SIST-TS ISO/TS 18344:2018

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2018
8þLQNRYLWRVWSRVWRSNRY]DUD]NLVDQMHSDSLUMD
Effectiveness of paper deacidification processes
Efficacité des procédés de désacidification du papier
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/TS 18344:2016
ICS:
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
85.080.01 Papirni izdelki na splošno Paper products in general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 18344
First edition
2016-02-01
Effectiveness of paper deacidification
processes
Efficacité des procédés de désacidification du papier
Reference number
©
ISO 2016
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 3
5 Requirements . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Sampling . 3
5.2.1 Material . 3
5.2.2 Procedure . 4
5.3 Process validation . 4
5.3.1 Frequency of sampling. 4
5.3.2 Sample quantities and preparation of samples . 4
5.3.3 Test methods and minimum requirements . 5
5.4 Routine monitoring . 8
5.4.1 Frequency of sampling and sample quantities . 8
5.4.2 Test methods and minimum requirements . 8
6 Report . 8
Annex A (informative) Negative side effects and insufficient deacidification .10
Annex B (informative) Sample forms for documentation .11
Bibliography .17
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation,
Subcommittee SC 10, Requirements for document storage and conditions for preservation.
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Introduction
Archives, libraries and similar institutions store written and printed documents which they are
obliged to retain on a permanent basis for cultural reasons and, in some cases, in order to meet legal
requirements.
Often, the condition of these documents is endangered for a number of reasons. One of these is related
to the manufacturing process used for more modern types of paper.
In the industrial age, paper-making processes underwent significant changes. One of the processes
affected was sizing, which, in industrial processes, was achieved by mixing additives into the fibre
suspension before shaping the sheets. These additives included acidic substances like aluminium
sulfate. The reaction of the sizing agent eventually leads to formation of free acids. The acids act as a
catalyst for the hydrolysis of cellulose, making the material brittle. Climatic influences aggravate this
process, air pollution and cellulose degradation processes are a further source of acid in paper.
Another factor for paper stability is the raw material itself. For centuries, paper was made of textile
fibres like linen, hemp or cotton rags which rather deliver stable, long-chain cellulose. The search for a
more abundant raw material led to the invention to produce pulp out of wood by a grinding process. The
resulting ground wood paper still contains most of the lignin and hemicelluloses, in addition to cellulose.
The low pulp purity and the mechanical process causing a partial cutting of fibres lead to a much weaker
paper. Compared to the older rag papers, ground wood paper is also less stable on the long run.
The problem of paper degradation due to acid has developed into a tremendous problem for archives
and libraries. In addition to the processes for deacidifying single sheets, such processes having been
used in conservation for a long time, the past few decades have seen new developments in technical
processes which can be used on a large scale to retard the further decay of cultural assets as bound
volumes and single sheets (“mass deacidification”).
The aim of deacidification is to appreciably improve the life expectancy of paper. This is achieved by
adding an alkaline substance to neutralize existing acid and slow down future acidic degradation for
at least some time (buffering, alkaline reserve). Deacidification cannot improve the actual physical
properties of the paper, but in combination with proper storage, it can slow down further decay.
Without validated analytical methods, it is not possible to assess whether a paper has been deacidified,
or to what degree deacidification has been successful. This Technical Specification compiles the suitable
measurements.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 18344:2016(E)
Effectiveness of paper deacidification processes
1 Scope
This Technical Specification defines test methods and minimum requirements for paper deacidification
processes regarding their effectiveness and consistency.
It is applicable for all large scale processes which offer deacidification of acid documents made of
printed or hand-written paper.
Possible negative side effects of deacidification processes on the treated objects are not the subject of
this Technical Specification. However, some general recommendations for how to cope with these side
effects are given in Annex A.
It is not specified either, which types of paper objects can be treated by large scale deacidification
methods. Whatever currently available deacidification method is used, some objects might be excluded
from treatment to avoid mechanical damage to paper and bindings or other unwanted side effects.
The provider of the deacidification treatment should inform the customer about the limitations of the
chosen method.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 535, Paper and board — Determination of water absorptiveness — Cobb method
ISO 536, Paper and board — Determination of grammage
ISO 776, Pulps — Determination of acid-insoluble ash
ISO 5351:2010, Pulps — Determination of limiting viscosity number in cupri-ethylenediamine (CED) solution
ISO 5626, Paper — Determination of folding endurance
ISO 5630-5:2008, Paper and board — Accelerated ageing — Part 5: Exposure to elevated temperature at
100 degrees C
ISO 6588-1, Paper, board and pulps — Determination of pH of aqueous extracts — Part 1: Cold extraction
ISO 9184-1, Paper, board and pulps — Fibre furnish analysis — Part 1: General method
ISO 9184-4, Paper, board and pulps — Fibre furnish analysis — Part 4: Graff “C” staining test
ISO 10716, Paper and board — Determination of alkali reserve
3 Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
accelerated ageing
artificially induced ageing under laboratory condition by increasing temperature and sometimes
changing humidity or exposure to light in order to accelerate chemical reactions in paper like hydrolysis
or oxidation to simulate processes usually occurring under natural condition but at a much slower speed
3.2
alkaline reserve
compound like calcium or magnesium carbonate neutralizing acids in paper
3.3
average degree of polymerisation
average number of anhydroglucose units (monomers of cellulose) in the cellulose macromolecule
3.4
batch process
deacidification process for a definite quantity of documents
3.5
continuous process
deacidification process for an indefinite quantity of documents
3.6
deacidification
neutralization of the organic and inorganic acids in the paper and deposit of an alkaline reserve as
buffer against any subsequent acidic activity on paper
3.7
extract pH
value obtained in a water extract after the paper has been extracted under defined condition.
Note 1 to entry: Value measured with a glass electrode immersed in a definite quantity of water in which paper
is dispersed in small pieces.
3.8
folding endurance
common logarithm of the number of double folds require
...

TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 18344
First edition
2016-02-01
Effectiveness of paper deacidification
processes
Efficacité des procédés de désacidification du papier
Reference number
©
ISO 2016
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 3
5 Requirements . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Sampling . 3
5.2.1 Material . 3
5.2.2 Procedure . 4
5.3 Process validation . 4
5.3.1 Frequency of sampling. 4
5.3.2 Sample quantities and preparation of samples . 4
5.3.3 Test methods and minimum requirements . 5
5.4 Routine monitoring . 8
5.4.1 Frequency of sampling and sample quantities . 8
5.4.2 Test methods and minimum requirements . 8
6 Report . 8
Annex A (informative) Negative side effects and insufficient deacidification .10
Annex B (informative) Sample forms for documentation .11
Bibliography .17
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation,
Subcommittee SC 10, Requirements for document storage and conditions for preservation.
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Introduction
Archives, libraries and similar institutions store written and printed documents which they are
obliged to retain on a permanent basis for cultural reasons and, in some cases, in order to meet legal
requirements.
Often, the condition of these documents is endangered for a number of reasons. One of these is related
to the manufacturing process used for more modern types of paper.
In the industrial age, paper-making processes underwent significant changes. One of the processes
affected was sizing, which, in industrial processes, was achieved by mixing additives into the fibre
suspension before shaping the sheets. These additives included acidic substances like aluminium
sulfate. The reaction of the sizing agent eventually leads to formation of free acids. The acids act as a
catalyst for the hydrolysis of cellulose, making the material brittle. Climatic influences aggravate this
process, air pollution and cellulose degradation processes are a further source of acid in paper.
Another factor for paper stability is the raw material itself. For centuries, paper was made of textile
fibres like linen, hemp or cotton rags which rather deliver stable, long-chain cellulose. The search for a
more abundant raw material led to the invention to produce pulp out of wood by a grinding process. The
resulting ground wood paper still contains most of the lignin and hemicelluloses, in addition to cellulose.
The low pulp purity and the mechanical process causing a partial cutting of fibres lead to a much weaker
paper. Compared to the older rag papers, ground wood paper is also less stable on the long run.
The problem of paper degradation due to acid has developed into a tremendous problem for archives
and libraries. In addition to the processes for deacidifying single sheets, such processes having been
used in conservation for a long time, the past few decades have seen new developments in technical
processes which can be used on a large scale to retard the further decay of cultural assets as bound
volumes and single sheets (“mass deacidification”).
The aim of deacidification is to appreciably improve the life expectancy of paper. This is achieved by
adding an alkaline substance to neutralize existing acid and slow down future acidic degradation for
at least some time (buffering, alkaline reserve). Deacidification cannot improve the actual physical
properties of the paper, but in combination with proper storage, it can slow down further decay.
Without validated analytical methods, it is not possible to assess whether a paper has been deacidified,
or to what degree deacidification has been successful. This Technical Specification compiles the suitable
measurements.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 18344:2016(E)
Effectiveness of paper deacidification processes
1 Scope
This Technical Specification defines test methods and minimum requirements for paper deacidification
processes regarding their effectiveness and consistency.
It is applicable for all large scale processes which offer deacidification of acid documents made of
printed or hand-written paper.
Possible negative side effects of deacidification processes on the treated objects are not the subject of
this Technical Specification. However, some general recommendations for how to cope with these side
effects are given in Annex A.
It is not specified either, which types of paper objects can be treated by large scale deacidification
methods. Whatever currently available deacidification method is used, some objects might be excluded
from treatment to avoid mechanical damage to paper and bindings or other unwanted side effects.
The provider of the deacidification treatment should inform the customer about the limitations of the
chosen method.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 535, Paper and board — Determination of water absorptiveness — Cobb method
ISO 536, Paper and board — Determination of grammage
ISO 776, Pulps — Determination of acid-insoluble ash
ISO 5351:2010, Pulps — Determination of limiting viscosity number in cupri-ethylenediamine (CED) solution
ISO 5626, Paper — Determination of folding endurance
ISO 5630-5:2008, Paper and board — Accelerated ageing — Part 5: Exposure to elevated temperature at
100 degrees C
ISO 6588-1, Paper, board and pulps — Determination of pH of aqueous extracts — Part 1: Cold extraction
ISO 9184-1, Paper, board and pulps — Fibre furnish analysis — Part 1: General method
ISO 9184-4, Paper, board and pulps — Fibre furnish analysis — Part 4: Graff “C” staining test
ISO 10716, Paper and board — Determination of alkali reserve
3 Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
accelerated ageing
artificially induced ageing under laboratory condition by increasing temperature and sometimes
changing humidity or exposure to light in order to accelerate chemical reactions in paper like hydrolysis
or oxidation to simulate processes usually occurring under natural condition but at a much slower speed
3.2
alkaline reserve
compound like calcium or magnesium carbonate neutralizing acids in paper
3.3
average degree of polymerisation
average number of anhydroglucose units (monomers of cellulose) in the cellulose macromolecule
3.4
batch process
deacidification process for a definite quantity of documents
3.5
continuous process
deacidification process for an indefinite quantity of documents
3.6
deacidification
neutralization of the organic and inorganic acids in the paper and deposit of an alkaline reserve as
buffer against any subsequent acidic activity on paper
3.7
extract pH
value obtained in a water extract after the paper has been extracted under defined condition.
Note 1 to entry: Value measured with a glass electrode immersed in a definite quantity of water in which paper
is dispersed in small pieces.
3.8
folding endurance
common logarithm of the number of double folds required to cause rupture in a strip of paper
3.9
mass deacidification
process of paper deacidification on a large scale
3.10
process validation
securing an operation according to preset parameters determined at processed objects
3.11
routine monitoring
monitoring carried out at regular intervals during normal operations
3.12
side effects
any unintended consequence caused by the execution of a treatment process
3.13
test paper
paper with characteristics defined in this Technical Specification, which is deacidified together with
original documents and then analysed
3.14
uniformity of deacidification
homogeneous distribution of the alkaline reserve and pH across the entire sheet and within whole book
blocks
2 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

4 Principle
Specified uniform test papers are treated together with customer’s documents in a deacidification
process. Afterwa
...