SIST EN 13001-3-8:2026

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2026
Žerjavi - Splošno konstruiranje - Mejna stanja in dokaz varnosti mehanizma - 3-8.
del: Gredi
Cranes - General design - Limit states and proof competence of machinery - Part 3-8:
Shafts
Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-8: Grenzzustände und Sicherheitsnachweise für
Maschinenbauteile - Wellen
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 3-8 : États
limites et vérification d’aptitude des éléments de mécanismes - Arbres
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 13001-3-8:2026
ICS:
21.120.10 Gredi Shafts
53.020.20 Dvigala Cranes
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN 13001-3-8
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
May 2026
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 21.120.10; 53.020.20
English Version
Cranes - General design - Part 3-8: Limit states and proof
competence of machinery - Shafts
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-8:
générale - Partie 3-8 : États limites et vérification Grenzzustände und Sicherheitsnachweise für
d'aptitude des éléments de mécanismes - Arbres Maschinenbauteile - Wellen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 April 2026.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2026 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13001-3-8:2026 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Terms and definitions . 7
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations . 7
4 Safety requirements .11
4.1 General .11
4.2 Materials .11
4.2.1 Grades and qualities for shafts .11
4.2.2 Impact toughness .19
4.3 Mechanism components – Shafts .19
4.3.1 General .19
4.3.2 Shafts for plain bearings .19
5 Proof of competence for shafts .19
6 Proof of static strength .20
6.1 General .20
6.2 Design stresses .20
6.3 Limit design stresses .21
6.4 Execution of the proof .21
7 Proof of fatigue strength .22
7.1 General .22
7.2 Stress life approach: S-N procedure .23
7.2.1 Design stress .23
7.2.2 Limit design fatigue stress σ .28
Rd,f
7.3 Execution of the proof of fatigue strength .34
7.3.1 Individual proof .34
7.3.2 Simplified proof .34
7.3.3 Proof for multiaxial loading .35
Annex A (informative) Values for the notch factor f .36
A.1 General .36
A.2 Examples of notch factors .37
Annex B (informative) ε-N procedure: the strain life approach .47
B.1 General .47
B.2 Origin of the strain life approach resistance curve .47
B.3 Determination of the strain life approach resistance curve for a steel grade .49
B.4 Determination of the resistance curve for a machinery component .51
B.5 Strain-life approach: ε-N method .52
B.6 Strain-life approach (ε-N procedure): proof of fatigue strength of a shaft (example)
................................................................................................................................................................... 59
ˆ
Annex C (informative) Examples for the determination of predetermined values of and k
n
s
................................................................................................................................................................... 65
C.1 General . 65
C.2 Rope drum shaft . 65
C.3 Travel and traverse wheel shaft . 68
C.4 Guide roller axles . 69
C.5 Sheave axle . 70
Annex D (informative) Overview of standards published by CEN/TC 147 . 71
D.1 General . 71
D.2 Selecting a suitable standard . 71
Annex E (informative) List of significant hazards . 73
Bibliography . 74
European foreword
This document (EN 13001-3-8:2026) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 “Cranes -
Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2026, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by November 2026.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document is one part of the EN 13001 series, Cranes — General design. The other parts are as follows:
— Part 1: General principles and requirements;
— Part 2: Load actions;
— Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structures;
— Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes in reeving systems;
— Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts;
— Part 3-4: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery — Bearings;
— Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged and cast hooks;
— Part 3-6: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery — Hydraulic cylinders.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the United
Kingdom.
Introduction
This document is a type-C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100:2010.
This document is of relevance, in particular, for the following stakeholder groups representing the market
players with regard to machinery safety:
— machine manufacturers (small, medium and large enterprises);
— health and safety bodies (regulators, accident prevention organizations, market surveillance, etc.).
Others can be affected by the level of machinery safety achieved with the means of the document by the
above-mentioned stakeholder groups:
— machine users/employers (small, medium and large enterprises);
— machine users/employees (e.g. trade unions, organizations for people with special needs);
— service providers, e.g. for maintenance (small, medium and large enterprises);
— consumers (in case of machinery intended for use by consumers).
The above-mentioned stakeholder groups have been given the possibility to participate in the drafting
process of this document.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations or hazardous events are
covered are indicated in the Scope of this document.
When provisions of this type-C standard are different from those which are stated in type-A or B
standards, the provisions of this type-C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other
standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type-C
standard.
1 Scope
This document specifies limit states and methods to prevent mechanical hazards in shafts and rotating
or non-rotating axles of cranes by design and theoretical proof of competence.
This document is intended to be used together with the other generic parts of the EN 13001 series of
standards (see Annex D).
This document covers specific shafts and rotating or non-rotating axles as an integrated part of cranes,
that are not dealt with by other EN 13001 standards (e.g. pinned connections in EN 13001-3-1:2025). It
is not intended to shafts or axles being part of standardized component (e.g. gearboxes, motors).
The significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to persons during
intended use and reasonably foreseeable misuse are identified in Annex E. Clauses 4 to 7 of this document
provide requirements and methods to reduce or eliminate these risks:
— exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue);
— exceeding temperature limits of material or components.
This document does not deal with the proofs of strength of welded and cast shafts, and dynamic
instabilities such as shaft whirling.
This document does not apply to cranes that are manufactured before the date of its publication as EN and
serves as a reference base for the European Standards for particular crane types (see Annex D).
This document deals only with limit state method in accordance with EN 13001-1:2015 [34].
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 10025-2:2019, Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non-
alloy structural steels
EN 10025-3:2019, Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for
normalized/normalized rolled weldable fine grain structural steels
EN 10025-4:2019+A1:2022, Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 4: Technical delivery conditions
for thermomechanical rolled weldable fine grain structural steels
EN 10088-3:2023, Stainless steels — Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for semi-finished products, bars,
rods, wire, sections and bright products of corrosion resistant steels for general purposes
EN 13001-2:2021, Crane safety — General design — Part 2: Load actions
EN 13001-3-4:2018, Cranes — General design — Part 3-4: Limit states and proof of competence of
machinery — Bearings
EN ISO 148-1:2016, Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 1: Test method
(ISO 148-1:2016)
EN ISO 683-1:2018, Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 1: Non-alloy steels for
quenching and tempering (ISO 683-1:2016)
EN ISO 683-2:2018, Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 2: Alloy steels for
quenching and tempering (ISO 683-2:2016)
EN ISO 683-3:2022, Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 3: Case-hardening
steels (ISO 683-3:2022)
EN ISO 683-5:2021, Heat treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 5: Nitriding steels
(ISO 683-5:2017)
EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk
reduction (ISO 12100:2010)
ISO 4306-1:2007, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General
3 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100:2010 and the
following apply. For terms and definitions of loads, ISO 4306-1:2007, Clause 6 applies.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp/
3.1.1
shaft
cylindrical rotating rod for the transmission of movement, forces and torques
3.1.2
axle
spindle on which a component (e.g. wheel, sheave) revolves or which rotates with a component (or
components) attached to it, with transmission of movement and forces, but without transmission of
torque
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations
The symbols and abbreviations used in this document are given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations
Symbols, abbreviations Description
A
Minimum impact toughness
v
A
Equivalent section area of ‘non-rotational’ component
0,95
b Fatigue strength exponent, for a material (ε-N procedure)
b
Fatigue strength exponent, for a component (ε-N procedure)
p
c Fatigue ductility exponent, for a material (ε-N procedure)
C Total number of working cycles
c
Fatigue ductility exponent, for a component (ε-N procedure)
p
D
Design fatigue damage
Sd
D
Limit design fatigue damage
Rd
d Diameter
d
Equivalent diameter
equ
E Modulus of elasticity
f
Limit design normal stress
Rd,σ
f
Limit design shear stress
Rd,τ
f
Ultimate strength of material
u
f
Yield strength of material
y
f
Notch factor
f
Size factor
f
Surface roughness factor
f
Surface treatment factor
f
Survival probability factor
prob
′
K Factor of cyclic resistance (ε-N procedure)
K
Stress concentration factor
t
k
Stress spectrum factor
m
kQ Load spectrum factor
k
Shaft stress spectrum factor
s
l
Design number of shaft sets
s
m
Inverse slope of σ/N-curve (or S-N curve) for normal stresses
σ
m
Inverse slope of σ/N-curve (or S-N curve) for shear stresses
τ
m′ Second inverse slope of σ/N-curve
n
Number of stress cycles, of range i
i
Symbols, abbreviations Description

n′ Cyclic strain-hardening exponent (ε-N procedure)
ˆ
Total number of stress cycles
n
N
Number of stress cycles to failure, for stress of range i
fi
N; N
Number of stress cycles to failure
f
N
Reference number of stress cycles
Ref
r Notch radius
R Stress ratio
R
Design resistance
d
R
Average depth of surface profile according to EN ISO 21920-2:2022
a
S
Design stress or design force
d
s
Shaft stress history parameter
s
t Thickness
T Operation temperature
z Adaptation factor
'
ε Fatigue ductility factor (ε-N procedure)
f
ε
Total strain amplitude (ε-N procedure)
a
ε
Elastic strain amplitude (ε-N procedure)
ae
ε
Plastic strain amplitude (ε-N procedure)
ap
ε
Amplitude of elastic strain (ε-N procedure)
e,a
ε
Elastic local strain value (ε-N procedure)
e,loc
ε
Real strain value (ε-N procedure)
r
ε
Amplitude of strain value (ε-N procedure)
r,a
ε
Amplitude of strain value, of range i (ε-N procedure)
r,i
ε
Real local strain value (ε-N procedure)
r,loc
γ
Safety factor for fatigue
ff
γ
General resistance factor
m
γ
Fatigue strength specific resistance factor
mf
γ
Partial safety factor (see EN 13001-2:2021)
p
γ
Resulting resistance factor
Rm
γ
Specific resistance factor
sm
υ
Relative total number of stress cycles
s
σ
Design stress amplitude
a,i
Symbols, abbreviations Description
ˆ
σ
Maximal design stress amplitude
ai,
σ
Material fatigue strength (normal stress)
d,ref
σ
Intermediate alternating fatigue strength (normal stress)
d,s
σ
Component fatigue strength (normal stress)
d
σ
Alternating fatigue strength (normal stress)
dtr
σ
Elastic local stress (ε-N procedure)
e,loc
σ
Nominal elastic stress (ε-N procedure)
e,nom
σ
Mean equivalent elastic local stress (ε-N procedure)
eq,e,loc,m
σ
Amplitude of equivalent elastic local stress (ε-N procedure)
eq,e,loc,a
σ
Maximal equivalent elastic local stress (ε-N procedure)
eq,e,loc,max
σ
Minimal equivalent elastic local stress (ε-N procedure)
eq,e,loc,min
σ
Equivalent normal stress
eq
σ
Amplitude of equivalent normal stress
eq,a
'
Fatigue resistance factor (ε-N procedure)
σ
f
σ
Mean stress
m
σ
Amplitude of real local stress (ε-N procedure)
r,a
σ
Real local stress (ε-N procedure)
r,loc
σ
Mean real local stress (ε-N procedure)
r,m
σ
Limit design normal stress for fatigue
Rd,f
σ
Design normal stress
Sd
σ
Design normal stress for fatigue
Sd,f
σ
Equivalent design normal stress
Sd,eq
τ
Limit design shear stress for fatigue
Rd,f
τ
Design shear stress
Sd
4 Safety requirements
4.1 General
Machinery shall comply with the safety requirements and/or protective/risk reduction measures of this
clause. In addition, the machine shall be designed according to the principles of EN ISO 12100:2010 for
relevant but not significant hazards which are not dealt with by this document.
4.2 Materials
4.2.1 Grades and qualities for shafts
For shafts, steel in accordance with the following European Standards shall be used; alternatively, grades
and qualities other than those mentioned in the below standards may be used if the mechanical
properties and the chemical composition are equivalent:
a) steels for quenching and tempering (see Table 2):
1) non alloy steels: EN ISO 683-1:2018;
2) alloy steels: EN ISO 683-2:2018;
b) structural steels (see Table 2):
1) non-alloy structural steels: EN 10025-2:2019;
2) weldable fine grain structural steels in conditions:
i) normalized (N): EN 10025-3:2019;
ii) thermomechanical (M): EN 10025-4:2019+A1:2022;
c) stainless steels (see Table 2):
1) semi-finished (bars, rods …): EN 10088-3:2023;
d) steels with heat treatment:
1) case hardening: EN ISO 683-3:2022;
2) nitriding (see Table 2): EN ISO 683-5:2021.
Table 2 shows specific values for the nominal value of strength f , f for raw material. For more
u y
information, see the specific European Standards listed above.
Table 2 — Specific values of a selection of steels
Nominal strength
Diameter d/Thickness t
Steel Standard
f f
y u
(raw material)
Yield Ultimate
2 2
mm
N/mm N/mm
Steels for quenching and tempering, in the quenched and tempered condition (+QT)
C25E
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 370 550
C25R
16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 320 500
C25
C30E d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 400 600
C30R 16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 350 550
C30 40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 300 500
C35E d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 430 630
C35R 16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 380 600
C35 40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 320 550
C40E d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 460 650
C40R 16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 400 630
C40 40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 350 600
C45E d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 490 700
C45R 16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 430 650
C45 40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 370 630
C50E d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 520 750
C50R 16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 460 700
C50 40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 400 650
C55E d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 550 800
EN ISO 683-1:2018
C55R 16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 490 750
C55 40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 420 700
C60E d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 580 850
C60R 16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 520 800
C60 40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 450 750
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 550 700
23Mn6 16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 440 650
40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 400 600
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 590 800
28Mn6 16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 490 700
40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 440 650
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 640 850
16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 540 750
36Mn6
40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 460 700
100 < d ≤ 160 or 60 < t ≤ 100 410 650
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 690 900
16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 590 800
42Mn6
40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 480 750
100 < d ≤ 160 or 60 < t ≤ 100 460 700
Nominal strength
Diameter d/Thickness t
Steel Standard
f f
y u
(raw material)
Yield Ultimate
2 2
mm N/mm N/mm
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 700 900
34Cr4
16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 590 800
34CrS4
40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 460 700
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 750 950
37Cr4
16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 630 850
37CrS4
40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 510 750
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 800 1 000
41Cr4
16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 660 900
41CrS4
40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 560 800
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 700 900
25CrMo4 16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 600 800
25CrMoS4 40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 450 700
100 < d ≤ 160 or 60 < t ≤ 100 400 650
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 800 1 000
16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 650 900
34CrMo4
40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 550 800
34CrMoS4
100 < d ≤ 160 or 60 < t ≤ 100 500 750
160 < d ≤ 250 or 100 < t ≤ 160 450 700
EN ISO 683-2:2018
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 900 1 100
16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 750 1 000
42CrMo4
40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 650 900
42CrMoS4
100 < d ≤ 160 or 60 < t ≤ 100 550 800
160 < d ≤ 250 or 100 < t ≤ 160 500 750
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 900 1 100
16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 780 1 000
50CrMo4 40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 700 900
100 < d ≤ 160 or 60 < t ≤ 100 650 850
160 < d ≤ 250 or 100 < t ≤ 160 550 800
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 840 1000
41CrNiMo2 16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 740 900
41CrNiMoS2 40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 640 800
100 < d ≤ 160 or 60 < t ≤ 100 540 750
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 900 1100
16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 800 1000
36CrNiMo4 40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 700 900
100 < d ≤ 160 or 60 < t ≤ 100 600 800
160 < d ≤ 250 or 100 < t ≤ 160 550 750
Nominal strength
Diameter d/Thickness t
Steel Standard
f f
y u
(raw material)
Yield Ultimate
2 2
mm N/mm N/mm
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 1 000 1 200
16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 900 1 100
34CrNiMo6 40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 800 1 000
100 < d ≤ 160 or 60 < t ≤ 100 700 900
160 < d ≤ 250 or 100 < t ≤ 160 600 800
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 850 1 030
16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 850 1 030
30CrNiMo8 40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 800 980
100 < d ≤ 160 or 60 < t ≤ 100 800 980
160 < d ≤ 250 or 100 < t ≤ 160 750 930
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 900 1 100
16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 800 1 000
51CrV4 40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 700 900
100 < d ≤ 160 or 60 < t ≤ 100 650 850
160 < d ≤ 250 or 100 < t ≤ 160 600 800
EN ISO 683-2:2018
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 700 900
20MnB5
16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 600 750
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 800 950
30MnB5
16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 650 800
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 900 1 050
39MnB5
16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 700 850
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 800 1 000
27MnCrB5–2 16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 750 900
40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 700 800
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 850 1 050
33MnCrB5–2 16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 800 950
40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 750 900
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 8 900 1 100
39MnCrB6–2 16 < d ≤ 40 or 8 < t ≤ 20 850 1 050
40 < d ≤ 100 or 20 < t ≤ 60 800 1 000
Nominal strength
Diameter d/Thickness t
Steel Standard
f f
y u
(raw material)
Yield Ultimate
2 2
mm N/mm N/mm
Steels for quenching and tempering, in the normalized condition (+N)
C25E
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 16 260 470
C25R
16 < d ≤ 100 or 16 < t ≤ 100 230 440
C25
C30E d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 16 280 510
C30R 16 < d ≤ 100 or 16 < t ≤ 100 250 480
C30 100 < d ≤ 250 or 100 < t ≤ 250 230 460
C35E d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 16 300 550
C35R 16 < d ≤ 100 or 16 < t ≤ 100 270 520
C35 100 < d ≤ 250 or 100 < t ≤ 250 245 500
C40E d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 16 320 580
C40R 16 < d ≤ 100 or 16 < t ≤ 100 290 550
C40 100 < d ≤ 250 or 100 < t ≤ 250 260 530
C45E d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 16 340 620
C45R EN ISO 683-1:2018 16 < d ≤ 100 or 16 < t ≤ 100 305 580
C45 100 < d ≤ 250 or 100 < t ≤ 250 275 560
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 16 355 650
C50E
16 < d ≤ 100 or 16 < t ≤ 100 320 610
C50R
100 < d ≤ 250 or 100 < t ≤ 250 290 590
C55E d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 16 370 680
C55R 16 < d ≤ 100 or 16 < t ≤ 100 330 640
C55 100 < d ≤ 250 or 100 < t ≤ 250 300 620
C60E d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 16 380 710
C60R 16 < d ≤ 100 or 16 < t ≤ 100 340 670
C60 100 < d ≤ 250 or 100 < t ≤ 250 310 650
d ≤ 16 or t ≤ 16 345 630
28Mn6 16 < d ≤ 100 or 16 < t ≤ 100 310 600
100 < d ≤ 250 or 100 < t ≤ 250 290 590
Nominal strength
Diameter d/Thickness t
Steel Standard
f f
y u
(raw material)
Yield Ultimate
2 2
mm N/mm N/mm
Structural steels and stainless steels
t ≤ 16 235
16 < t ≤ 40 225
S235 360
40 < t ≤ 100 215
100 < t ≤ 150 195
t ≤ 16 275
16 < t ≤ 40 265
40 < t ≤ 63 255
S275 410
63 < t ≤ 80 245
80 < t ≤ 100 235
100 < t ≤ 150 225
t ≤ 16 355
16 < t ≤ 40 345
40 < t ≤ 63 335
S355 EN 10025-2:2019 470
63 < t ≤ 80 325
80 < t ≤ 100 315
100 < t ≤ 150 295
t ≤ 16 460
16 < t ≤ 40 440
40 < t ≤ 63 420
S460 550
63 < t ≤ 80 400
80 < t ≤ 100 390
100 < t ≤ 150 390
t ≤ 16 500
16 < t ≤ 40 480
S500 580
40 < t ≤ 63 460
63 < t ≤ 150 450
Nominal strength
Diameter d/Thickness t
Steel Standard
f f
y u
(raw material)
Yield Ultimate
2 2
mm N/mm N/mm
t ≤ 16 355 470
16 < t ≤ 40 345 470
40 < t ≤ 63 335 470 (N), 450 (M)
S355
63 < t ≤ 80 325 470 (N), 440 (M)
80 < t ≤ 100 315 (N), 325 (M) 470 (N), 440 (M)
EN 10025-3:2019 (N)
100 < t ≤ 150 295 (N), 320 (M) 450 (N), 430 (M)
EN 10025-4:2019+A1:2022
t ≤ 16 420 520
(M)
16 < t ≤ 40 400 520
40 < t ≤ 63 390 520 (N), 500 (M)
S420
63 < t ≤ 80 370 (N), 380 (M) 520 (N), 480 (M)
80 < t ≤ 100 360 (N), 370 (M) 520 (N), 470 (M)
100 < t ≤ 150 340 (N), 365 (M) 500 (N), 460 (M)
t ≤ 16 460 540
16 < t ≤ 40 440 540
EN 10025-3:2019 (N)
40 < t ≤ 63 430 540 (N), 530 (M)
S460
EN 10025-4:2019+A1:2022
63 < t ≤ 80 410 540 (N), 510 (M)
(M)
80 < t ≤ 100 400 540 (N), 500 (M)
100 < t ≤ 150 380 (N), 385 (M) 530 (N), 490 (M)
a a
X12Cr13
450 650
d ≤ 160
a a
X30Cr13 EN 10088-3:2023 650 850
a a
X5CrNiCuNb16–4 d ≤ 100
720 930
Nominal strength
Diameter d/Thickness t
Steel Standard
f f
y u
(raw material)
Yield Ultimate
2 2
mm N/mm N/mm
Nitriding steels, in the quenched and tempered condition (+QT)
16 ≤ d ≤ 40 800 1 000
40 < d ≤ 100 750 950
24CrMo13–6
100 < d ≤ 160 700 900
160 < d ≤ 250 650 850
16 ≤ d ≤ 40 835 1 030
40 < d ≤ 100 785 980
31CrMo12
100 < d ≤ 160 735 930
160 < d ≤ 250 675 880
16 ≤ d ≤ 40 835 1 030
40 < d ≤ 100 835 980
41CrAlMo7–10
100 < d ≤ 160 735 930
160 < d ≤ 250 675 880
16 ≤ d ≤ 40 900 1 100
40 < d ≤ 100 800 1 000
31CrMoV9
100 < d ≤ 160 700 900
160 < d ≤ 250 650 850
16 ≤ d ≤ 40 950 1 150
40 < d ≤ 100 850 1 050
EN ISO 683-5:2021
33CrMoV12–9
100 < d ≤ 160 750 950
160 < d ≤ 250 700 900
16 ≤ d ≤ 40 680 900
40 < t ≤ 100 650 850
34CrAlNi7–10
100 < d ≤ 160 600 800
160 < d ≤ 250 600 800
16 ≤ d ≤ 40 750 950
40 < d ≤ 100 720 900
32CrAlMo7–10
100 < d ≤ 160 670 850
160 < d ≤ 250 625 800
16 ≤ d ≤ 40 750 950
40 < d ≤ 100 720 900
40CrMoV13–9
100 < d ≤ 160 700 870
160 < d ≤ 250 625 800
20CrMoV5–7 16 ≤ d ≤ 160 800 900
8CrMo16–5 16 ≤ d ≤ 160 700 800
34CrAlMo5–10 16 ≤ d ≤ 100 600 800
a
0,2 % – proof strength and tensile strength for the following heat treatment condition: QT650 for X12Cr13, QT850 for
X30Cr13 and +P930 for X5CrNiCuNb16–4.
4.2.2 Impact toughness
The shaft material, after heat treatment, shall have minimum Charpy-V-impact energy in accordance with
EN ISO 148-1:2016 and as specified in Table 3, for structural steels and quenched and tempered steels.
Table 3 — Impact test requirement for shaft made of structural steel or quenched and tempered
steel
a
Impact test temperature Minimum impact energy KV
Operating temperature
T ≥ 0 °C +20 °C 27 J
T ≥ −20 °C −0 °C 27 J
b
T ≥ −40 °C −20 °C
27/35 J
b
T ≥ −60 °C −40 °C
35/42 J
a
The operating temperature is the minimum specified temperature in the operating condition of the room,
enclosure or the outdoor space where the shaft is located. The benefit of any external heating system provided
may be taken into account (e.g. machinery house). The out-of-service temperature need not be considered for
the choice of steel.
b 2
For steels with f > 500 N/mm .
y
4.3 Mechanism components – Shafts
4.3.1 General
This document deals with machinery components subjected to bending, shear and/or torsion,
characterized by presence of notches, shafts being the most common.
4.3.2 Shafts for plain bearings
EN 13001-3-4:2018, 4.3.4.4 and 4.3.4.5 shall apply.
5 Proof of competence for shafts
The objective of the proof of competence for shafts is to demonstrate that the design stresses or forces S
d
do not exceed the design resistances R :
d
S ≤ R (1)
d d
The design stresses or forces S shall be determined by applying the relevant loads, load combinations
d
and partial safety factors in accordance with EN 13001-2:2021.
In the following clauses, the design resistances R are represented as:
d
— limit static design stresses f or limit design stress for fatigue σ ;
Rd Rd,f
— limit design fatigue damage D .
Rd
The following proofs shall be demonstrated for shafts:
— proof of static strength;
— proof of fatigue strength.
Procedures for the proofs of static strength and fatigue strength are respectively given in 6.4 and 7.3.
Those proofs are based on nominal stresses, i.e. stresses calculated using traditional elastic theory of the
strength of materials. The effect of localized stress non-uniformities is taken into account by specific
notch factor for the proof of fatigue strength.
As mentioned in EN 13001-1:2015, advanced and recognized analytical or experimental methods may be
used, provided that they conform to the principles of this series of standards, such as:
— sophisticated calculation programs of gearboxes manufacturers;
— finite element analysis.
Conformity to the principles of the EN 13001 series of standards means notably that:
— a stress history of the shaft under consideration shall be calculated;
— separate proofs shall be executed for both static and fatigue strengths;
— the load history or the load spectrum shall be derived from the load combinations A in accordance
with EN 13001-2:2021;
— the proofs shall be based on recognized literature or standards dealing specifically with shafts,
supported by fatigue tests database (see Bibliography, e.g. either [11] or [25]) and for every proof,
only one source of the bibliography shall be used for the calculation.
6 Proof of static strength
6.1 General
A proof of static strength by calculation is intended to prevent excessive deformations due to yielding of
the material and fracture of shafts. Dynamic factors given in EN 13001-2:2021 shall be used to produce
equivalent static loads to simulate dynamic effects.
The proof shall be carried out for the relevant machinery components, with:
— the one of the load combinations A, B or C in EN 13001-2:2021 that results in the highest loading,
— the resistances calculated in accordance with 6.3.
For the specific crane shafts and axles below, the following load combinations from EN 13001-2:2021
shall be used as a minimum:
— rope drum shafts and sheave axles: load combinations A1, A3, B1, B3, C1, C3, C6, C7, C9, C10;
— travel and traverse wheel shafts: load combinations A1, A3, B1, B3, B5, C3, C5, C6, C10;
— guide roller axles: load combinations A1, B5, C10.
NOTE Annex C gives examples on the determination of stress cycles.
6.2 Design stresses
σ and τ are nominal stresses, i.e. stresses calculated using traditional elastic strength of materials
Sd Sd
theory which in general neglect localized non-uniform stress distributions. When finite element analysis
is used, using peak stresses for the proof given in this document can lead to overly conservative results.
6.3 Limit design stresses
The limit design stresses f shall be calculated from:
Rd
f
y
f =  for normal stresses
(2)
Rdσ
γ
Rm
f
y
(3)
f =  for shear stresses
Rdτ
γ ⋅ 3
Rm
with
γ γγ⋅
Rm m sm
where
f is the value of the yield strength of the material, at the calculation point (see Table 2);
y
γ is the general resistance factor, with γ = 1,;1
m m
γ
is the specific resistance factor, with:
sm
γ = 0, 95 for structural steels and stainless steels from Table 2;
sm
f
y
γ = for steels for quenching and tempering, in the quenched and tempered condition
sm
0,7⋅ f
u
γ ≥ 10,
from Table 2, with ;
sm
where
f is the value of the ultimate strength of the material (see Table 2);
u
f
y
γ = for steels which are case hardened and nitrided from Table 2, and all other steels
sm
0,65⋅ f
u
not included in Table 2, with γ ≥ 10, .
sm
6.4 Execution of the proof
For machinery components, the proof shall be executed for the point with the highest load effect to limit
state ratio. For hardened shafts for example, two proofs shall be executed, inside and outside the
hardened layer.
It shall be proven that:
σ ≤≤f and τ f (4)
Sd RdστSd Rd
where
στ, are the design stresses, in accordance with 6.2;
Sd Sd
f , f are the corresponding limit design stresses, in accordance with 6.3. In case von Mises is
RdστRd
used, f is the limit design stress.
Rdσ
=
In case of plane states of stresses when von Mises stresses are not used it shall additionally be proven
that:
2 2

  
σ σ σσ⋅
τ
Sd,x Sd,y Sd,x Sd,y
Sd
  
+ − + ≤ 1

  
f f ff⋅ f

Rdσ,x Rdσ,y Rdσσ,x Rd ,y Rdτ
  

(5)
where
x, y indicate the orthogonal directions of stress components.
7 Proof of fatigue strength
7.1 General
The proof shall be executed by applying the load combinations A in accordance with EN 13001-2:2021,
setting all partial safety factors γ = 1 . A load from load combinations B (occasional loads) shall also be
p
included in the fatigue assessment when the corresponding stress history parameter is greater than
0,001.
In a stress history, only a portion of the total number of stress cycles is affected by dynamic factors ϕ .
i
For example, in the case of shafts subjected to rotating bending during working cycle, only a portion of
the stress cycles is multiplied by 𝜑𝜑 due to the effect of damping and motor characteristics. These cycles
shall be determined using experience or by measurements.
The proof of fatigue strength shall be executed in accordance with 7.2 which is based on a stress life
approach, usually called S-N procedure. In case the stress history parameter is lower than 0,01,
informative Annex B may be used. This Annex B presents another procedure, usually called ε-N
procedure, which is based on a strain life approach.
The stress history and the number of stress cycles are included in the stress history parameter s which
s
shall be determined either by calculation or by testing. The effect of mean-stress is not negligible for
shafts and therefore the stress history parameter s shall be dependent of the mean-stress.
s
The uncertainty of fatigue strength values and the possible consequences of fatigue damage shall be taken
into account by the fatigue strength specific resistance factor γ , given in Table 9.
mf
For the purpose of this document, the fatigue strength of a shaft shall be represented by a two-slope
Wöhler curve with a cut-off limit: see Figure 1 below.
In the case of components of which one of the number n of stress cycles with stress amplitude of range i
i
is greater than 2 · 10 cycles, the procedure below shall be applied:
a) For any stress amplitude σ lower than σ (intermediate alternating fatigue strength, see
ai, d,s
7.2.2.3.6), the corresponding real number n will be replaced by n resulting in the equivalent fatigue
i i,1
damage cycles related to the first slope m only:
m′−m

σ
ai,

nn= ⋅
(6)
i1, i

σ
d,s

with
n number of stress cycles with stress amplitude of class i (see Figure 5);
i
m inverse slope of σ/N-curve (see 7.2.2.5);
σ transformed stress amplitude (see 7.2.1.1);
ai,
σ intermediate alternating fatigue strength (see 7.2.2.3.6);
d,s
inverse second slope of σ/N-curve (see Figure 1), calculated with (see Bibliography [18]):
m'
'
(7)
mm=2⋅− 1
b) The stress amplitudes σ lower than 0,7 · σ shall not be taken into account (see principle in
ai, d,s
Figure 1 below where the neglected cycles of the stress history are grey hatched).

Key
1 cycles not taken into account
Figure 1 — Illustration of σ-N curve
7.2 Stress life approach: S-N procedure
7.2.1 Design stress
7.2.1.1 Transformation of the identified stress cycles into cycles with constant mean stress or
constant stress ratio
The two-parameter frequencies of stress cycles (i.e. mean stress and stress amplitude) shall be
transformed into one-parameter frequencies for constant mean stress or constant stress ratio.
The transformed stress amplitudes shall be calculated as follows (see Figure 3):
σ + tanασ⋅
ai,,m j
σ R = (8)
( )
ai,
1+ R
1+ tanα⋅
1− R
(9)
σ σ =σ+ tanασ⋅ −σ
( )
( )
ai,,m ai m,j m
where
σ R=−1
( )
a
tan αα=tan = − 1 for σ≥≥0 and σ 0 (10)
1 m, j m
σ R= 0
( )
a
σ R=−1
( )
a
tan αα=tan =1− for σ <<0 and σ 0 (11)
2 m, j m
σ R=∞
( )
a
where
σ is the stress amplitude of range i;
ai,
σ is the mean stress of range j;
mj,
σ R is the transformed stress amplitude for constant stress ratio;
( )
ai,
σσ is the transformed stress amplitude for constant mean stress;
( )
ai, m
R is the constant stress ratio selected for one-parameter classification of stress cycles;
σ is the constant mean stress selected for one-parameter classification of stress cycles;
m
α ,α are the angles bet
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