SIST EN 15002:2015

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Karakterizacija odpadkov - Priprava preskusnih vzorcev iz laboratorijskega vzorcaCharaktersierung von Abfällen - Herstellung von Prüfmengen aus der LaboratoriumsprobeCaractérisation des déchets - Préparation de prises d'essai à partir de l'échantillon pour laboratoireCharacterization of waste - Preparation of test portions from the laboratory sample13.030.01Odpadki na splošnoWastes in generalICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 15002:2015SIST EN 15002:2015en,fr,de01-julij-2015SIST EN 15002:2015SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 15002:20061DGRPHãþD



SIST EN 15002:2015



EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 15002
April 2015 ICS 13.030.01 Supersedes EN 15002:2006English Version
Characterization of waste - Preparation of test portions from the laboratory sample
Caractérisation des déchets - Préparation de prises d'essai à partir de l'échantillon pour laboratoire
Charakterisierung von Abfällen - Herstellung von Prüfmengen aus der Laborprobe This European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 February 2015.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15002:2015 ESIST EN 15002:2015



EN 15002:2015 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .4 Introduction .5 1 Scope .6 2 Terms and definitions .6 3 Equipment .8 4 Interferences and sources of error .8 5 Procedure .9 5.1 Key concepts .9 5.2 Sequence of treatment techniques . 10 6 Report . 12 Annex A (normative)
Guideline for choosing sample treatment techniques . 13 A.1 General . 13 A.2 Homogenization . 13 A.2.1 General information . 13 A.2.2 Solid samples . 13 A.2.3 Liquid samples . 14 A.2.4 Homogenization in case of volatile compounds . 15 A.3 Phase/fraction separation . 15 A.3.1 General information . 15 A.3.2 Solid – liquid separation . 15 A.3.3 Liquid – liquid separation . 17 A.3.4 Solid – solid separation; separation into different fractions . 18 A.4 Drying . 19 A.4.1 General information . 19 A.4.2 Procedures . 19 A.5 Particle size reduction . 21 A.5.1 General information . 21 A.5.2 Procedures . 22 A.6 Sub-sampling . 24 A.6.1 General information . 24 A.6.2 Manual division of solid samples by coning and quartering . 24 A.6.3 Dry cutting . 25 A.6.4 Mechanical division of solid samples . 25 A.6.5 Sub-sampling for volatile compounds . 26 A.6.6 Sub-sampling for moderately volatile organic compounds . 26 SIST EN 15002:2015



EN 15002:2015 (E) 3 A.6.7 Sub-sampling of sludge and liquid . 27 A.6.8 Sub-sampling of monolithic sample . 27 Annex B (informative)
Relationship between minimum amount of (sub-)sample and particle size. 28 B.1 Formula for the estimation of the minimum amount of (sub-)sample: . 28 B.2 Empirical rule . 29 Annex C (informative)
Sample treatment equipment . 30 Annex D (informative)
Examples for analytical methods . 31 Annex E (informative)
Examples for preparation of test samples . 37 E.1 Example 1 . 37 E.2 Example 2 . 41 Bibliography . 49
SIST EN 15002:2015



EN 15002:2015 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 15002:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 292 “Characterization of waste”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2015, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October 2015. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 15002:2006. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 15002:2015



EN 15002:2015 (E) 5 Introduction In laboratory practice, very often different analytical procedures are bound to be applied to the laboratory sample that has been taken according to the sampling plan. For this purpose sub-sampling is bound to be applied in a way, that the different test portions are representative for the original laboratory sample with respect to the compounds of interest and the specific analytical procedures. The representativity of the laboratory sample and of the test portions is of major importance to guarantee the quality and accuracy of analytical results. The representativity of the laboratory sample is specified by the sampling plan. This European Standard specifies the correct sequence of operations to ensure the representativity of the test portions. Safety remarks: Anyone dealing with waste and sludge analysis is bound to be aware of the typical risks of that kind of material irrespective of the parameter to be determined. Waste and sludge samples may contain hazardous (e.g. toxic, reactive, flammable and infectious) substances, which can be liable to biological and/or chemical reaction. Consequently it is recommended that these samples should be handled with special care. The gases that may be produced by microbiological or chemical activity are potentially flammable and will pressurize sealed bottles. Bursting bottles are likely to result in hazardous shrapnel, dust and/or aerosol. National regulations should be followed with respect to all hazards associated with this method. SIST EN 15002:2015



EN 15002:2015 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard is applicable for the preparation of representative test portions from the laboratory sample that has been taken according to the sampling plan (EN 14899), prior to physical and/or chemical analysis (e.g. preparation of eluates, extractions, digestion and/or analytical determinations) of solid (including monolithic material) and liquid samples and sludge. It is also applicable for the preparation of test portions from digests and eluates for the subsequent analyses. This European Standard is intended to find the correct sequence of operations and treatments to be applied to the laboratory sample in order to obtain suitable test portions in compliance with the specific requirements defined in the corresponding analytical procedures. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 drying process of removing water from a sample Note 1 to entry: For the purpose of test portion preparation, it may be useful to remove just the amount of water that could interfere with other processes involved (e.g. during crushing or milling). In order to minimize the alteration of the sample during test portion preparation, removing the total amount of water present in the sample is not necessarily needed. 2.2 fraction sample obtained by procedures from the laboratory sample where the properties of interest may be unequally distributed Note 1 to entry: A fraction may consist of metal pieces, stones, etc. 2.3 granular waste waste that is neither monolithic, liquid, gas nor sludge [SOURCE: EN 12457-1:2002, 3.10] 2.4 homogenisation process of combining of components, particles, layers or phases into a more homogeneous state of the original sample or pre-treated fractions of the sample in order to ensure equal distribution of substances in and properties of the sample 2.5 laboratory sample sample or sub-samples sent to or received by the laboratory Note 1 to entry: When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, mixing, grinding, or by combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample. When no preparation of the laboratory sample is required, the laboratory sample is the test sample. A test portion is removed from the test sample for the performance of the test or for analysis. Note 2 to entry: The laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sample collection but it is the initial sample from the point of view of the laboratory. SIST EN 15002:2015



EN 15002:2015 (E) 7 Note 3 to entry: Several laboratory samples may be prepared and sent to different laboratories or to the same laboratory for different purposes. When sent to the same laboratory, the set is generally considered as a single laboratory sample and is documented as a single sample. 2.6 moderately volatile compounds sum of semi-volatile organic compounds and moderately volatile inorganic compounds that can be lost during sample preparation Note 1 to entry: Volatile inorganic compounds of e.g. mercury, arsenic cadmium, thallium can be lost during sample preparation, e.g. heating. 2.7 moderately volatile organic compound; semi volatile organic compound organic compound having a boiling point above 180 °C (at a pressure of 101 kPa) Note 1 to entry: This definition includes: a) mineral oil; b) most polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (see ISO 13877); c) polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) (see ISO 10382); d) organochlorine pesticides (see ISO 10382). 2.8 monolithic waste waste which has certain minimum dimensions and physical and mechanical properties that ensure its integrity over a certain period of time in the considered scenario 2.9 particle size reduction mechanical friction of the sample by milling, grinding, crushing or cutting 2.10 phase separation; fraction separation process of dividing components, particles or phases if homogenization of the sample is practically not applicable and/or the analysis of different fractions or phases are appropriate 2.11 sample portion of material selected from a larger quantity of material 2.12 sub-sample sample obtained after sample size reduction of a larger sample Note 1 to entry: A sub-sample may be: a) portion of the sample obtained by selection or division; b) the final sample of multistage sample-preparation; c) in case of monolithic sample, the sample obtained after cutting or coring. SIST EN 15002:2015



EN 15002:2015 (E) 8 2.13 sub-sampling process of selecting one or more sub-samples from a sample or, in case of monolithic waste, the process of cutting or coring to obtain a required regular shape 2.14 test portion; analytical portion quantity of material of proper size, for measurement of the concentration or other properties of interest, removed from the test sample Note 1 to entry: The test portion may be taken from the laboratory sample directly if no preparation of sample is required (e.g. with liquids or samples of proper homogeneity, size and fineness), but usually it is taken from the prepared test sample. 2.15 test portion of monolithic waste of regular shape test portion of monolithic waste, obtained either by cutting or coring and for which the surface area can be calculated on the basis of simple geometric formulas 2.16 test sample; analytical sample sample, prepared from the laboratory sample, from which test portions are removed for testing or for analysis 2.17 volatile organic compound compound which is liquid at room temperature (20 °C) and which generally has a boiling point below 180 °C Note 1 to entry: This includes single-ring aromatic hydrocarbons and other low boiling halogenated hydrocarbons, which are used as solvents or fuels, and some degradation products. [SOURCE: ISO 10381-7:2005, 3.23, modified — The original term abbreviation and example have been retrieved.] 3 Equipment For the purpose of preparation of test portions from the laboratory samples appropriate equipment shall be chosen depending on the procedures selected according to Annex A. In the selection of the type of treatment techniques, one should keep in mind that each of them has some potential impact on analytical results. It can generate loss of the analytes of interest, introduce contamination or alter the physical-chemical properties of the sample. All glassware and devices that come in contact with the sample shall be made out of a suitable material, chemically compatible with the sample, selected in order to minimize contamination of samples and adsorption or absorption of the analytes (e.g. plastic materials for inorganic elemental analysis, quartz or glass for volatile and organic analytes). Care shall be taken to ensure a good cleaning, in order to avoid cross-contamination of samples. An informative list of appropriate equipment for the sample treatment procedures is given in Annex C. 4 Interferences and sources of error The (sub)-sample shall be re-homogenized after any particle size reduction operation that may have resulted in segregation of different sized particles. Care should be taken to avoid loss of material and contamination of the sample via the air, by dust, by the use of the apparatus (e.g. from the ambient laboratory atmosphere or between samples stored or processed close to one another). SIST EN 15002:2015



EN 15002:2015 (E) 9 Three types of contamination could occur from the apparatus: a) abrasion; b) cross-contamination; c) chemical release. It is recommended to perform treatment of waste material in a separate room used only for this purpose, especially crushing or sieving. If the sample has a dust-like consistency or contains (semi)-volatile compounds, part of it may be lost and this may alter its physical-chemical properties. If the sample is monolithic, changes of surfaces due to cutting or coring, may lead to changes in leaching properties. Due to possible heterogeneity of the samples they may not be fully representative. An option is to use more pieces constituting a test portion. 5 Procedure 5.1 Key concepts Preparation of the test portion can be a complex process, because of a number of factors: sample type and its physical state, amount of laboratory sample, type and number of determinations to be carried out, etc. The prepared test portions shall satisfy the following requirements at the same time: — each test portion shall be as representative as possible of the laboratory sample; — the amount and the physical state (e.g. particle size) of each test portion shall comply with the requirements of the respective analytical technique; — for each test portion, no losses of and no contamination with respective analytes of interest should occur. The preparation of the test portions from the laboratory sample, that has been taken according to the sampling plan, is related to the requested analytical determinations. This means that, if needed, contact shall be established among all involved parties such as the sampler, the customer and the analytical laboratory to achieve the requirements of the standards to be used for the requested determinations. The preparation of test portions in the laboratory will frequently involve a sequence of operations such as homogenization, phase separation, drying, reducing particle size and sub sampling. Specific forms of these operations are described in A.2 to A.6. A number of decisions on the specific order of these operations for a particular laboratory sample shall be made. In some cases, the sequence of operations to be applied is rather straightforward, but in more complicated cases (e.g. when several determinations with different requirements shall be performed) it can be critical to choose the right sequence of such operations. NOTE 1 For soil samples more specific procedures are described in ISO 11464 for inorganic parameters or in ISO 14507 for organic parameters. In order to define the operations to be applied to a laboratory sample to produce one or more representative test portions, three main steps shall be considered: a) Definition of analytical requirements: First, the requirements of analytical procedures of interest shall be defined: 1) what methods shall be used; SIST EN 15002:2015



EN 15002:2015 (E) 10 2) how many test portions are necessary; 3) quantity and properties of the test portions necessary for each analytical procedure; 4) preservation requirements (e.g. time frame, temperature, addition of reagents). NOTE 2 Indicative amounts of test portions and specific requirements of the analytical methods involved are given in Annex D. It is recommended to prepare at least five times the amounts needed as test portions for the tests. b) Definition of sequence of operations Then, the sequence of operations shall be defined according to the flow sheet (Figure 1), based on the properties of the laboratory sample and the requirements of the analytical procedures: each single operation of this sequence shall be considered like an independent module; available modules are: 1) phase/fraction separation; 2) drying; 3) particle size reduction; 4) homogenization; 5) (sub)-sampling. For practical reasons it is recommended to group the parameters in a way that test samples with similar requirements can be prepared for several parameters. The same test sample may be used for different parameters if it fulfils the necessary requirements. Frequently, different determinations shall be performed on the laboratory samples. In those cases, modules shall be combined and/or repeated to obtain sub-samples, finally resulting in different test portions. In order to define the actual sequence of operations to be applied to a given sample, the flow sheet (Figure 1) shall be used. c) Choice of appropriate procedures According to the requirements of the respective analytical techniques and the properties of the sample the appropriate sample treatment technique shall be chosen within each module by following the instructions of Annex A. Instructions are given in this annex in which case a particular operation is appropriate to use. In case of monolithic waste the sequence of operations may be limited to only sub-sampling. 5.2 Sequence of treatment techniques The flow sheet in Figure 1 describes the procedure to enable decisions on the specific order of treatment operations for a particular laboratory sample in order to yield in representative test portions. It shall be applied on the starting laboratory sample and repeated on all sample fractions or (sub)-samples subsequently obtained during the preparation, in an iterative cycle until all analytical requirements are fulfilled. If volatile compounds or moderately volatile compounds are parameters of interest this should be considered in the sampling plan and may result in separate samples. In case of a single laboratory sample special care shall be taken in order to avoid losses of the volatile compounds during homogenization and/or reduction of particle size. A preliminary (sub)-sampling without any homogenization step may be necessary (see A.2.4, A.6.4) if the representativity of the remaining sample is not substantially altered. SIST EN 15002:2015



EN 15002:2015 (E) 11 NOTE In special cases (sub)-sampling without a drying step will not lead to representative (sub)-samples.
Figure 1 — Flow sheet – sequence of operations SIST EN 15002:2015



EN 15002:2015 (E) 12 6 Report The work carried out by the testing laboratory shall be covered by a report which accurately, clearly and unambiguously presents all relevant information. Each report shall include at least the following information: a) name, address and location of any laboratory involved in the preparation of the test portions; b) unique identification of report (such as serial number) and of each page and total number of pages of the report; c) description and identification of the laboratory sample, (e.g. liquid, solid, granular, monolithic); d) date of receipt of laboratory sample; e) reference to this European Standard; f) reference to the sampling report; if a sampling report is not available, precise reference shall be made to the company or persons responsible for the sampling; g) whole sequence and operating conditions (procedures and apparatuses) actually applied to the laboratory sample for preparation of test portions; h) any details not specified in this European Standard or which are optional, and any other factors which may have affected the results. For the subsequent performance of the analyses the dates of the preparation of the test portions shall be available. SIST EN 15002:2015



EN 15002:2015 (E) 13 Annex A (normative)
Guideline for choosing sample treatment techniques A.1 General The preparation of test samples from a laboratory sample will frequently involve a sequence of operations such as homogenization, phase separation, drying, particle size reduction and sub-sampling. Specific forms of these operations are described in this annex. The sample treatment techniques prescribed in the analytical standards shall be fulfilled in any case. In case of monolithic waste, the laboratory sample may consist of one or several monoliths. This implies that some of the sample treatment techniques common for granular waste may not be necessary depending on the requirements of the relevant analytical method. A.2 Homogenization A.2.1 General information Before each operation that implies (sub)-sampling (with the exception of monolithic test portions), a homogenization step is required, in order to guarantee that all (sub)-samples or sample fractions have the same properties and composition. The homogenization technique to be used is chosen depending on the properties of the sample. In many cases before homogenization particle size reduction may be necessary. Incorrectly executed homogenization can increase the heterogeneity of the sample by segregating particles of different density or grain size. Particle size reduction prior homogenization reduces the risks of segregation in the homogenization process. If homogenization of a sample is too difficult or even practically impossible (e.g. if the sample contains pieces of plastic or metal), its phases shall be separated and treated as if they were different samples (see A.3). A.2.2 Solid samples A.2.2.1 Manual homogenization When to use it: — generally usable; — in cases when mechanical homogenization could lead to loss of volatile compounds of interest. When not to use it: — for samples that segregate because of the presence of particles of different size or density; — for samples with particles of such a large size that homogenization cannot be reached by manual mixing. SIST EN 15002:2015



EN 15002:2015 (E) 14 Procedure: Mix the sample with appropriate tool (e.g. shovel, scoop, pestle or mortar). If there is a risk of losses of volatile substances the manual homogenization shall be done very carefully. A.2.2.2 Mechanical homogenization When to use it: — generally usable especially in cases when manual homogenization is not suitable; — in cases of large sample sizes; — for solid samples containing particles of nearly the same density (e.g. for materials that do not form “layers” after shaking). When not to use it: — for samples that form layers because of the presence of particles of different density; in this case, if homogenization is not possible separate and treat each layer as a different sample (see A.3); — when the apparatus may heat the sample and loss of volatile analytes can occur during this process; in this case, a manual homogenization shall be performed. Procedure: Operate according to the manufactures instructions. For small sample sizes it may be also po
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