sodelovanje v CCSDS je prostovoljno, zato se vse odločbe, ki jih sprejme posvetovalni odbor,
imenujejo priporočila, ki sama po sebi niso zavezujoča za nobeno agencijo.
Priporočila CCSDS imajo dve obliki: priporočeni standardi so predpisovalni in predstavljajo formalna
sredstva, s katerimi agencije CCSDS pripravljajo standarde, ki določajo način delovanja njihovih
podpornih sistemov za trajno ohranjanje in način sodelovanja z drugimi agencijami. Priporočene
prakse so bolj opisovalne in so namenjene zagotavljanju splošnega vodenja pri reševanju težav, ki so
povezane s poslanstvom trajnega ohranjanja informacij. Ta priporočena praksa predstavlja konsenz
članov CCSDS, ki so jo izdali. Potrditev te priporočene prakse je prostovoljna in ne zavezuje nobene
agencije ali organizacije k izvajanju priporočil na predpisovalen način.
To priporočeno prakso bo najpozneje v petih letih po izidu pregledal CCSDS, ki bo določil, ali naj
dokument (1) ostane v veljavi nespremenjen; (2) se spremeni zaradi uvedbe novih tehnologij, zahtev
ali smernic ali (3) se umakne ali razveljavi.
Morebitna nova izdaja priporočene prakse ne preklicuje obstoječe izdaje praks in uporabe v članicah
CCSDS, prav tako obstoječa izdaja ohrani združljivost s CCSDS. Vsaka posamezna članica CCSDS
je odgovorna za preoblikovanje obstoječe izdaje, ki je v veljavi v njeni državi, vendar CCSDS
priporoča, da članice obstoječe izdaje praks in uporab čim prej prilagodijo zadnji izdaji priporočene
prakse.
CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Junij 2012
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ODPRTI ARHIVSKI INFORMACIJSKI SISTEM (OAIS) – REFERENČNI MODEL

PREDGOVOR
Ta dokument je tehnična priporočena praksa za uporabo pri razvoju splošnega konsenza o zahtevah
do arhiva, ki zagotavlja trajno ali dolgoročno ohranjanje informacij (v nedoločenem časovnem
obdobju).
Ta priporočena praksa vzpostavlja skupni delovni okvir izrazov in konceptov, ki gradijo odprti arhivski
informacijski sistem (OAIS). Dovoljuje bolj smiselno primerjavo in razlikovanje obstoječih in prihodnjih
arhivov. Ta dokument zagotavlja podlago za nadaljnjo standardizacijo v okviru arhivskega konteksta
ter večjo prepoznavnost in podporo arhivskih zahtev večjih ponudnikov.

CCSDS je spremenil klasifikacijo referenčnim modelom iz modre (priporočeni standardi) v magenta
(priporočena praksa) knjigo.
Ta dokument je v postopku normalnega razvoja mogoče razširiti, preoblikovati ali delno izbrisati. Ta
priporočena praksa je predmet CCSDS-jevega upravljanja dokumentov in postopkov za spremembo
odgovornosti, ki so določeni v Procedures Manual for the Consultative Committee for Space Data
Systems. Trenutne izdaje dokumentov CCSDS so dostopne na spletni strani CCSDS:

http://www.ccsds.org/
Vprašanja, ki se nanašajo na vsebino ali status tega dokumenta, se naslovijo na tajništvo CCSDS na
naslov, naveden na strani i.
CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Junij 2012
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V času objave tega dokumenta so bile aktivne agencije s statusom članice in agencije s statusom
opazovalke CCSDS:
Agencije s statusom članice:
– Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)/Italy.
– Canadian Space Agency (CSA)/Canada.
– Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/France.
– China National Space Administration (CNSA)/People’s Republic of China.
– Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR)/Germany.
– European Space Agency (ESA)/Europe.
– Federal Space Agency (FSA)/Russian Federation.
– Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)/Brazil.
– Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)/Japan.
– National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/USA.
– UK Space Agency/United Kingdom.

Agencije s statusom opazovalke:
– Austrian Space Agency (ASA)/Austria.
– Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BFSPO)/Belgium.
– Central Research Institute of Machine Building (TsNIIMash)/Russian Federation.
– China Satellite Launch and Tracking Control General, Beijing Institute of Tracking and
Telecommunications Technology (CLTC/BITTT)/China.
– Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)/China.
– Chinese Academy of Space Technology (CAST)/China.
– Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)/Australia.
– CSIR Satellite Applications Centre (CSIR)/Republic of South Africa.
– Danish National Space Center (DNSC)/Denmark.
– Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial (DCTA)/Brazil.
– European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT)/Europe.
– European Telecommunications Satellite Organization (EUTELSAT)/Europe.
– Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA)/Thailand.
– Hellenic National Space Committee (HNSC)/Greece.
– Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/India.
– Institute of Space Research (IKI)/Russian Federation.
– KFKI Research Institute for Particle & Nuclear Physics (KFKI)/Hungary.
– Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)/Korea.
– Ministry of Communications (MOC)/Israel.
– National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)/Japan.
– National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/USA.
– National Space Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan (NSARK)/Kazakhstan.
– National Space Organization (NSPO)/Chinese Taipei.
– Naval Center for Space Technology (NCST)/USA.
– Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)/Turkey.
– Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)/Pakistan.
– Swedish Space Corporation (SSC)/Sweden.
– United States Geological Survey (USGS)/USA.
CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Junij 2012
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ODPRTI ARHIVSKI INFORMACIJSKI SISTEM (OAIS) – REFERENČNI MODEL

NADZOR DOKUMENTA
Dokument Naslov Datum Status
CCSDS 650.0-B-1 Reference Model for an januar 2002 prva izdaja
Open Archival Information (nadomeščena)
System (OAIS)
CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Reference Model for an junij 2012 trenutna izdaja:
Open Archival Information prenovljen dokument s
System (OAIS), prispevki uporabniške
priporočena praksa, skupnosti (glej opombo)
izdaja 2
OPOMBA: Ta izdaja vključuje: pojasnila k številnim konceptom, zlasti k avtentičnosti, s predstavitvijo koncepta lastnosti
transformiranih informacij, popravke in izboljšave v diagramih, dodane informacije o pravicah dostopa do
opisnih informacij za ohranjanje. Dodatek A v prejšnji izdaji, ki opisuje obstoječe arhive, je odstranjen. Na
zahtevo CCSDS je dodan dodatek o varnosti.
CCSDS 650.0-M-2 Junij 2012
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VSEBINA Stran
1 Uvod . 15
1.1 Namen in področje uporabe . 15
1.2 Uporabnost . 16
1.3 Razlogi za pripravo dokumenta . 17
1.4 Skladnost . 17
1.5 Pregled razvoja povezanih standardov . 18
1.6 Struktura dokumenta . 19
1.7 Definicije . 21
2 Koncepti OAIS-a . 29
2.1 Okolje OAIS-a . 30
2.2 Informacije OAIS-a . 31
2.3 Zunanje interakcije OAIS-a na visoki ravni. 36
3 Odgovornosti OAIS-a . 40
3.1 Obvezne zahteve . 40
3.2. Primeri mehanizmov za izvajanje odgovornosti . 40
4 Podrobni modeli . 46
4.1 Funkcionalni model . 46
4.2 Informacijski model . 65
4.3 Transformacije informacijskih paketov . 95
5 Načrti/prakse ohranjanja.101
5.1 Digitalna migracija .102
5.2 Ohranjanje dostopa in uporabe storitev .110
6 Interoperabilnost arhiva .116
6.1 Tehnične ravni interakcije med arhivi OAIS .117
6.2 Izzivi upravljanja povezanih arhivov .123
Dodatek A: Sestavljen funkcionalni vpogled (normativni) .125
Dodatek B: Povezave z drugimi standardi ali prizadevanji (informativni) .127
Dodatek C: Kratek vodnik po splošno namenskem modelnem jeziku (UML) (informativni) .129
Dodatek D: Informativne reference (informativni) .131
Dodatek E: Model za uporabo programske opreme za informacije za prikazovanje (informativni) .133
Dodatek F: Varnostna politika (informativni) .136
Slike
2-1 Model okolja OAIS . 30
2-2 Pridobivanje informacij iz podatkov . 32
2-3 Koncepti in povezave v informacijskem paketu . 34
2-4 Zunanji podatki arhiva OAIS . 36
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ODPRTI ARHIVSKI INFORMACIJSKI SISTEM (OAIS) – REFERENČNI MODEL

4-1 Funkcionalne entitete OAIS-a . 46
4-2 Funkcije funkcionalne entitete za prevzem . 50
4-3 Funkcije funkcionalne entitete arhivskega skladišča . 53
4-4 Funkcije funkcionalne entitete za upravljanje s podatki . 55
4-5 Funkcije funkcionalne entitete za administriranje . 56
4-6 Funkcije funkcionalne entitete za načrtovanje ohranjanja . 59
4-7 Funkcije funkcionalne entitete za dostop . 61
4-8 Diagram pretoka podatkov v OAIS . 63
4-9 Diagram vsebine administriranja . 64
4-10 Informacijski objekt . 66
4-11 Objekt informacij za prikazovanje . 68
4-12 Taksonomija informacijskega objekta . 71
4-13 Vsebine informacijskega paketa . 79
4-14 Taksonomija informacijskega paketa . 80
4-15 Arhivski informacijski paket (AIP) . 82
4-16 Opisne informacije za ohranjanje . 83
4-17 Opis paketa . 84
4-18 Arhivski informacijski paket (podroben vpogled) . 85
4-19 Arhivska specializacija AIP-ja . 86
4-20 Arhivska specializacija paketa . 87
4-21 Arhivska informacijska enota (AIU) . 88
4-22 Opis enote . 89
4-23 Logični vpogled v arhivske informacijske zbirke . 91
4-24 Opis zbirke . 92
4-25 Informacije o upravljanju s podatki . 95
4-26 Kompleksni podatkovni tokovi v OAIS-u . 96
5-1 Konceptualni vpogled v povezave med imeni in komponentami AIP .103
6-1 Sodelujoči arhivi z dogovorom o vzajemni izmenjavi .118
6-2 Sodelujoči arhivi s standardnimi metodami prevzema in dostopa .119
6-3 Zveza OAIS-ov, ki uporabljata skupni katalog .120
6-4 Arhivi z deljenim skladiščem .123
A-1 Sestav funkcionalnih entitet .126
C-1 Ključ do povezav UML .129
E-1 Večstopenjski informacijski model .133
Preglednica
4-1 Primeri PDI-jev . 76
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1 Uvod
1.1 Namen in področje uporabe

Namen tega dokumenta je določiti referenčni model za odprti arhivski informacijski sistem
(OAIS), ki sta ga oblikovala CCSDS in Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo (ISO). OAIS je
arhiv, ki deluje kot organizacija oseb in sistemov (ti so lahko del večjih organizacij). Arhiv OAIS je
sprejel odgovornost za trajno ohranjanje informacij ciljne skupnosti ter za zagotavljanje dostopa
do teh informacij za ciljno skupnost. Arhiv OAIS opravlja vrsto odgovornosti, določenih v tem
dokumentu, zaradi katerih se arhiv OAIS razlikuje od drugih uporab izraza "arhiv". Izraz "odprti" v
OAIS poudarja dejstvo, da so ta priporočila in tudi nadaljnja povezana priporočila in standardi razviti
znotraj odprtih forumov, ne pomeni pa neomejenega dostopa do arhiva.

Vzdrževanje informacij zahteva njihovo dolgoročno ohranjanje, ne glede na to, da obstoj arhiva
OAIS ni trajen. Dolgoročno obdobje je časovno obdobje, v katerem se pojavijo spremembe
tehnologije, ki zagotavlja podporo novim medijem ter formatom podatkov (ne zagotavlja pa več
podpore za stare medije in formate podatkov, shranjenih v OAIS), ter spremembe v strukturi ciljne
skupnosti. Dolgoročno obdobje ni časovno omejeno. Ta referenčni model se osredotoča na
digitalne informacije, na primarne oblike hranjenih informacij ter na podporne informacije o
arhivskem gradivu v digitalni in fizični obliki. Referenčni model omogoča prilagajanje in ohranjanje
informacij, ki v osnovi niso digitalne (npr. fizični vzorec), njihovo oblikovanje in ohranjanje pa nista
natančno opredeljena. Ta referenčni model:
– zagotavlja delovni okvir za boljše razumevanje in večjo ozaveščenost o arhivskih konceptih,
potrebnih za dolgoročno digitalno ohranjanje in dostop do informacij;
– zagotavlja koncepte, ki jih nearhivske organizacije potrebujejo za aktivno sodelovanje v
postopku ohranjanja informacij;
– zagotavlja delovni okvir, vključno s terminologijo in koncepti, za opisovanje in primerjanje
sestave ter operacij trenutnih in prihodnjih arhivov;
– zagotavlja delovni okvir za opisovanje in primerjanje različnih strategij ter tehnik dolgoročnega
ohranjanja informacij;
– zagotavlja osnovo za primerjavo podatkovnih modelov digitalnih informacij, ohranjenih v arhivu,
ter omogoča razpravljanje o spremembah podatkovnih modelov ter spremljajočih informacij
skozi določeno časovno obdobje;
– zagotavlja delovni okvir za vključevanje drugih postopkov, namenjenih dolgoročnemu
ohranjanju informacij, ki niso v digitalni obliki (npr. fizični mediji, fizični vzorci);
– razširja dogovor o elementih in postopkih dolgoročnega digitalnega ohranjanja informacij ter
dostopa do teh informacij in promovira večjo tržno nišo, ki jo lahko podprejo ponudniki storitev;
– nadzoruje identifikacijo in pripravo podobnih standardov OAIS.

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ODPRTI ARHIVSKI INFORMACIJSKI SISTEM (OAIS) – REFERENČNI MODEL

Ta referenčni model obravnava celoten nabor funkcij arhivskega ohranjanja informacij, vključno s
prevzemom, arhivskim skladiščem, upravljanjem s podatki, dostopom in diseminacijo informacij.
Obravnava tudi migracijo digitalnih informacij na nove medije in oblike, podatkovne modele,
uporabljene za prikazovanje informacij, vlogo programske opreme pri ohranjanju informacij ter
izmenjavo digitalnih informacij med arhivi. Opredeljuje notranje in zunanje vmesnike za izvajanje
funkcij arhiva ter številne stopnje storitev teh vmesnikov. Ta referenčni model vsebuje različne
nazorne primere in priporočila nekaterih dobrih praks. Opredeljuje najmanjši nabor odgovornosti, ki
jih nosi arhiv v vlogi OAIS, ter največji arhiv, da zagotovi širok nabor uporabnih izrazov in
konceptov.
1.2 Uporabnost
Model OAIS v tem dokumetu se lahko uporablja za vsak arhiv. Model je uporaben zlasti za
organizacije, ki so odgovorne za dolgoročno ohranjanje informacij. Vključene so tudi organizacije z
drugimi odgovornostmi, kot so npr. obdelava in distribucija informacij za programske potrebe.

Ta model lahko uporabljajo tudi organizacije in posameziki, ki ustvarjajo informacije (ki bi lahko
potrebovale dolgoročno ohranjanje), ter organizacije in osebe, ki pridobivajo informacije iz takih
arhivov.
Model OAIS, vključno s funkcionalnimi koncepti in koncepti oblikovanja informacij, je relevanten za
primerjavo in oblikovanje organizacij, ki omogočajo začasno shranjevanje informacij, saj:
– hiter tempo razvoja tehnoloških inovacij ter mogoče spremembe v ciljni skupnosti dopuščajo
možnost, da bodo organizacije za začasno shranjevanje informacij ugotovile, da del ali večina
njihovega arhivskega gradiva potrebuje obdelavo po postopkih za dolgoročno ohranjanje
informacij,
– so nekatere organizacije za shranjevanje informacij v osnovi začasne, vendar bo del ali vse
njihove informacije morda treba trajno ohranjati. Take organizacije naj aktivno sodelujejo v
postopkih dolgoročnega ohranjanja informacij.

Oblikovalci standardov naj ta model uporabijo kot osnovo za nadaljnjo standardizacijo na področju
trajnega ohranjanja podatkov. Na tem področju je mogoče pričakovati številne povezane standarde.
Smernice takega razvoja so na kratko opisane v 1.5.

Ta referenčni model ne določa oblike ali implementacije. Dejanska implementacija bi lahko
združevala ali razdruževala funkcionalnost na drugačen način.

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1.3 Razlogi za pripravo dokumenta

Izredna rast računalniške moči, pasovne širine omrežnih povezav in povezljivosti se odraža v
številnih novih organizacijah, ki omogočajo dostop do digitalnih informacij. Za izmenjavo informacij
med temi organizacijami se uporabljajo digitalne oblike, ki so nadomestile bolj tradicionalne medije,
kot je npr. papir.
Ohranjanje informacij v digitalni obliki je veliko težje kot ohranjanje informacij na papirju ali filmu. S
takimi izzivi se ne srečujejo le tradicionalni arhivi, ampak tudi mnoge organizacije, katerih
poslanstvo ni nikoli vključevalo opravljanje funkcij arhiva. Širjenje digitalne tehnologije na vseh
področjih ima poleg številnih prednosti, kot so npr. lažje iskanje in reproduciranje informacij, tudi
določene slabosti. Digitalne tehnologije, ki hitro zastarijo, predstavljajo znatna tehnična tveganja,
med katerimi izstopa izguba možnosti obnavljanja, upodabljanja in interpretacije informacij. Načini
za preprečevanje oz. zmanjševanje takih tveganj so opredeljeni v nadaljevanju teh priporočil.
Reševanje tehničnih tveganj zahteva upoštevanje mnogih vidikov, ne le tehničnega, saj je treba
preučiti tudi organizacijske, pravne, industrijske, znanstvene in kulturne izzive. Ignoriranje težav pri
ohranjanju informacij v digitalni obliki bi neizogibno vodilo v izgubo teh informacij.

Z vzpostavitvijo minimalnih zahtev za arhiv OAIS in naborom arhivskih konceptov naj bi ta
referenčni model zagotavljal delovni okvir za obravnavo izzivov pri arhiviranju, zlasti v povezavi z
digitalnimi informacijami. Številnim organizacijam naj bi omogočil boljše razumevanje izzivov ter
delovni okvir za izvajanje dolgoročnega ohranjanja digitalnih informacij. Zagotavljal naj bi osnovo za
nadaljnjo standardizacijo ter tako ponudnikom omogočil, da na širšem trgu ponudijo podporo
zahtevam arhiviranja.
1.4 Skladnost
Skladno implementacijo arhiva OAIS je treba podpreti z modelom informacij, opisanim v 2.2.
Referenčni model OAIS ne določa in ne zahteva nobenih posebnih metod implementacije teh
konceptov.
Skladen arhiv OAIS mora izpolnjevati odgovornosti, ki so navedene v 3.1. Podpoglavje 3.2 vsebuje
primere mehanizmov, ki jih je mogoče uporabiti za izpolnjevanje odgovornosti, opredeljenih v 3.1.
Skladnost dokumenta ni odvisna od obstoja teh mehanizmov. Pripravljen je ločen standard,
omenjen v 1.5, ki omogoča postopke akreditacije in certifikacije.

Skladen arhiv OAIS lahko uporabnikom omogoča dostop do dodatnih storitev, ki presegajo
obseg zahtevanih storitev za OAIS.

Ta referenčni model naj izvajalci uporabijo kot vzorec za razvijanje specifičnih implementacij za
zagotavljanje določenih storitev in vsebine. Ta dokument ne prevzema ali podpira nobene določene
računalniške platforme, sistemskega okolja, paradigme za oblikovanje okoljskega sistema,
metodologije za razvijanje sistema, sistema za upravljanje s podatkovnimi bazami,
paradigme za oblikovanje podatkovnih baz, jezika za definiranje podatkov, ukaznega jezika,
sistemskega vmesnika, uporabniškega vmesnika, tehnologije ali medijev, ki so potrebni za
implementacijo.
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ODPRTI ARHIVSKI INFORMACIJSKI SISTEM (OAIS) – REFERENČNI MODEL

Referenčni model OAIS je zasnovan kot konceptualni delovni okvir za obravnavo in primerjavo
arhivov. Referenčni model poskuša obravnavati vse glavne dejavnosti arhivov, ki so namenjene
ohranjanju informacij, da bi določil dosleden, uporaben nabor izrazov in konceptov. Standard in
drugi dokumenti, ki so usklajeni z referenčnim modelom OAIS, morajo na enak način uporabljati
izraze in koncepte, določene v referenčnem modelu OAIS.

1.5 Pregled razvoja povezanih standardov

Ta referenčni model se uporablja za opredelitev področij, na katerih je mogoče ustrezno razvijati
standarde, povezane z OAIS. Nekatere od teh standardov bo razvil CCSDS, ostale bodo razvili
drugi odbori za standardizacijo. Ti odbori naj pri pripravi standardov, povezanih z OAIS, sodelujejo s
CCSDS, da čim bolj zmanjšajo neskladja med standardi in količino vloženega dela. Nekatera
področja standardov, ki so potencialno povezani z OAIS, so navedena v nadaljevanju, vključno s
povezavami do relevantnih standardov in/ali iniciativ:
– standard(-i) za vmesnike med vrstami arhivov OAIS;
– standard(-i) za metodologijo sprejema (prevzema), ki jih uporablja arhiv:
• ISO 20652:2006 Space data and information transfer systems—Producer-Archive
Interface—Methodology Abstract Standard (bolj natančen Producer-Archive Interface
Specification (PAIS) je v pripravi);
– standard(-i) za sprejem (prevzem) digitalnih podatkovnih virov v arhiv;
– standard(-i) za dostavo digitalnih virov iz arhiva;
– standard(-i) za sprejem digitalnih metapodatkov o digitalnih ali fizičnih podatkovnih virih arhivu:
• PREMIS Data Dictionary for Preservation Metadata. Version 2.0, PREMIS Editorial
Committee, March 2008;
• ISO 15889:2003 Space data and information transfer systems—Data Description
Language—EAST Specification;
• ISO 21961:2003 Space data and information transfer systems—Data Entity Dictionary
Specification Language (DEDSL)—Abstract syntax;
• ISO 21962:2003 Space data and information transfer systems—Data Entity Dictionary
Specification Language (DEDSL)—PVL syntax;
• ISO 22643:2003 Space data and information transfer systems—Data Entity Dictionary
Specification Language (DEDSL)—XML/DTD;
• ISO 13527:2010 Space data and information transfer systems—XML formatted data unit
(XFDU) structure and construction rules;
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– sintaktični standard(-i) za identifikacijo digitalnih virov v arhivu;
– standard(-i) protokolov za iskanje in pridobivanje metapodatkov o digitalnih in fizičnih
podatkovnih virih;
– standard(-i) za dostop do medijev, ki omogočajo zamenjavo sistemov za upravljanje medijev,
brez prepisovanja medijev;
– standard(-i) za specifični fizični medij;
– standard(-i) za migracijo informacij med mediji in formati;
– standard(-i) za priporočene prakse arhiviranja:
• ISO 15489-1:2001 Information and documentation—Records management. Part 1: General;
• ISO/TR 15489-2:2001 Information and documentation—Records management. Part 2:
Guidelines;
• ISO 23081-1:2006 Information and documentation—Records management processes—
Metadata for records—Part 1: Principles;
• ISO/TS 23081-2:2007 Information and documentation—Records management processes—
Metadata for records—Part 2: Conceptual and implementation issues;
– standard(-i) za certifikacijo arhivov:
• CCSDS 652.0-M-1, Audit and Certification of Trustworthy Digital Repositories (Magenta
Book, Issue 1), dostopno tudi kot ISO 16363:2011.

1.6 Struktura dokumenta
1.6.1 Navodila za branje dokumenta

Vsi uporabniki tega dokumenta naj preberejo podpoglavja: Namen in področje uporabe (1.1),
Uporabnost (1.2) ter Skladnost (1.4), da se seznanijo s cilji in uporabnostjo dokumenta.

Uporabniki, ki potrebujejo pregled glavnih konceptov, naj preberejo tudi poglavji: Koncepti OAIS-a
(poglavje 2) in Odgovornosti OAIS-a (poglavje 3).

Tisti, ki bodo uporabljali arhiv OAIS ali ga vsakodnevno upravljali, naj preberejo celoten dokument.

1.6.2 Razdelitev po poglavjih

Poglavje 1 opisuje namen, področje uporabe, uporabnost in definicije v obliki, ki je značilna za
standarde. Vsebuje tudi razloge za pripravo dokumenta, zahteve za skladnost s standardi ter
pregled razvoja povezanih standardov.
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Poglavje 2 vsebuje podroben pregled glavnih konceptov za arhiv OAIS. Zagotavlja vpogled v okolje
arhiva OAIS ter vloge udeležencev, ki sodelujejo z njim. Opredeljuje vlogo in pomen izraza
"informacije" ter postopke, ki so potrebni za dolgoročno ohranjanje informacij. Vsebuje bistvene
informacije o konceptih, ki so relevantni za ustrezno implementacijo OAIS.

Poglavje 3 opisuje odgovornosti, ki so zahtevane za OAIS. Podpoglavje 3.1 določa obvezne
zahteve, ki jih mora arhiv OIAS izpolnjevati pri ohranjanju svojih informacij. Podpoglavje 3.2 vsebuje
gradivo za pojasnitev vseh vrst dejavnosti, s katerimi številni arhivi izpolnjujejo svoje odgovornosti.

Poglavje 4 vsebuje razlago modela, ki je potreben za dobro razumevanje arhiva OAIS. V tem
poglavju je OAIS razčlenjen na številna funkcionalna področja, hkrati pa je določena visoka raven
nekaterih storitev za vmesnike. Vsebuje podroben pregled podatkovnega modela informacij z
uporabo diagramov splošno namenskega modelnega jezika (diagramov UML).

Poglavje 5 opisuje nekatera stališča o izzivih, povezanih z ohranjanjem informacij z uporabo
postopka digitalne migracije med mediji in novimi formati ali oblikami. V tem poglavju so opisani tudi
nekateri pogledi na izzive, povezane z ohranjanjem storitev dostopa do digitalnih informacij z
uporabo prenosljivosti programske opreme, ovijanja in emulacije strojne opreme.

Poglavje 6 vsebuje uvod v različne možnosti povezav med arhivi z namenom zagotavljanja boljših
ali stroškovno učinkovitejših storitev.

Dodatki od B do F niso del priporočil; v ta dokument so vključeni za lažje razumevanje in dodatna
pojasnila uporabnikom dokumenta:
– dodatek A vsebuje kompozitni diagram podrobnih funkcionalnih področij, opisanih v 4.1;
– dodatek B povezuje dele tega referenčnega modela z deli drugih standardov;
– dodatek C vsebuje kratka navodila za uporabo splošno namenskega modelnega jezika (UML);
– dodatek D vsebuje seznam informativnih referenc;
– dodatek E vsebuje večstopenjski model informacij;
– dodatek F vsebuje pregled varnostnih politik.

Diagrami prikazujejo entitete, kot so ljudje ali organizacije (v obliki pravokotnika), funkcije ali
funkcionalne entitete (v obliki zaobljenih pravokotnikov) z informacijami za povezavo med njimi
(navedene poleg puščic) in posebnimi informacijskimi oblikami (npr. elipsami), razen če je
navedeno drugače.
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1.7 Definicije
1.7.1 Kratice in okrajšave
AIC Arhivska informacijska zbirka (Archival Information Collection)
AIP Arhivski informacijski paket (Archival Information Package)
AIU Arhivska informacijska enota (Archival Information Unit)
API Programski vmesnik aplikacije (Application Programming Interface)
ASCII Ameriški standardni nabor za izmenjavo informacij (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange)
CCSDS Svetovalni odbor za trajno ohranjanje podatkov (Consultative Committee for Space
Data Systems)
CD-ROM CD-ROM (Compact Disk – Read Only Memory)
CDO Vsebinski podatkovni objekt (Co
...