SIST ISO 22274:2013
(Main)Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content -- Concept-related aspects for developing and internationalizing classification systems
Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content -- Concept-related aspects for developing and internationalizing classification systems
This International Standard establishes basic principles and requirements for ensuring that classification systems are suitable for worldwide application, considering such aspects as cultural and linguistic diversity as well as market requirements. By applying principles relating to terminology work, this International Standard provides guidelines for creating, handling, and using classification systems for international environments. This International Standard addresses the need in many domains for classification systems that are concept based to ensure that they are suitable for worldwide use and can be adapted to specific user communities. It provides information about the design, development, and use of classification systems that are fully enabled for diverse linguistic, cultural, and market-based environments. This International Standard primarily specifies the factors that need to be considered when creating and populating a classification system for use in diverse linguistic environments. These factors include the specification of principles for incorporating internationalization aspects into classification systems, and maintaining and using those aspects for the structuring of activities, products, services, agents, and other entities of a company or organization. The following are within the scope of this International Standard: a) guidelines on information content to support internationalization of classification systems and their underlying concept systems; b) terminological principles applicable to classification systems; c) requirements for internationalization of classification systems; d) considerations on workflow and administration of classification system content to support worldwide use. The following are outside the scope of this International Standard: - providing formal data models for representing classification systems in machine-readable form; - prescribing classification system content for specific business domains or products; - harmonization of classification systems. This International Standard is intended for those who develop content for classification systems. This includes terminologists and content managers who are called upon to apply the principles of terminology work to ensure that cultural and linguistic diversity are appropriately reflected in classification systems. It is also relevant for people who design and model appropriate IT tools.
Systèmes de gestion de la terminologie, de la connaissance et du contenu -- Aspects conceptuels du développement et de la localisation des systèmes des classement
Sistemi za upravljanje terminologije, znanja in vsebine - Pojmovni vidiki razvoja in internacionalizacije klasifikacijskih sistemov
Ta mednarodni standard vzpostavlja osnovna načela in zahteve za zagotavljanje ustreznosti klasifikacijskih sistemov za uporabo po celem svetu, pri čemer upošteva vidike, kot so kulturna in jezikovna raznolikost ter tržne zahteve. Z uporabo načel o terminološkem delu ta mednarodni standard zagotavlja smernice za ustvarjanje, upravljanje in uporabo klasifikacijskih sistemov v mednarodnem okolju. Ta mednarodni standard obravnava potrebe številnih področij po klasifikacijskih sistemih, ki temeljijo na pojmih, da zagotovi njihovo ustreznost za uporabo po celem svetu in možnost prilagoditve določenim uporabniškim skupinam. Zagotavlja informacije o zasnovi, razvoju in uporabi klasifikacijskih sistemov, ki so opremljeni za raznolika jezikovna, kulturna in tržno usmerjena okolja. Ta mednarodni standard v prvi vrsti določa dejavnike, ki jih je treba upoštevati pri oblikovanju in dopolnitvah klasifikacijskega sistema za uporabo v raznolikih jezikovnih okoljih. Ti dejavniki vključujejo določitev načel za upoštevanje vidikov internacionalizacije v klasifikacijske sisteme ter ohranjanje in uporabo teh vidikov pri oblikovanju aktivnosti, izdelkov, storitev, agentov in drugih profilov podjetja ali organizacije. V okviru tega mednarodnega standarda so: a) smernice o vsebini informacij za podporo internacionalizaciji klasifikacijskih sistemov in njihovih osnovnih sistemov pojmov; b) terminološka načela, ki se uporabljajo v klasifikacijskih sistemih; c) zahteve za internacionalizacijo klasifikacijskih sistemov; d) vprašanja o poteku dela in skrbništvu vsebine klasifikacijskega sistema za podporo uporabi po celem svetu. Naslednje ne spada na področje uporabe tega mednarodnega standarda: – zagotavljanje uradnih podatkovnih modelov za predstavljanje klasifikacijskih sistemov v strojno berljivi obliki; – določanje vsebine klasifikacijskih sistemov za določena področja poslovanja ali izdelke; – usklajevanje klasifikacijskih sistemov. Ta mednarodni standard je namenjen tistim, ki razvijajo vsebino klasifikacijskih sistemov. To vključuje terminologe in upravljavce vsebine, ki morajo uporabljati načela terminološkega dela, da zagotovijo, da se kulturna in jezikovna raznolikost ustrezno odražata v klasifikacijskih sistemih. Prav tako je primeren za ljudi, ki oblikujejo primerna informacijska orodja.
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ ISO
СТАНДАРТ 22274
Первое издание
2013-01-15
Системы управления терминологией,
базами знаний и контентом.
Концептуальные аспекты разработки и
интернационализации систем
классификации
Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content. – Concept-
related aspects for developing and internationalizing classification
systems
.
Ответственность за подготовку русской версии несёт GOST R
(Российская Федерация) в соответствии со статьёй 18.1 Устава ISO
Ссылочный номер
ISO 22274:2013(R)
©
ISO 2013
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(R)
ДОКУМЕНТ ЗАЩИЩЕН АВТОРСКИМ ПРАВОМ
© ISO 2013
Все права сохраняются. Если не задано иначе, никакую часть настоящей публикации нельзя копировать или использовать в
какой-либо форме или каким-либо электронным или механическим способом, включая фотокопии и микрофильмы, без
предварительного письменного согласия офиса ISO по адресу, указанному ниже, или членов ISO в стране регистрации
пребывания.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Опубликовано в Швейцарии
ii © ISO 2013 – Все права сохраняются
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(R)
Содержание Страница
Предисловие .iv
Введение .v
1 Область применения .1
2 Нормативные ссылки .2
3 Термины и определения .2
4 Связи с другими нормативными документами.7
5 Фундаментальные принципы разработки систем классификации.7
5.1 Общие положения .7
5.2 Сферы применения.8
5.3 Общие критерии .9
5.4 Принципы структурирования.10
5.5 Требования к описаниям классификационных систем .17
6 Терминологические принципы в системе классификации.20
6.1 Общие положения .20
6.2 Терминологические принципы в применении к определениям .20
6.3 Терминологические принципы в применении к наименованиям классов.21
7 Понятийные системы и системы классификации.23
7.1 Базовые принципы построения понятийных систем.23
7.2 Различия между системами понятий и системами классификации .25
7.3 Возможные трудности в системах классификации, не основанных на
использовании системы понятий .26
7.4 Использование понятийной системы для построения системы классификации .28
8 Требования к интернационализации системы классификации.34
8.1 Мотивация.34
8.2 Многоязыковые среды .35
8.3 Идентификаторы классов.36
9 Аспекты интернационализации.36
9.1 Общие положения .36
9.2 Сопровождение параллельных понятийных систем.36
9.3 Руководящие указания по созданию интернационализированной системы
классификации .37
10 Аспекты локализации.38
10.1 Общие положения .38
10.2 Ведущий регион.38
10.3 Региональные имена классов, свойств или значений .38
10.4 Региональная специфика объектов, классов, свойств и областей значений.39
10.5 Различные классификационные критерии.40
10.6 Различия в содержании понятий .40
10.7 Фирменные товарные знаки .41
10.8 Прочие культурологические аспекты.41
11 Технологический процесс и вопросы администрирования .45
Приложение A (информативное) Описательная информация существующих систем
классификации.47
Приложение В (информативное) Правила построения иерархических схем понятий и
классов .52
Библиография.54
© ISO 2013 – Все права сохраняются iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(R)
Предисловие
Международная организация по стандартизации (ISO) является всемирной федерацией национальных
организаций по стандартизации (комитетов-членов ISO). Разработка международных стандартов
обычно осуществляется техническими комитетами ISO. Каждый комитет-член, заинтересованный в
деятельности, для которой был создан технический комитет, имеет право быть представленным в этом
комитете. Международные правительственные и неправительственные организации, имеющие связи с
ISO, также принимают участие в работах. Что касается стандартизации в области электротехники, то
ISO работает в тесном сотрудничестве с Международной электротехнической комиссией (IEC).
Проекты международных стандартов разрабатываются в соответствии с правилами Директив ISO/IEC,
Часть 2.
Основной задачей технических комитетов является подготовка международных стандартов. Проекты
международных стандартов, принятые техническими комитетами, рассылаются комитетам-членам на
голосование. Их опубликование в качестве международных стандартов требует одобрения не менее
75 % комитетов-членов, принимающих участие в голосовании.
Следует иметь в виду, что некоторые элементы настоящего международного стандарта могут быть
объектом патентных прав. Международная организация по стандартизации не может нести
ответственность за идентификацию какого-либо одного или всех патентных прав.
ISO 22274 был подготовлен Техническим комитетом ISO/TC 37, Терминология и другие языковые
ресурсы и ресурсы содержания, Подкомитетом SC 3, Системы управления терминологией, базами
знаний и контентом.
iv © ISO 2013 – Все права сохраняются
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(R)
Введение
Классификация предметов и объектов – это широко используемый людьми метод преодоления
сложностей окружающего мира. В наши дни роль систем классификации трудно переоценить.
В системах классификации содержимое обрабатываемой информации упорядочивается
определённым образом. Такие системы подвержены очень сильному влиянию терминологической
основы предметной области, к которой они относятся и, в свою очередь, могут оказывать воздействие
на терминологию конкретных предметных областей. Системы классификации делают
соответствующие области знаний доступными для широкой аудитории пользователей, а не только для
специалистов, которые непосредственно работают в тех или иных сферах знаний. Классификационные
системы обеспечивают формирование терминологической базы и чёткую систематизацию знаний.
Во многих случаях системы классификации применяются для структурирования больших объёмов
данных, получаемых при использовании таких технологий как углублённый анализ данных (добыча
данных) или информационный поиск. Словари, библиотеки, каталоги, равно как и веб-страницы или
информационно-поисковые системы являются примерами совокупностей данных, структурирование
которых с помощью систем классификации может обеспечить существенные преимущества.
Системы классификации позволяют людям обмениваться информацией по различным областям
знаний, способствуя формированию понятийных систем, которые помогают сводить сложность
соответствующих тематических разделов к уровню, доступному для понимания широким кругом
пользователей. Такие системы понятий позволяют осуществлять эффективное управление
информационными потоками в рамках конкретного приложения или между приложениями, а также
обеспечивать взаимодействие со специалистами из разных предметных областей или
информационный обмен между людьми с разными уровнями профессиональных знаний.
Если система классификации предназначается для использования несколькими лингвистическими
сообществами, она подлежит локализации с учётом конкретных языков, социально-партнёрских
соглашений, и культурологических особенностей общения между сообществами её пользователей.
Для облегчения задачи локализации классификационная система должна проектироваться таким
образом, чтобы она была предельно понятна, проста в использовании и обладала целым рядом других
нужных свойств.
В настоящем международном стандарте представлены рекомендации по проектированию систем
классификации и выражению их содержательной части таким образом, чтобы она могла легко
адаптироваться к различным языковым средам. Настоящий стандарт дополняет уже существующие
[19] [9] [18]
нормативные документы, такие как руководство ISO/IEC Guide 77, а также ISO 13584, IEC 61360 ,
[15] [7]
ISO 22745 и ISO/IEC 11179.
© ISO 2013 – Все права сохраняются v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(R)
МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ СТАНДАРТ
Системы управления терминологией, базами знаний и
контентом. Концептуальные аспекты разработки и
интернационализации систем классификации
1 Область применения
Настоящий международный стандарт устанавливает основные принципы и требования к разработке
систем классификации, позволяющие обеспечить их применимость в международном масштабе
благодаря учёту таких аспектов как культурологическое и лингвистическое разнообразие и конкретные
требования рынка информационных продуктов. Применительно к принципам терминологической
работы в данном стандарте излагаются конкретные рекомендации (руководящие указания) по
созданию, отработке и использованию классификационных систем для интернациональных сообществ.
Данным международным стандартом учитывается потребность многих сфер знаний в системах
классификации, концептуальная основа которых гарантирует их пригодность к использованию в
международном масштабе, равно как и возможность адаптации к нуждам конкретных сообществ
пользователей. Он предоставляет информацию, касающуюся разработки, развития и применения
систем классификации, полностью приспособленную для использования в разных лингвистических,
культурологических и рыночных средах.
В стандарте, прежде всего, отмечаются факторы, подлежащие рассмотрению при создании и
содержательном наполнении классификационной системы, ориентированной на использование в
разных языковых средах. К числу таких факторов относится определение принципов ввода элементов
интернационализации в системы классификации, а также их поддержка и использование в целях
структурирования операций, программных продуктов, услуг, программ-агентов и других объектов
компании или организации.
В рамках настоящего международного стандарта определяются:
a) рекомендации по информационному содержанию, необходимому для поддержки
интернационализации классификационных систем и лежащих в их основе понятийных систем;
b) принципы работы с терминологией, применимые к системам классификации;
c) требования к интернационализации систем классификации;
d) вопросы технологии и административного регулирования информационного содержания систем
классификации для обеспечения возможности их использования в мировом масштабе.
Перечисленные ниже аспекты не охватываются данным международным стандартом:
— определение формальных моделей данных для представления систем классификации в
машиночитаемой форме;
— определение информационного содержания систем классификации для конкретных сфер бизнеса
или конкретных продуктов;
— гармонизация систем классификации.
Настоящий международный стандарт предназначен для тех специалистов, которые участвуют в
создании информационного содержания систем классификации: это терминология и руководители
© ISO 2013 – Все права сохраняются 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(R)
групп по информационным ресурсам, в задачу которых входит реализация соответствующих
принципов терминологической работы для надлежащего отражения культурологического и
лингвистического разнообразия в создаваемых системах классификации. Стандарт предназначен
также для специалистов по проектированию и моделированию надлежащих инструментальных средств
информационных технологий.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ Формализованные модели данных для реализации систем классификации в сфере информационных
технологий (ИТ) могут быть предоставлены Техническими комитетами, такими как ISO/TC 184 или IEC/TC 3.
2 Нормативные ссылки
Перечисленные ниже ссылочные документы обязательны для применения данного документа. В
случае датированных ссылок действующим является только указанное издание. Применительно к
недатированным ссылочным документам применяются их самые последние издания (включая все
последующие изменения):
ISO 1087-1:2000, Терминологическая работа. Словарь. Часть 1. Теория и применение
ISO/IEC 6523 (все части), Информационные технологии. Структура идентификации организаций и
частей организаций
ISO/IEC 15418, Информационные технологии. Методы автоматической идентификации и сбора
данных. Идентификаторы приложения GS1 и идентификаторы фактических данных ASC MH10 и их
обслуживание
ISO/IEC 15459-6, Информационные технологии. Методы автоматической идентификации и сбора
данных. Уникальный идентификатор. Часть 6. Уникальные идентификаторы групп продукции
ISO/TS 29002-5, Промышленные автоматизированные системы и интеграция. Обмен
характеристическими данными. Часть 5. Схема идентификации
Директивы ISO/IEC , Дополнение:2012, Специальные процедуры IEC
3 Термины и определения
В рамках настоящего документа используются термины и определения ISO 1087-1, а также термины и
определения, приведённые ниже.
3.1
ассоциативная связь
associative relation
связь между двумя понятиями (3.7), определяемая не тематической иерархией, а практическим опытом
ПРИМЕР Ассоциативная связь существует между понятиями “образование” и “преподавание” или между
понятиями “обжиг” и “печь”.
[ИСТОЧНИК: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.23, с изменением]
3.2
атрибут
attribute
элемент данных для машиночитаемого описания свойства (3.25), отношения или класса (3.4)
[ИСТОЧНИК: ISO/IEC Guide 77-2:2008, 2.2]
ПРИМЕР Дата создания класса объект (3.22) в вычислительной системе.
2 © ISO 2013 – Все права сохраняются
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(R)
3.3
характеристика
characteristic
отличительное свойство
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ 1 Характеристика может быть собственной или присвоенной.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ 2 Характеристика может быть качественной или количественной.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ 3 Существуют разные классы (3.4) характеристик, такие как:
— физический (например, механические, электрические, химические или биологические характеристики);
— сенсорный (например, характеристики, связанные с запахом, осязанием, вкусом, зрением, слухом);
— поведенческий (например, вежливость, честность, правдивость);
— временной (например, пунктуальность, надёжность, доступность);
— эргономический (например, физиологическая характеристика или характеристика безопасности для человека);
— функциональный (например, максимальная скорость воздушного судна).
[ИСТОЧНИК: ISO 9000:2005, 3.5.1]
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ 4 Характеристики, применимые к понятиям (3.7), называются признаками (3.12), тогда как
характеристики классов (3.4) называются свойствами (3.25).
ПРИМЕР На Рисунке 1 отображена взаимосвязь элементов понятие (3.7), особенность (3.12), класс (3.4),
атрибут (3.2) и свойство (3.25). Рисунок демонстрирует разделы понятийной системы (3.8) системы
классификации (3.6). Класс “Автомобиль” выводится из понятия “Моторизованное средство”, а свойство “Цвет”
реализует признак “Пигментирование”. Класс “Автомобиль” обладает такими атрибутами как “Предпочтительное
название” и “Определение”. Понятие “Автомобиль” в рамках данной системы классификации не используется.
Рисунок 1 — Взаимосвязь между элементами “понятие” (3.7), “признак” (3.12), “класс” (3.4),
“атрибут” (3.2) и “свойство” (3.25)
3.4
класс
class
описание совокупности объектов (3.22), обладающих одинаковыми характеристиками (3.3)
© ISO 2013 – Все права сохраняются 3
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(R)
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ Характеристики могут порождаться использованием свойств, операций, методов, отношений,
семантической структуры и др.
3.5
классификация
classification
процесс отнесения объектов (3.22) к определённым классам (3.4) в соответствии с критериями
3.6
система классификации
classification system
построенный по известному множеству правил систематизированный набор классов (3.4), в которые
могут группироваться объекты (3.22)
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ Настоящий международный стандарт охватывает как системы классификации с детализацией
характеристик, так и системы классификации без детализации характеристик классифицируемых объектов.
ПРИМЕР 1 Стандартный код ООН для товаров и услуг UNSPSC (United Nations Standard Products and Services
Code) относится к системам классификации без детализации характеристик.
[18]
ПРИМЕР 2 IEC 61360-4-DB представляет собой систему классификации с детализацией характеристик.
3.7
понятие, концепт
concept
элемент знаний, созданный уникальным сочетанием характеристик (3.3)
[ИСТОЧНИК: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.1]
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ Понятия не обязательно связываются с конкретными языками, однако подвержены влиянию
социальной или культурной среды, которое часто ведёт к разным принципам их классификации (3.5).
3.8
понятийная система
concept system
совокупность понятий (3.7), структурированная в соответствии с имеющимися связями между ними
[ИСТОЧНИК: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.11]
3.9
расширение (понятия)
extension
совокупность объектов (3.22), которую охватывает данное понятие (3.7)
[ИСТОЧНИК: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.8]
3.10
фасет, аспект
facet
группа классов (3.4) или понятий (3.7) одной и той же внутренней категории
[ИСТОЧНИК: ISO 25964-2:— [16], 3.32 с изменением]
ПРИМЕР 1 Высокоуровневыми категориями, которые могут использоваться для группирования понятий в
фасеты, являются: объекты (3.22), материалы, агенты, действия, местоположения и элементы.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ Фасеты, используемые в системе классификации (3.6) должны отвечать правилам,
приведённым ниже в 5.4, тогда как фасеты понятийных систем (3.8) свободны от этих ограничений; но в любом
случае должны соблюдаться рекомендации, представленные в 5.3.
ПРИМЕР 2 Фасетами системы классификации (3.6) применительно к предметам потребления могут быть
4 © ISO 2013 – Все права сохраняются
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(R)
функциональное представление, предметно-ориентированное описание, материал изготовления, вопросы
технического обслуживания или логистики.
3.11
фасетная система классификации
faceted classification system
система классификации (3.6), в рамках которой классы (3.4) группируются в исчерпывающие
взаимоисключающие фасеты, допускающие комбинирование с целью определения сложных объектов
ПРИМЕР Классы для определения программируемых логических контроллеров могут группироваться в такие
фасеты (3.10), как “технология”, “программирование”, “пакетирование” и “учёт сетевых ресурсов”.
3.12
особенность
feature
определённая характеристика (3.3), подходящая для описания и разграничения понятий (3.7) в
рамках понятийной системы (3.8)
3.13
общее понятие
general concept
понятие (3.7), которое соответствует нескольким объектам (3.22), образующим группу по причине
наличия общих характеристик (3.3)
ПРИМЕР понятия “планета” или “башня”.
[ИСТОЧНИК: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.3 с изменением]
3.14
родовое отношение
generic relation
отношение между двумя понятиями (3.7), при котором содержание (3.15) одного из них включает в
себя содержание другого понятия (3.7), но имеется хотя бы одна дополнительная отличительная
характеристика (3.3)
[ИСТОЧНИК: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.21 с изменением]
3.15
содержание (понятия)
intension
набор характеристик (3.3) понятия (3.7)
[ИСТОЧНИК: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.9 с изменением]
3.16
интернационализация
internationalization
технологический процесс, при котором программные продукты и услуги реализуются таким образом,
что оказывается возможной и удобной их адаптация к локальным языкам и локальным культурным
представлениям
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ Этап интернационализации является необходимым условием для систематического подхода к
локализации (3.21).
3.17
ведущая локаль
leading locale
локаль (3.20), применительно к которой разработаны продукт или услуга, и которая служит отправной
точкой для последующей локализации (3.21)
© ISO 2013 – Все права сохраняются 5
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(R)
3.18
листовой класс, финальный класс
leaf class
класс (3.4) в иерархической системе классификации (3.6), который имеет один или несколько
подчиняющих классов и не имеет ни одного подчинённого класса
3.19
уровень
level
значение количественной величины, отсчитываемое по отношению к некоторому опорному значению
3.20
локаль, местная специфика
locale
уникальная комбинация параметров, определяющая языковые, территориальные и другие
предпочтительные культурные, административные или технические настройки для конкретного
сообщества
3.21
локализация
localization
адаптация программного продукта или информационного обмена для некоторого языкового
сообщества в соответствии с культурными, лингвистическими, правовыми и технологическими
факторами
,[14]
[ИСТОЧНИК: ISO/TR 22134:2007 3.7]
3.22
объект
object
всё реальное или вымышленное
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ Объекты могут быть материальными (например, движущий механизм, лист бумаги, бриллиант),
нематериальными (например, коэффициент конвертации, план разработки проекта) или воображаемыми
(например, мифическое существо единорог).
[ИСТОЧНИК: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.1.1]
3.23
партитивное отношение
partitive relation
отношение между двумя понятиями (3.7), при котором одно из понятий образует единое целое, а
другой является частью этого целого
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ Партитивным отношением связаны понятия “неделя” и “день” или “молекула” и “атом”.
[ИСТОЧНИК: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.22, с изменением]
3.24
полииерархия
polyhierarchy
иерархия, в рамках которой имеются элементы, связанные с несколькими родительскими элементами
3.25
свойство
property
конкретная характеристика (3.3), подходящая для описания и разграничения объектов (3.22) в
рамках класса (3.4)
ПРИМЕР Температура окружающей среды может быть свойством класса, содержащего в себе географические пункты.
6 © ISO 2013 – Все права сохраняются
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(R)
3.26
терминология
terminology
совокупность обозначений, принадлежащих к одному специальному языку
[ИСТОЧНИК: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.5.1]
3.27
область значений
value domain
набор разрешённых значений
[7]
[ИСТОЧНИК: ISO/IEC 11179-1:2004, 3.3.38]
3.28
словарь
vocabulary
терминологический словарь, который содержит обозначения и определения из одной или нескольких
конкретных предметных областей
[ИСТОЧНИК: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.7.2]
4 Связи с другими нормативными документами
Руководящие указания и рекомендации, касающиеся принципов разработки систем классификации и
решения других родственных задач, содержатся в следующих документах:
[1]
— ISO 704 определяет важнейшие условия обеспечения высокого качества работы с терминологией;
— ISO 1087-1 определяет фундаментальные понятия терминологической работы.
— ISO/TS 29002-5 определяет компоненты и синтаксическую структуру идентификаторов элементов
концептуального словаря.
[18], [9] [15]
— IEC 61360 ISO 13584 и ISO 22745 определяют модели данных, которые могут использоваться
для организации хранения, осуществления информационного поиска или сопровождения систем
классификации, относящихся к предметной области обработки данных.
— Annex SL, Procedures for the maintenance of the IEC standards in database format, in: ISO/IEC Directives,
Supplement:2012 (Приложение SL, Процедуры сопровождения стандартов IEC, представленных в
формате баз данных — публикация в рамках Директив ISO/IEC, дополнение от 2012 г.), предоставляет
описание процедур, применимых к организации сопровождения международных стандартов, содержащих
классификационные системы для сферы обработки данных.
5 Фундаментальные принципы разработки систем классификации
5.1 Общие положения
Системы классификации широко применяются для облегчения обработки и интерпретации объектов
посредством надлежащего упорядочения знаний области дискурса и предоставления на этой основе
соответствующей информации, необходимой для непротиворечивой характеристики рассматриваемых
объектов. Поэтому классификационные системы должны проектироваться особенно внимательно – во
избежание создания структур, которые не смогут предоставлять запрашиваемую информацию или
будут чрезмерно сложны для понимания пользователями. Разработка надёжной классификационной
иерархии упрощается, если она отражает хорошо проработанную систему понятий, опирающуюся на
общепризнанные принципы управления терминологией. При таком отображении понятия, образующие
понятийную систему, становятся классами в системе классификации.
Часто классификация производится по принципу подобия, когда схожие элементы объединяются, а
© ISO 2013 – Все права сохраняются 7
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(R)
несхожие разделяются. Однако сходство элементов может проявляться в самых разных аспектах, и в
процессе классификации предметы должны объединяться в функциональном или прагматическом
плане с учётом конкретной цели этого процесса. Объекты, подлежащие классификации, могут
представлять собой предметы, людей, идеи, услуги и т.п.
5.2 Сферы применения
Системы классификации разрабатываются применительно к множеству предметных областей, к числу
которых, в частности, относятся:
— здравоохранение;
— производство;
— сфера обслуживания;
— документы и библиотеки;
— научная сфера;
— розничная торговля.
В представленных ниже примерах 1 – 8 кратко описываются выборочные классификационные системы
1
по каждой из вышеперечисленных областей.
ПРИМЕР 1 Важной системой классификации медицинских изделий является система GMDN (Global Medical
Device Nomenclature / Глобальная номенклатура медицинских изделий). Все участники рынка медицинских
изделий, такие как производители, регуляционные органы, органы оценки соответствия стандартам, продавцы,
владельцы и пользователи, одинаково заинтересованы в получении доступа к средствам их непротиворечивой
классификации, включая чёткие определения и терминологию. Система GMDN охватывает следующие области:
— изготовление;
— регистрацию;
— сообщения об инцидентах;
— торговлю;
— информацию о номенклатуре, хранения и жизненном цикле изделий.
®[23]
ПРИМЕР 2 Система eCl@ss является международным промышленным стандартом для классификации
изделий, материалов и услуг. Помимо представления возможного варианта уникального описания каждого
отдельного продукта, эта система обеспечивает кодирование групп изделий. Покупатели и потребители могут с
®
помощью кодов eCl@ss легко идентифицировать интересующие их изделия и услуги при работе с базами данных
о товарах и услугах, торговыми информационными системами и электронными каталогами.
ПРИМЕР 3 Международная стандартная отраслевая классификация I
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 22274:2013
01-julij-2013
Sistemi za upravljanje terminologije, znanja in vsebine - Pojmovni vidiki razvoja in
internacionalizacije klasifikacijskih sistemov
Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content -- Concept-related aspects for
developing and internationalizing classification systems
Systèmes de gestion de la terminologie, de la connaissance et du contenu -- Aspects
conceptuels du développement et de la localisation des systèmes des classement
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 22274:2013
ICS:
01.020 Terminologija (načela in Terminology (principles and
koordinacija) coordination)
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
35.240.60 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in transport
prometu
SIST ISO 22274:2013 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22274
First edition
2013-01-15
Systems to manage terminology,
knowledge and content — Concept-
related aspects for developing and
internationalizing classification
systems
Systèmes de gestion de la terminologie, de la connaissance et
du contenu — Aspects conceptuels du développement et de la
localization des systèmes des classement
Reference number
ISO 22274:2013(E)
©
ISO 2013
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2013
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the
address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Relations to other documents . 6
5 Fundamental development considerations for classification systems .6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Application domains . 7
5.3 Generic requirements . 8
5.4 Structuring principles . 8
5.5 Descriptive requirements .16
6 Terminological principles related to classification systems .18
6.1 General .18
6.2 Terminological principles related to definitions .19
6.3 Terminological principles related to class names .19
7 Concept systems and classification systems .21
7.1 Basic principles of concept systems .21
7.2 Differences between concept systems and classification systems .23
7.3 Difficulties that may occur in non-concept system-based classification systems .24
7.4 How to use a concept system to build a classification system .26
8 Requirements for an internationalized classification .32
8.1 Motivation .32
8.2 Enabling multilingual environments .33
8.3 Class identifiers .33
9 Internationalization aspects .34
9.1 General .34
9.2 Maintaining parallel concept systems.34
9.3 Guidelines for the creation of internationalized classification systems .34
10 Localization aspects .35
10.1 General .35
10.2 Leading locale .36
10.3 Names for classes, properties or values in different locales .36
10.4 Locale-specific objects, classes, properties and value domains .36
10.5 Different classification criteria .37
10.6 Different intensions of concepts .37
10.7 Brand names .38
10.8 Further cultural aspects .38
11 Workflow and administration issues .41
Annex A (informative) Descriptive information of existing classification systems .43
Annex B (informative) Rules for creating hierarchies of concepts and classes .48
Bibliography .50
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 22274 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content
resources, Subcommittee SC 3, Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content.
iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
Introduction
Classifying things is a common technique humans use to cope with the complexity of the world around
us. The role of classification systems in our daily life can hardly be overestimated.
Classification systems organize content in a systematic way. They are highly influenced by their
respective domain-specific terminologies and can, in turn, have an effect on those domain-specific
terminologies. Classification systems make domain knowledge accessible to a broad audience beyond
the specialists who are directly involved in that domain. Terms are established and knowledge is
systematized in classification systems.
In many cases, classification systems are used to structure large collections of data supporting
functions such as data mining or information retrieval. Dictionaries, libraries or catalogues, as well as
web pages or retrieval systems, are examples of data collections that may benefit from being structured
by classification systems.
Classification systems allow people to communicate about topics by providing sets of concepts that help
to reduce the complexity of the topic to a level which is manageable for their users. These concepts
allow us to direct the information flow within or between software applications, to communicate with
experts from different domains or to communicate with people of different backgrounds.
If the classification system is to be used in more than one linguistic community, it needs to be localized
to account for the languages, social conventions, and cultures of its users. To facilitate localization, the
classification system needs to be designed so that it is clear, easy to use, and otherwise prepared to
be localized.
This International Standard provides advice on how to design classification systems and how to express
their content so that they are adaptable to different linguistic environments. This International Standard
[19] [9] [18] [15]
complements existing documents, e.g. ISO/IEC˚Guide˚77, ISO 13584, IEC 61360, ISO 22745,
[7]
and ISO/IEC 11179.
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22274:2013(E)
Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and
content — Concept-related aspects for developing and
internationalizing classification systems
1 Scope
This International Standard establishes basic principles and requirements for ensuring that classification
systems are suitable for worldwide application, considering such aspects as cultural and linguistic
diversity as well as market requirements. By applying principles relating to terminology work, this
International Standard provides guidelines for creating, handling, and using classification systems for
international environments.
This International Standard addresses the need in many domains for classification systems that are
concept based to ensure that they are suitable for worldwide use and can be adapted to specific user
communities. It provides information about the design, development, and use of classification systems
that are fully enabled for diverse linguistic, cultural, and market-based environments.
This International Standard primarily specifies the factors that need to be considered when creating
and populating a classification system for use in diverse linguistic environments. These factors include
the specification of principles for incorporating internationalization aspects into classification systems,
and maintaining and using those aspects for the structuring of activities, products, services, agents, and
other entities of a company or organization.
The following are within the scope of this International Standard:
a) guidelines on information content to support internationalization of classification systems and
their underlying concept systems;
b) terminological principles applicable to classification systems;
c) requirements for internationalization of classification systems;
d) considerations on workflow and administration of classification system content to support
worldwide use.
The following are outside the scope of this International Standard:
— providing formal data models for representing classification systems in machine-readable form;
— prescribing classification system content for specific business domains or products;
— harmonization of classification systems.
This International Standard is intended for those who develop content for classification systems. This
includes terminologists and content managers who are called upon to apply the principles of terminology
work to ensure that cultural and linguistic diversity are appropriately reflected in classification systems.
It is also relevant for people who design and model appropriate IT tools.
NOTE Formal data models for implementation of classification systems in information technology
environments can be obtained from technical committees such as ISO/TC 184 or IEC/TC 3.
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1087-1:2000, Terminology work — Vocabulary — Part 1: Theory and application
ISO/IEC 6523 (all parts), Information technology — Structure for the identification of organizations and
organization parts
ISO/IEC 15418, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques — GS1
Application Identifiers and ASC MH10 Data Identifiers and maintenance
ISO/IEC 15459-6, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques —
Unique identification — Part 6: Groupings
ISO/TS 29002-5, Industrial automation systems and integration — Exchange of characteristic data —
Part 5: Identification scheme
ISO/IEC Directives, Supplement:2012, Procedures specific to IEC
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1087-1 and the following apply.
3.1
associative relation
relation between two concepts (3.7) having a non-hierarchical thematic connection by virtue of experience
EXAMPLE An associative relation exists between the concepts “education” and “teaching” or “baking” and “oven”.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.23, modified]
3.2
attribute
data element for the computer-sensible description of a property (3.25), a relation or a class (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 77-2:2008, 2.2]
EXAMPLE Creation date of a class object (3.22) in a computer system.
3.3
characteristic
distinguishing feature
NOTE 1 A characteristic can be inherent or assigned.
NOTE 2 A characteristic can be qualitative or quantitative.
NOTE 3 There are various classes (3.4) of characteristic, such as the following:
— physical (e.g. mechanical, electrical, chemical or biological characteristics);
— sensory (e.g. related to smell, touch, taste, sight, hearing);
— behavioural (e.g. courtesy, honesty, veracity);
— temporal (e.g. punctuality, reliability, availability);
— ergonomic (e.g. physiological characteristic or related to human safety);
— functional (e.g. maximum speed of an aircraft).
2 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
[SOURCE: ISO 9000:2005, 3.5.1]
NOTE 4 Characteristics that apply to concepts (3.7) are called features (3.12), whereas characteristics of
classes (3.4) are called properties (3.25).
EXAMPLE Figure 1 shows the interrelation of the items concept (3.7), feature (3.12), class (3.4), attribute
(3.2), and property (3.25). The figure shows sections of a concept system (3.8) and a classification system
(3.6). The class “Car” is derived from the concept “Motor vehicle” and the property “Colour” implements the
feature “Pigmentation”. The class “Car” has attributes such as “Preferred name” and “Definition”. The concept
“Automobile” is not used in the classification system.
Figure 1 — Interrelation of concept (3.7), feature (3.12), class (3.4),
attribute (3.2), and property (3.25)
3.4
class
description of a set of objects (3.22) that share the same characteristics (3.3)
NOTE The characteristics may be embodied by the use of properties, operations, methods, relations,
semantics, etc.
3.5
classification
process of assigning objects (3.22) to classes (3.4) according to criteria
3.6
classification system
systematic collection of classes (3.4) organized according to a known set of rules, and into which objects
(3.22) may be grouped
NOTE This International Standard considers both classification systems with properties and classification
systems without properties.
EXAMPLE 1 The United Nations Standard Products and Services Code (UNSPSC) is an example of a classification
system without properties.
[18]
EXAMPLE 2 IEC 61360-4-DB is an example of a classification system with properties.
3.7
concept
unit of knowledge created by a unique combination of characteristics (3.3)
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.1]
NOTE Concepts are not necessarily bound to particular languages. They are, however, influenced by the
social or cultural background which often leads to different classifications (3.5).
3.8
concept system
set of concepts (3.7) structured according to the relations among them
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.11]
3.9
extension
totality of objects (3.22) to which a concept (3.7) corresponds
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.8]
3.10
facet
group of classes (3.4) or concepts (3.7) of the same inherent category
[16]
[SOURCE: ISO 25964-2:—, 3.32, modified]
EXAMPLE 1 High-level categories that can be used for grouping concepts into facets are: objects (3.22),
materials, agents, actions, places and items.
NOTE Facets used in classification systems (3.6) should follow the rules given in 5.4, whereas facets used in
concept systems (3.8) are free from such restrictions. In either case, the recommendations given in 5.3 should apply.
EXAMPLE 2 Facets of a classification system (3.6) for commodities may be functional view, product-oriented
view, material, maintenance considerations or logistics.
3.11
faceted classification system
classification system (3.6) where classes (3.4) are grouped in mutually exclusive and collectively
exhaustive aspects that can be combined to specify complex subjects
EXAMPLE Classes to specify programmable logic controllers may be grouped in facets (3.10) such as
“technology”, “programming”, “packaging”, and “accounting”.
3.12
feature
defined characteristic (3.3) suitable for the description and differentiation of concepts (3.7) in a
concept system (3.8)
3.13
general concept
concept (3.7) which corresponds to two or more objects (3.22) which form a group by reason of common
characteristics (3.3)
EXAMPLE “Planet” or “tower”.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.3, modified]
3.14
generic relation
relation between two concepts (3.7) where the intension (3.15) of one of the concepts (3.7) includes
that of the other concept (3.7) and at least one additional delimiting characteristic (3.3)
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.21, modified]
4 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
3.15
intension
set of characteristics (3.3) of a concept (3.7)
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.9, modified]
3.16
internationalization
process whereby products and services are implemented in a way that allows for and facilitates the
adaptation to local languages and cultural conventions
NOTE Internationalization is a prerequisite for a systematic approach to localization (3.21).
3.17
leading locale
locale (3.20) in or for which a product or service is developed and which serves as a reference point for
further localization (3.21)
3.18
leaf class
class (3.4) in a hierarchical classification system (3.6) which has one or more superordinate classes
and no subordinates
3.19
level
magnitude of a quantity considered in relation to a reference value
3.20
locale
unique combination of parameters specifying the language, geographic area, and other cultural,
administrative or technical preferences of a given community
3.21
localization
adaptation of a product or communication to a community of speakers with respect to cultural, linguistic,
legal, political and technological factors
[14]
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 22134:2007, 3.7]
3.22
object
anything perceivable or conceivable
NOTE Objects may be material (e.g. an engine, a sheet of paper, a diamond), immaterial (e.g. conversion ratio,
a project plan) or imagined (e.g. a unicorn).
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.1.1]
3.23
partitive relation
relation between two concepts (3.7) where one of the concepts constitutes the whole and the other
concept a part of that whole
NOTE A partitive relation exists between the concepts “week” and “day” or “molecule” and “atom”.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.22, modified]
3.24
polyhierarchy
hierarchy including elements that have links to more than one parent element
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
3.25
property
defined characteristic (3.3) suitable for the description and differentiation of the objects (3.22) in
a class (3.4)
EXAMPLE Ambient temperature may be a property of a class comprising geographical locations.
3.26
terminology
set of designations belonging to one special language
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.5.1]
3.27
value domain
set of permissible values
[7]
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 11179-1:2004, 3.3.38]
3.28
vocabulary
terminological dictionary which contains designations and definitions from one or more specific
subject fields
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.7.2]
4 Relations to other documents
The following documents provide guidelines about fundamentals applicable to the development of
classification systems and to other related tasks.
[1]
— ISO 704 defines the essential elements for quality in terminology work.
— ISO 1087-1 defines fundamental terminological concepts.
— ISO/TS 29002-5 specifies elements and syntax of identifiers of elements of a concept dictionary.
[18] [9] [15]
— IEC 61360, ISO 13584 or ISO 22745 specify data models that may be used to store, retrieve
or maintain classification systems in data-processing environments.
— Annex SL, Procedures for the maintenance of the IEC standards in database format, in: ISO/IEC
Directives, Supplement:2012, describes procedures applicable for the maintenance of International
Standards comprising classification systems managed in a data-processing environment.
5 Fundamental development considerations for classification systems
5.1 General
Classification systems are widely used to facilitate handling and interpretation of objects by organizing
the knowledge of an area of discourse and thus provide the information needed to unambiguously
characterize those objects. To serve this purpose, classification systems should be carefully designed
to avoid structures that do not provide the requested information or that are overly complicated,
which confuses users. The development of a sound classification hierarchy is facilitated if it reflects
an underlying concept system that shall be elaborated based on recognized principles for managing
terminology. Through a mapping process, the concepts in the concept system become classes in the
classification system.
Often the criterion of classification is likeness. A classification unites like things and it separates unlike
things. Things may, however, be alike in many different ways. A classification should unite things from
6 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
a functional or a pragmatic point of view based on the purpose of the classification. The objects to be
classified may be things, persons, processes, ideas, services, and so forth.
5.2 Application domains
Classification systems are developed for many domains. They are used in domains such as:
— healthcare;
— manufacturing;
— service delivery;
— documents and libraries;
— science;
— retail.
1)
Examples 1 to 8 describe sample classification systems from each of these domains.
EXAMPLE 1 The Global Medical Device Nomenclature (GMDN) is an important classification system for medical
devices. All parties involved with medical devices, such as manufacturers, regulators, conformity assessment
bodies, traders, owners, and users, have a common interest in having access to an unambiguous classification of
those devices, including clear definitions and terms. Processes addressed by GMDN include:
— manufacturing;
— registration;
— incident reporting;
— trading;
— inventory, stock-keeping, and life-cycle information.
®
EXAMPLE 2 eCl@ss (Reference [32]) is an international industry standard for classification of products,
materials, and services. In addition to providing the option of describing each individual product in a unique way, eCl@
®
ss provides codes to specify product groups. Purchasers and consumers can identify products and services with the
®
eCl@ss codes when they are using product databases, merchandise information systems or electronic catalogues.
EXAMPLE 3 The International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) is an international reference
classification of activities within production processes. Its main purpose is to provide a set of activity categories
that can be utilized for the collection and reporting of statistics according to such activities. Since the original
version in 1948, ISIC has provided guidance to countries for developing national activity classifications and has
become an important tool for comparing statistical data on economic activities at the international level.
EXAMPLE 4 The Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is a multilingual classification scheme for all fields
of knowledge, a sophisticated indexing and retrieval tool for organizing bibliographic records for all kinds of
information in any medium. It was
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22274
First edition
2013-01-15
Systems to manage terminology,
knowledge and content — Concept-
related aspects for developing and
internationalizing classification
systems
Systèmes de gestion de la terminologie, de la connaissance et
du contenu — Aspects conceptuels du développement et de la
localization des systèmes des classement
Reference number
ISO 22274:2013(E)
©
ISO 2013
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2013
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the
address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Relations to other documents . 6
5 Fundamental development considerations for classification systems .6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Application domains . 7
5.3 Generic requirements . 8
5.4 Structuring principles . 8
5.5 Descriptive requirements .16
6 Terminological principles related to classification systems .18
6.1 General .18
6.2 Terminological principles related to definitions .19
6.3 Terminological principles related to class names .19
7 Concept systems and classification systems .21
7.1 Basic principles of concept systems .21
7.2 Differences between concept systems and classification systems .23
7.3 Difficulties that may occur in non-concept system-based classification systems .24
7.4 How to use a concept system to build a classification system .26
8 Requirements for an internationalized classification .32
8.1 Motivation .32
8.2 Enabling multilingual environments .33
8.3 Class identifiers .33
9 Internationalization aspects .34
9.1 General .34
9.2 Maintaining parallel concept systems.34
9.3 Guidelines for the creation of internationalized classification systems .34
10 Localization aspects .35
10.1 General .35
10.2 Leading locale .36
10.3 Names for classes, properties or values in different locales .36
10.4 Locale-specific objects, classes, properties and value domains .36
10.5 Different classification criteria .37
10.6 Different intensions of concepts .37
10.7 Brand names .38
10.8 Further cultural aspects .38
11 Workflow and administration issues .41
Annex A (informative) Descriptive information of existing classification systems .43
Annex B (informative) Rules for creating hierarchies of concepts and classes .48
Bibliography .50
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 22274 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content
resources, Subcommittee SC 3, Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content.
iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(E)
Introduction
Classifying things is a common technique humans use to cope with the complexity of the world around
us. The role of classification systems in our daily life can hardly be overestimated.
Classification systems organize content in a systematic way. They are highly influenced by their
respective domain-specific terminologies and can, in turn, have an effect on those domain-specific
terminologies. Classification systems make domain knowledge accessible to a broad audience beyond
the specialists who are directly involved in that domain. Terms are established and knowledge is
systematized in classification systems.
In many cases, classification systems are used to structure large collections of data supporting
functions such as data mining or information retrieval. Dictionaries, libraries or catalogues, as well as
web pages or retrieval systems, are examples of data collections that may benefit from being structured
by classification systems.
Classification systems allow people to communicate about topics by providing sets of concepts that help
to reduce the complexity of the topic to a level which is manageable for their users. These concepts
allow us to direct the information flow within or between software applications, to communicate with
experts from different domains or to communicate with people of different backgrounds.
If the classification system is to be used in more than one linguistic community, it needs to be localized
to account for the languages, social conventions, and cultures of its users. To facilitate localization, the
classification system needs to be designed so that it is clear, easy to use, and otherwise prepared to
be localized.
This International Standard provides advice on how to design classification systems and how to express
their content so that they are adaptable to different linguistic environments. This International Standard
[19] [9] [18] [15]
complements existing documents, e.g. ISO/IEC˚Guide˚77, ISO 13584, IEC 61360, ISO 22745,
[7]
and ISO/IEC 11179.
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22274:2013(E)
Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and
content — Concept-related aspects for developing and
internationalizing classification systems
1 Scope
This International Standard establishes basic principles and requirements for ensuring that classification
systems are suitable for worldwide application, considering such aspects as cultural and linguistic
diversity as well as market requirements. By applying principles relating to terminology work, this
International Standard provides guidelines for creating, handling, and using classification systems for
international environments.
This International Standard addresses the need in many domains for classification systems that are
concept based to ensure that they are suitable for worldwide use and can be adapted to specific user
communities. It provides information about the design, development, and use of classification systems
that are fully enabled for diverse linguistic, cultural, and market-based environments.
This International Standard primarily specifies the factors that need to be considered when creating
and populating a classification system for use in diverse linguistic environments. These factors include
the specification of principles for incorporating internationalization aspects into classification systems,
and maintaining and using those aspects for the structuring of activities, products, services, agents, and
other entities of a company or organization.
The following are within the scope of this International Standard:
a) guidelines on information content to support internationalization of classification systems and
their underlying concept systems;
b) terminological principles applicable to classification systems;
c) requirements for internationalization of classification systems;
d) considerations on workflow and administration of classification system content to support
worldwide use.
The following are outside the scope of this International Standard:
— providing formal data models for representing classification systems in machine-readable form;
— prescribing classification system content for specific business domains or products;
— harmonization of classification systems.
This International Standard is intended for those who develop content for classification systems. This
includes terminologists and content managers who are called upon to apply the principles of terminology
work to ensure that cultural and linguistic diversity are appropriately reflected in classification systems.
It is also relevant for people who design and model appropriate IT tools.
NOTE Formal data models for implementation of classification systems in information technology
environments can be obtained from technical committees such as ISO/TC 184 or IEC/TC 3.
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(E)
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1087-1:2000, Terminology work — Vocabulary — Part 1: Theory and application
ISO/IEC 6523 (all parts), Information technology — Structure for the identification of organizations and
organization parts
ISO/IEC 15418, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques — GS1
Application Identifiers and ASC MH10 Data Identifiers and maintenance
ISO/IEC 15459-6, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques —
Unique identification — Part 6: Groupings
ISO/TS 29002-5, Industrial automation systems and integration — Exchange of characteristic data —
Part 5: Identification scheme
ISO/IEC Directives, Supplement:2012, Procedures specific to IEC
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1087-1 and the following apply.
3.1
associative relation
relation between two concepts (3.7) having a non-hierarchical thematic connection by virtue of experience
EXAMPLE An associative relation exists between the concepts “education” and “teaching” or “baking” and “oven”.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.23, modified]
3.2
attribute
data element for the computer-sensible description of a property (3.25), a relation or a class (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 77-2:2008, 2.2]
EXAMPLE Creation date of a class object (3.22) in a computer system.
3.3
characteristic
distinguishing feature
NOTE 1 A characteristic can be inherent or assigned.
NOTE 2 A characteristic can be qualitative or quantitative.
NOTE 3 There are various classes (3.4) of characteristic, such as the following:
— physical (e.g. mechanical, electrical, chemical or biological characteristics);
— sensory (e.g. related to smell, touch, taste, sight, hearing);
— behavioural (e.g. courtesy, honesty, veracity);
— temporal (e.g. punctuality, reliability, availability);
— ergonomic (e.g. physiological characteristic or related to human safety);
— functional (e.g. maximum speed of an aircraft).
2 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(E)
[SOURCE: ISO 9000:2005, 3.5.1]
NOTE 4 Characteristics that apply to concepts (3.7) are called features (3.12), whereas characteristics of
classes (3.4) are called properties (3.25).
EXAMPLE Figure 1 shows the interrelation of the items concept (3.7), feature (3.12), class (3.4), attribute
(3.2), and property (3.25). The figure shows sections of a concept system (3.8) and a classification system
(3.6). The class “Car” is derived from the concept “Motor vehicle” and the property “Colour” implements the
feature “Pigmentation”. The class “Car” has attributes such as “Preferred name” and “Definition”. The concept
“Automobile” is not used in the classification system.
Figure 1 — Interrelation of concept (3.7), feature (3.12), class (3.4),
attribute (3.2), and property (3.25)
3.4
class
description of a set of objects (3.22) that share the same characteristics (3.3)
NOTE The characteristics may be embodied by the use of properties, operations, methods, relations,
semantics, etc.
3.5
classification
process of assigning objects (3.22) to classes (3.4) according to criteria
3.6
classification system
systematic collection of classes (3.4) organized according to a known set of rules, and into which objects
(3.22) may be grouped
NOTE This International Standard considers both classification systems with properties and classification
systems without properties.
EXAMPLE 1 The United Nations Standard Products and Services Code (UNSPSC) is an example of a classification
system without properties.
[18]
EXAMPLE 2 IEC 61360-4-DB is an example of a classification system with properties.
3.7
concept
unit of knowledge created by a unique combination of characteristics (3.3)
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(E)
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.1]
NOTE Concepts are not necessarily bound to particular languages. They are, however, influenced by the
social or cultural background which often leads to different classifications (3.5).
3.8
concept system
set of concepts (3.7) structured according to the relations among them
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.11]
3.9
extension
totality of objects (3.22) to which a concept (3.7) corresponds
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.8]
3.10
facet
group of classes (3.4) or concepts (3.7) of the same inherent category
[16]
[SOURCE: ISO 25964-2:—, 3.32, modified]
EXAMPLE 1 High-level categories that can be used for grouping concepts into facets are: objects (3.22),
materials, agents, actions, places and items.
NOTE Facets used in classification systems (3.6) should follow the rules given in 5.4, whereas facets used in
concept systems (3.8) are free from such restrictions. In either case, the recommendations given in 5.3 should apply.
EXAMPLE 2 Facets of a classification system (3.6) for commodities may be functional view, product-oriented
view, material, maintenance considerations or logistics.
3.11
faceted classification system
classification system (3.6) where classes (3.4) are grouped in mutually exclusive and collectively
exhaustive aspects that can be combined to specify complex subjects
EXAMPLE Classes to specify programmable logic controllers may be grouped in facets (3.10) such as
“technology”, “programming”, “packaging”, and “accounting”.
3.12
feature
defined characteristic (3.3) suitable for the description and differentiation of concepts (3.7) in a
concept system (3.8)
3.13
general concept
concept (3.7) which corresponds to two or more objects (3.22) which form a group by reason of common
characteristics (3.3)
EXAMPLE “Planet” or “tower”.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.3, modified]
3.14
generic relation
relation between two concepts (3.7) where the intension (3.15) of one of the concepts (3.7) includes
that of the other concept (3.7) and at least one additional delimiting characteristic (3.3)
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.21, modified]
4 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(E)
3.15
intension
set of characteristics (3.3) of a concept (3.7)
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.9, modified]
3.16
internationalization
process whereby products and services are implemented in a way that allows for and facilitates the
adaptation to local languages and cultural conventions
NOTE Internationalization is a prerequisite for a systematic approach to localization (3.21).
3.17
leading locale
locale (3.20) in or for which a product or service is developed and which serves as a reference point for
further localization (3.21)
3.18
leaf class
class (3.4) in a hierarchical classification system (3.6) which has one or more superordinate classes
and no subordinates
3.19
level
magnitude of a quantity considered in relation to a reference value
3.20
locale
unique combination of parameters specifying the language, geographic area, and other cultural,
administrative or technical preferences of a given community
3.21
localization
adaptation of a product or communication to a community of speakers with respect to cultural, linguistic,
legal, political and technological factors
[14]
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 22134:2007, 3.7]
3.22
object
anything perceivable or conceivable
NOTE Objects may be material (e.g. an engine, a sheet of paper, a diamond), immaterial (e.g. conversion ratio,
a project plan) or imagined (e.g. a unicorn).
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.1.1]
3.23
partitive relation
relation between two concepts (3.7) where one of the concepts constitutes the whole and the other
concept a part of that whole
NOTE A partitive relation exists between the concepts “week” and “day” or “molecule” and “atom”.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.22, modified]
3.24
polyhierarchy
hierarchy including elements that have links to more than one parent element
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(E)
3.25
property
defined characteristic (3.3) suitable for the description and differentiation of the objects (3.22) in
a class (3.4)
EXAMPLE Ambient temperature may be a property of a class comprising geographical locations.
3.26
terminology
set of designations belonging to one special language
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.5.1]
3.27
value domain
set of permissible values
[7]
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 11179-1:2004, 3.3.38]
3.28
vocabulary
terminological dictionary which contains designations and definitions from one or more specific
subject fields
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.7.2]
4 Relations to other documents
The following documents provide guidelines about fundamentals applicable to the development of
classification systems and to other related tasks.
[1]
— ISO 704 defines the essential elements for quality in terminology work.
— ISO 1087-1 defines fundamental terminological concepts.
— ISO/TS 29002-5 specifies elements and syntax of identifiers of elements of a concept dictionary.
[18] [9] [15]
— IEC 61360, ISO 13584 or ISO 22745 specify data models that may be used to store, retrieve
or maintain classification systems in data-processing environments.
— Annex SL, Procedures for the maintenance of the IEC standards in database format, in: ISO/IEC
Directives, Supplement:2012, describes procedures applicable for the maintenance of International
Standards comprising classification systems managed in a data-processing environment.
5 Fundamental development considerations for classification systems
5.1 General
Classification systems are widely used to facilitate handling and interpretation of objects by organizing
the knowledge of an area of discourse and thus provide the information needed to unambiguously
characterize those objects. To serve this purpose, classification systems should be carefully designed
to avoid structures that do not provide the requested information or that are overly complicated,
which confuses users. The development of a sound classification hierarchy is facilitated if it reflects
an underlying concept system that shall be elaborated based on recognized principles for managing
terminology. Through a mapping process, the concepts in the concept system become classes in the
classification system.
Often the criterion of classification is likeness. A classification unites like things and it separates unlike
things. Things may, however, be alike in many different ways. A classification should unite things from
6 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(E)
a functional or a pragmatic point of view based on the purpose of the classification. The objects to be
classified may be things, persons, processes, ideas, services, and so forth.
5.2 Application domains
Classification systems are developed for many domains. They are used in domains such as:
— healthcare;
— manufacturing;
— service delivery;
— documents and libraries;
— science;
— retail.
1)
Examples 1 to 8 describe sample classification systems from each of these domains.
EXAMPLE 1 The Global Medical Device Nomenclature (GMDN) is an important classification system for medical
devices. All parties involved with medical devices, such as manufacturers, regulators, conformity assessment
bodies, traders, owners, and users, have a common interest in having access to an unambiguous classification of
those devices, including clear definitions and terms. Processes addressed by GMDN include:
— manufacturing;
— registration;
— incident reporting;
— trading;
— inventory, stock-keeping, and life-cycle information.
®
EXAMPLE 2 eCl@ss (Reference [32]) is an international industry standard for classification of products,
materials, and services. In addition to providing the option of describing each individual product in a unique way, eCl@
®
ss provides codes to specify product groups. Purchasers and consumers can identify products and services with the
®
eCl@ss codes when they are using product databases, merchandise information systems or electronic catalogues.
EXAMPLE 3 The International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) is an international reference
classification of activities within production processes. Its main purpose is to provide a set of activity categories
that can be utilized for the collection and reporting of statistics according to such activities. Since the original
version in 1948, ISIC has provided guidance to countries for developing national activity classifications and has
become an important tool for comparing statistical data on economic activities at the international level.
EXAMPLE 4 The Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is a multilingual classification scheme for all fields
of knowledge, a sophisticated indexing and retrieval tool for organizing bibliographic records for all kinds of
information in any medium. It was adapted from the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) and first published (in
French) between 1904 and 1907.
EXAMPLE 5 The London Classification of Business Studies (LCBS) was compiled as a result of rapid expansion
in the field of management education following the establishment of two graduate business schools in the UK
(London and Manchester) in 1965. It has an international reputation and is used in many business libraries and
information services throughout the world.
EXAMPLE 6 The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is a classification system that was first developed in
the late 19th and early 20th century to organize the book collections of the Library of Congress. Over the course
of the 20th century, the system was adopted for use by other libraries as well, especially large academic libraries
in the USA and in research and academic libraries in other countries.
® ®
1) The Global Medical Device Nomenclature (GMDN), eCl@ss , The Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme
® ® ®
(PACS ), GS1 , and GSDN are examples of suitable services available commercially. This information is given for
the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of these services.
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 7
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO 22274:2013(E)
® ®
EXAMP
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 22274:2013
01-julij-2013
Sistemi za upravljanje terminologije, znanja in vsebine - Pojmovni vidiki razvoja in
internacionalizacije klasifikacijskih sistemov
Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content -- Concept-related aspects for
developing and internationalizing classification systems
Systèmes de gestion de la terminologie, de la connaissance et du contenu -- Aspects
conceptuels du développement et de la localisation des systèmes des classement
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 22274:2013
ICS:
01.020 7HUPLQRORJLMD QDþHODLQ Terminology (principles and
NRRUGLQDFLMD coordination)
35.240.60 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in transport
transportu in trgovini and trade
SIST ISO 22274:2013 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22274
First edition
2013-01-15
Systems to manage terminology,
knowledge and content — Concept-
related aspects for developing and
internationalizing classification
systems
Systèmes de gestion de la terminologie, de la connaissance et
du contenu — Aspects conceptuels du développement et de la
localization des systèmes des classement
Reference number
ISO 22274:2013(E)
©
ISO 2013
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2013
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the
address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Relations to other documents . 6
5 Fundamental development considerations for classification systems .6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Application domains . 7
5.3 Generic requirements . 8
5.4 Structuring principles . 8
5.5 Descriptive requirements .16
6 Terminological principles related to classification systems .18
6.1 General .18
6.2 Terminological principles related to definitions .19
6.3 Terminological principles related to class names .19
7 Concept systems and classification systems .21
7.1 Basic principles of concept systems .21
7.2 Differences between concept systems and classification systems .23
7.3 Difficulties that may occur in non-concept system-based classification systems .24
7.4 How to use a concept system to build a classification system .26
8 Requirements for an internationalized classification .32
8.1 Motivation .32
8.2 Enabling multilingual environments .33
8.3 Class identifiers .33
9 Internationalization aspects .34
9.1 General .34
9.2 Maintaining parallel concept systems.34
9.3 Guidelines for the creation of internationalized classification systems .34
10 Localization aspects .35
10.1 General .35
10.2 Leading locale .36
10.3 Names for classes, properties or values in different locales .36
10.4 Locale-specific objects, classes, properties and value domains .36
10.5 Different classification criteria .37
10.6 Different intensions of concepts .37
10.7 Brand names .38
10.8 Further cultural aspects .38
11 Workflow and administration issues .41
Annex A (informative) Descriptive information of existing classification systems .43
Annex B (informative) Rules for creating hierarchies of concepts and classes .48
Bibliography .50
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 22274 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content
resources, Subcommittee SC 3, Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content.
iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
Introduction
Classifying things is a common technique humans use to cope with the complexity of the world around
us. The role of classification systems in our daily life can hardly be overestimated.
Classification systems organize content in a systematic way. They are highly influenced by their
respective domain-specific terminologies and can, in turn, have an effect on those domain-specific
terminologies. Classification systems make domain knowledge accessible to a broad audience beyond
the specialists who are directly involved in that domain. Terms are established and knowledge is
systematized in classification systems.
In many cases, classification systems are used to structure large collections of data supporting
functions such as data mining or information retrieval. Dictionaries, libraries or catalogues, as well as
web pages or retrieval systems, are examples of data collections that may benefit from being structured
by classification systems.
Classification systems allow people to communicate about topics by providing sets of concepts that help
to reduce the complexity of the topic to a level which is manageable for their users. These concepts
allow us to direct the information flow within or between software applications, to communicate with
experts from different domains or to communicate with people of different backgrounds.
If the classification system is to be used in more than one linguistic community, it needs to be localized
to account for the languages, social conventions, and cultures of its users. To facilitate localization, the
classification system needs to be designed so that it is clear, easy to use, and otherwise prepared to
be localized.
This International Standard provides advice on how to design classification systems and how to express
their content so that they are adaptable to different linguistic environments. This International Standard
[19] [9] [18] [15]
complements existing documents, e.g. ISO/IEC˚Guide˚77, ISO 13584, IEC 61360, ISO 22745,
[7]
and ISO/IEC 11179.
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22274:2013(E)
Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and
content — Concept-related aspects for developing and
internationalizing classification systems
1 Scope
This International Standard establishes basic principles and requirements for ensuring that classification
systems are suitable for worldwide application, considering such aspects as cultural and linguistic
diversity as well as market requirements. By applying principles relating to terminology work, this
International Standard provides guidelines for creating, handling, and using classification systems for
international environments.
This International Standard addresses the need in many domains for classification systems that are
concept based to ensure that they are suitable for worldwide use and can be adapted to specific user
communities. It provides information about the design, development, and use of classification systems
that are fully enabled for diverse linguistic, cultural, and market-based environments.
This International Standard primarily specifies the factors that need to be considered when creating
and populating a classification system for use in diverse linguistic environments. These factors include
the specification of principles for incorporating internationalization aspects into classification systems,
and maintaining and using those aspects for the structuring of activities, products, services, agents, and
other entities of a company or organization.
The following are within the scope of this International Standard:
a) guidelines on information content to support internationalization of classification systems and
their underlying concept systems;
b) terminological principles applicable to classification systems;
c) requirements for internationalization of classification systems;
d) considerations on workflow and administration of classification system content to support
worldwide use.
The following are outside the scope of this International Standard:
— providing formal data models for representing classification systems in machine-readable form;
— prescribing classification system content for specific business domains or products;
— harmonization of classification systems.
This International Standard is intended for those who develop content for classification systems. This
includes terminologists and content managers who are called upon to apply the principles of terminology
work to ensure that cultural and linguistic diversity are appropriately reflected in classification systems.
It is also relevant for people who design and model appropriate IT tools.
NOTE Formal data models for implementation of classification systems in information technology
environments can be obtained from technical committees such as ISO/TC 184 or IEC/TC 3.
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1087-1:2000, Terminology work — Vocabulary — Part 1: Theory and application
ISO/IEC 6523 (all parts), Information technology — Structure for the identification of organizations and
organization parts
ISO/IEC 15418, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques — GS1
Application Identifiers and ASC MH10 Data Identifiers and maintenance
ISO/IEC 15459-6, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques —
Unique identification — Part 6: Groupings
ISO/TS 29002-5, Industrial automation systems and integration — Exchange of characteristic data —
Part 5: Identification scheme
ISO/IEC Directives, Supplement:2012, Procedures specific to IEC
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1087-1 and the following apply.
3.1
associative relation
relation between two concepts (3.7) having a non-hierarchical thematic connection by virtue of experience
EXAMPLE An associative relation exists between the concepts “education” and “teaching” or “baking” and “oven”.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.23, modified]
3.2
attribute
data element for the computer-sensible description of a property (3.25), a relation or a class (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 77-2:2008, 2.2]
EXAMPLE Creation date of a class object (3.22) in a computer system.
3.3
characteristic
distinguishing feature
NOTE 1 A characteristic can be inherent or assigned.
NOTE 2 A characteristic can be qualitative or quantitative.
NOTE 3 There are various classes (3.4) of characteristic, such as the following:
— physical (e.g. mechanical, electrical, chemical or biological characteristics);
— sensory (e.g. related to smell, touch, taste, sight, hearing);
— behavioural (e.g. courtesy, honesty, veracity);
— temporal (e.g. punctuality, reliability, availability);
— ergonomic (e.g. physiological characteristic or related to human safety);
— functional (e.g. maximum speed of an aircraft).
2 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
[SOURCE: ISO 9000:2005, 3.5.1]
NOTE 4 Characteristics that apply to concepts (3.7) are called features (3.12), whereas characteristics of
classes (3.4) are called properties (3.25).
EXAMPLE Figure 1 shows the interrelation of the items concept (3.7), feature (3.12), class (3.4), attribute
(3.2), and property (3.25). The figure shows sections of a concept system (3.8) and a classification system
(3.6). The class “Car” is derived from the concept “Motor vehicle” and the property “Colour” implements the
feature “Pigmentation”. The class “Car” has attributes such as “Preferred name” and “Definition”. The concept
“Automobile” is not used in the classification system.
Figure 1 — Interrelation of concept (3.7), feature (3.12), class (3.4),
attribute (3.2), and property (3.25)
3.4
class
description of a set of objects (3.22) that share the same characteristics (3.3)
NOTE The characteristics may be embodied by the use of properties, operations, methods, relations,
semantics, etc.
3.5
classification
process of assigning objects (3.22) to classes (3.4) according to criteria
3.6
classification system
systematic collection of classes (3.4) organized according to a known set of rules, and into which objects
(3.22) may be grouped
NOTE This International Standard considers both classification systems with properties and classification
systems without properties.
EXAMPLE 1 The United Nations Standard Products and Services Code (UNSPSC) is an example of a classification
system without properties.
[18]
EXAMPLE 2 IEC 61360-4-DB is an example of a classification system with properties.
3.7
concept
unit of knowledge created by a unique combination of characteristics (3.3)
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.1]
NOTE Concepts are not necessarily bound to particular languages. They are, however, influenced by the
social or cultural background which often leads to different classifications (3.5).
3.8
concept system
set of concepts (3.7) structured according to the relations among them
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.11]
3.9
extension
totality of objects (3.22) to which a concept (3.7) corresponds
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.8]
3.10
facet
group of classes (3.4) or concepts (3.7) of the same inherent category
[16]
[SOURCE: ISO 25964-2:—, 3.32, modified]
EXAMPLE 1 High-level categories that can be used for grouping concepts into facets are: objects (3.22),
materials, agents, actions, places and items.
NOTE Facets used in classification systems (3.6) should follow the rules given in 5.4, whereas facets used in
concept systems (3.8) are free from such restrictions. In either case, the recommendations given in 5.3 should apply.
EXAMPLE 2 Facets of a classification system (3.6) for commodities may be functional view, product-oriented
view, material, maintenance considerations or logistics.
3.11
faceted classification system
classification system (3.6) where classes (3.4) are grouped in mutually exclusive and collectively
exhaustive aspects that can be combined to specify complex subjects
EXAMPLE Classes to specify programmable logic controllers may be grouped in facets (3.10) such as
“technology”, “programming”, “packaging”, and “accounting”.
3.12
feature
defined characteristic (3.3) suitable for the description and differentiation of concepts (3.7) in a
concept system (3.8)
3.13
general concept
concept (3.7) which corresponds to two or more objects (3.22) which form a group by reason of common
characteristics (3.3)
EXAMPLE “Planet” or “tower”.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.3, modified]
3.14
generic relation
relation between two concepts (3.7) where the intension (3.15) of one of the concepts (3.7) includes
that of the other concept (3.7) and at least one additional delimiting characteristic (3.3)
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.21, modified]
4 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
3.15
intension
set of characteristics (3.3) of a concept (3.7)
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.9, modified]
3.16
internationalization
process whereby products and services are implemented in a way that allows for and facilitates the
adaptation to local languages and cultural conventions
NOTE Internationalization is a prerequisite for a systematic approach to localization (3.21).
3.17
leading locale
locale (3.20) in or for which a product or service is developed and which serves as a reference point for
further localization (3.21)
3.18
leaf class
class (3.4) in a hierarchical classification system (3.6) which has one or more superordinate classes
and no subordinates
3.19
level
magnitude of a quantity considered in relation to a reference value
3.20
locale
unique combination of parameters specifying the language, geographic area, and other cultural,
administrative or technical preferences of a given community
3.21
localization
adaptation of a product or communication to a community of speakers with respect to cultural, linguistic,
legal, political and technological factors
[14]
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 22134:2007, 3.7]
3.22
object
anything perceivable or conceivable
NOTE Objects may be material (e.g. an engine, a sheet of paper, a diamond), immaterial (e.g. conversion ratio,
a project plan) or imagined (e.g. a unicorn).
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.1.1]
3.23
partitive relation
relation between two concepts (3.7) where one of the concepts constitutes the whole and the other
concept a part of that whole
NOTE A partitive relation exists between the concepts “week” and “day” or “molecule” and “atom”.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.22, modified]
3.24
polyhierarchy
hierarchy including elements that have links to more than one parent element
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
3.25
property
defined characteristic (3.3) suitable for the description and differentiation of the objects (3.22) in
a class (3.4)
EXAMPLE Ambient temperature may be a property of a class comprising geographical locations.
3.26
terminology
set of designations belonging to one special language
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.5.1]
3.27
value domain
set of permissible values
[7]
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 11179-1:2004, 3.3.38]
3.28
vocabulary
terminological dictionary which contains designations and definitions from one or more specific
subject fields
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.7.2]
4 Relations to other documents
The following documents provide guidelines about fundamentals applicable to the development of
classification systems and to other related tasks.
[1]
— ISO 704 defines the essential elements for quality in terminology work.
— ISO 1087-1 defines fundamental terminological concepts.
— ISO/TS 29002-5 specifies elements and syntax of identifiers of elements of a concept dictionary.
[18] [9] [15]
— IEC 61360, ISO 13584 or ISO 22745 specify data models that may be used to store, retrieve
or maintain classification systems in data-processing environments.
— Annex SL, Procedures for the maintenance of the IEC standards in database format, in: ISO/IEC
Directives, Supplement:2012, describes procedures applicable for the maintenance of International
Standards comprising classification systems managed in a data-processing environment.
5 Fundamental development considerations for classification systems
5.1 General
Classification systems are widely used to facilitate handling and interpretation of objects by organizing
the knowledge of an area of discourse and thus provide the information needed to unambiguously
characterize those objects. To serve this purpose, classification systems should be carefully designed
to avoid structures that do not provide the requested information or that are overly complicated,
which confuses users. The development of a sound classification hierarchy is facilitated if it reflects
an underlying concept system that shall be elaborated based on recognized principles for managing
terminology. Through a mapping process, the concepts in the concept system become classes in the
classification system.
Often the criterion of classification is likeness. A classification unites like things and it separates unlike
things. Things may, however, be alike in many different ways. A classification should unite things from
6 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
SIST ISO 22274:2013
ISO 22274:2013(E)
a functional or a pragmatic point of view based on the purpose of the classification. The objects to be
classified may be things, persons, processes, ideas, services, and so forth.
5.2 Application domains
Classification systems are developed for many domains. They are used in domains such as:
— healthcare;
— manufacturing;
— service delivery;
— documents and libraries;
— science;
— retail.
1)
Examples 1 to 8 describe sample classification systems from each of these domains.
EXAMPLE 1 The Global Medical Device Nomenclature (GMDN) is an important classification system for medical
devices. All parties involved with medical devices, such as manufacturers, regulators, conformity assessment
bodies, traders, owners, and users, have a common interest in having access to an unambiguous classification of
those devices, including clear definitions and terms. Processes addressed by GMDN include:
— manufacturing;
— registration;
— incident reporting;
— trading;
— inventory, stock-keeping, and life-cycle information.
®
EXAMPLE 2 eCl@ss (Reference [32]) is an international industry standard for classification of products,
materials, and services. In addition to providing the option of describing each individual product in a unique way, eCl@
®
ss provides codes to specify product groups. Purchasers and consumers can identify products and services with the
®
eCl@ss codes when they are using product databases, merchandise information systems or electronic catalogues.
EXAMPLE 3 The International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) is an international reference
classification of activities within production processes. Its main purpose is to provide a set of activity categories
that can be utilized for the collection and reporting of statistics according to such activities. Since the original
version in 1948, ISIC has provided guidance to countries for developing national activity classifications and has
become an important tool for comparing statistical data on economic activities at the international level.
EXAMPLE 4 The Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is a multilingual classification scheme for all fields
of knowledge, a sophisticated indexing and retrieval tool for organizing bibliographic records for all kinds of
information in any medium. It
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.