IEC 60747-5-3:1997
(Main)Discrete semiconductor devices and integrated circuits - Part 5-3: Optoelectronic devices - Measuring methods
Discrete semiconductor devices and integrated circuits - Part 5-3: Optoelectronic devices - Measuring methods
Describes the measuring methods applicable to the optoelectronic devices which are not intended to be used in the fibre optic systems or subsystems.
Dispositifs discrets à semiconducteurs et circuits intégrés - Partie 5-3: Dispositifs optoélectroniques - Méthodes de mesure
Décrit les méthodes de mesure applicables aux dispositifs optoélectroniques qui ne sont pas prévus pour être utilisés dans les systèmes ou sous-systèmes à fibres optiques.
General Information
- Status
- Replaced
- Publication Date
- 04-Sep-1997
- Technical Committee
- SC 47E - Discrete semiconductor devices
- Drafting Committee
- WG 9 - TC 47/SC 47E/WG 9
- Current Stage
- DELPUB - Deleted Publication
- Start Date
- 23-Feb-2016
- Completion Date
- 13-Feb-2026
Relations
- Effective Date
- 05-Sep-2023
- Effective Date
- 05-Sep-2023
- Effective Date
- 05-Sep-2023
- Effective Date
- 05-Sep-2023
- Effective Date
- 05-Sep-2023
IEC 60747-5-3:1997 - Discrete semiconductor devices and integrated circuits - Part 5-3: Optoelectronic devices - Measuring methods Released:9/5/1997 Isbn:2831840023
IEC 60747-5-3:1997+AMD1:2002 CSV - Discrete semiconductor devices and integrated circuits - Part 5-3: Optoelectronic devices - Measuring methods Released:11/25/2009 Isbn:9782889102754
Frequently Asked Questions
IEC 60747-5-3:1997 is a standard published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Its full title is "Discrete semiconductor devices and integrated circuits - Part 5-3: Optoelectronic devices - Measuring methods". This standard covers: Describes the measuring methods applicable to the optoelectronic devices which are not intended to be used in the fibre optic systems or subsystems.
Describes the measuring methods applicable to the optoelectronic devices which are not intended to be used in the fibre optic systems or subsystems.
IEC 60747-5-3:1997 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 31.260 - Optoelectronics. Laser equipment. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
IEC 60747-5-3:1997 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to IEC 60747-5-5:2007, IEC 60747-5-7:2016, IEC 60747-5-4:2006, IEC 60747-5-6:2016, IEC 60747-5-3:1997/AMD1:2002. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
IEC 60747-5-3:1997 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
NORME
CEI
INTERNATIONALE
IEC
60747-5-3
INTERNATIONAL
Première édition
STANDARD
First edition
1997-08
Dispositifs discrets à semiconducteurs
et circuits intégrés –
Partie 5-3:
Dispositifs optoélectroniques –
Méthodes de mesure
Discrete semiconductor devices
and integrated circuits –
Part 5-3:
Optoelectronic devices –
Measuring methods
Numéro de référence
Reference number
CEI/IEC 60747-5-3:1997
Numéros des publications Numbering
Depuis le 1er janvier 1997, les publications de la CEI As from the 1st January 1997 all IEC publications are
sont numérotées à partir de 60000. issued with a designation in the 60000 series.
Publications consolidées Consolidated publications
Les versions consolidées de certaines publications de Consolidated versions of some IEC publications
la CEI incorporant les amendements sont disponibles. including amendments are available. For example,
Par exemple, les numéros d’édition 1.0, 1.1 et 1.2 edition numbers 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 refer, respectively, to
indiquent respectivement la publication de base, la the base publication, the base publication
publication de base incorporant l’amendement 1, et la incorporating amendment 1 and the base publication
publication de base incorporant les amendements 1 incorporating amendments 1 and 2.
et 2.
Validité de la présente publication Validity of this publication
Le contenu technique des publications de la CEI est The technical content of IEC publications is kept under
constamment revu par la CEI afin qu'il reflète l'état constant review by the IEC, thus ensuring that the
actuel de la technique. content reflects current technology.
Des renseignements relatifs à la date de Information relating to the date of the reconfirmation of
reconfirmation de la publication sont disponibles dans the publication is available in the IEC catalogue.
le Catalogue de la CEI.
Les renseignements relatifs à ces révisions, à l'établis- Information on the revision work, the issue of revised
sement des éditions révisées et aux amendements editions and amendments may be obtained from
peuvent être obtenus auprès des Comités nationaux de IEC National Committees and from the following
la CEI et dans les documents ci-dessous: IEC sources:
• Bulletin de la CEI • IEC Bulletin
• Annuaire de la CEI • IEC Yearbook
Accès en ligne* On-line access*
• Catalogue des publications de la CEI • Catalogue of IEC publications
Publié annuellement et mis à jour régulièrement Published yearly with regular updates
(Accès en ligne)* (On-line access)*
Terminologie, symboles graphiques Terminology, graphical and letter
et littéraux symbols
En ce qui concerne la terminologie générale, le lecteur For general terminology, readers are referred to
se reportera à la CEI 60050: Vocabulaire Electro- IEC 60050: International Electrotechnical Vocabulary
technique International (VEI). (IEV).
Pour les symboles graphiques, les symboles littéraux For graphical symbols, and letter symbols and signs
et les signes d'usage général approuvés par la CEI, le approved by the IEC for general use, readers are
lecteur consultera la CEI 60027: Symboles littéraux à referred to publications IEC 60027: Letter symbols to
utiliser en électrotechnique, la CEI 60417: Symboles be used in electrical technology, IEC 60417: Graphical
symbols for use on equipment. Index, survey and
graphiques utilisables sur le matériel. Index, relevé et
compilation des feuilles individuelles, et la CEI 60617: compilation of the single sheets and IEC 60617:
Symboles graphiques pour schémas. Graphical symbols for diagrams.
Publications de la CEI établies par IEC publications prepared by the same
le même comité d'études technical committee
L'attention du lecteur est attirée sur les listes figurant The attention of readers is drawn to the end pages of
à la fin de cette publication, qui énumèrent les this publication which list the IEC publications issued
publications de la CEI préparées par le comité by the technical committee which has prepared the
d'études qui a établi la présente publication. present publication.
* Voir adresse «site web» sur la page de titre. * See web site address on title page.
NORME
CEI
INTERNATIONALE
IEC
60747-5-3
INTERNATIONAL
Première édition
STANDARD
First edition
1997-08
Dispositifs discrets à semiconducteurs
et circuits intégrés –
Partie 5-3:
Dispositifs optoélectroniques –
Méthodes de mesure
Discrete semiconductor devices
and integrated circuits –
Part 5-3:
Optoelectronic devices –
Measuring methods
IEC 1997 Droits de reproduction réservés Copyright - all rights reserved
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in
utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photo- including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in
copie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur. writing from the publisher.
International Electrotechnical Commission 3, rue de Varembé Geneva, Switzerland
Telefax: +41 22 919 0300 e-mail: inmail@iec.ch IEC web site http: //www.iec.ch
CODE PRIX
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
V
PRICE CODE
International Electrotechnical Commission
Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
For price, see current catalogue
– 2 – 60747-5-3 © CEI:1997
SOMMAIRE
Pages
AVANT-PROPOS . 4
Articles
1 Domaine d'application. 6
2 Références normatives. 6
3 Méthodes de mesure pour les photoémetteurs . 6
3.1 Intensité lumineuse des diodes électroluminescentes (I ). 6
V
3.2 Intensité énergétique des diodes émettrices en infrarouge (I ). 8
e
3.3 Longueur d'onde d'émission maximale (λ ), largeur du spectre de rayonnement
p
(Δλ) et nombre de modes longitudinaux (n ) . 10
m
3.4 Longueur et largeur de la source d'émission et astigmatisme d'une diode laser
sans fibre amorce . 16
3.5 Angle à mi-intensité et angle de désalignement d'un photoémetteur . 18
4 Méthodes de mesure pour les dispositifs photosensibles. 24
4.1 Courant inverse sous rayonnement optique des photodiodes, y compris les
dispositifs avec ou sans fibre amorce (I ou I ) et courant collecteur sous
R(H) R(e)
rayonnement optique des phototransistors (I ou I ). 24
C(H) C(e)
4.2 Courant d'obscurité des photodiodes I et courants d'obscurité des
R
phototransistors I , I , I . 28
CEO ECO EBO
4.3 Tension de saturation collecteur-émetteur V de phototransistors. 30
CE(sat)
5 Méthodes de mesure pour les photocoupleurs . 32
5.1 Rapport de transfert de courant (h ) . 32
F(ctr)
5.2 Capacité entrée-sortie (C ) . 34
io
5.3 Résistance d'isolement entre l'entrée et la sortie (r ) . 36
IO
5.4 Essai d'isolement. 38
5.5 Décharges partielles des photocoupleurs . 40
5.6 Tension de saturation collecteur-émetteur V d'un photocoupleur . 50
CE(sat)
5.7 Temps de commutation t , t d'un photocoupleur . 54
on off
Annexe A (informative) – Index des références croisées . 58
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997 – 3 –
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD . 5
Clause
1 Scope. 7
2 Normative references. 7
3 Measuring methods for photoemitters . 7
3.1 Luminous intensity of light-emitting diodes (I ). 7
v
3.2 Radiant intensity of infrared-emitting diodes (I ) . 9
e
3.3 Peak-emission wavelength (λ ), spectral radiation bandwidth (Δλ), and number of
p
longitudinal modes (n ) . 11
m
3.4 Emission source length and width and astigmatism of a laser diode without pigtail 17
3.5 Half-intensity angle and misalignment angle of a photoemitter . 19
4 Measuring methods for photosensitive devices. 25
4.1 Reverse current under optical radiation of photodiodes including devices with or
without pigtails (I or I ) and collector current under optical radiation of
R(H) R(e)
phototransistors (
I or I ) . 25
C(H) C(e)
4.2 Dark current for photodiodes I and dark currents for phototransistors
R
I , I , I . 29
CEO ECO EBO
4.3 Collector-emitter saturation voltage V of phototransistors. 31
CE(sat)
5 Measuring methods for photocouplers. 33
5.1 Current transfer ratio (h ) . 33
F(ctr)
5.2 Input-to-output capacitance (C ). 35
io
5.3 Isolation resistance between input and output (r ). 37
IO
5.4 Isolation test. 39
5.5 Partial discharges of photocouplers. 41
5.6 Collector-emitter saturation voltage V of a photocoupler . 49
CE(sat)
5.7 Switching times t t of a photocoupler. 53
on, off
Annex A (informative) – Cross references index. 59
– 4 – 60747-5-3 © CEI:1997
COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE
__________
DISPOSITIFS DISCRETS À SEMICONDUCTEURS
ET CIRCUITS INTÉGRÉS –
Partie 5-3: Dispositifs optoélectroniques –
Méthodes de mesure
AVANT-PROPOS
1) La CEI (Commission Electrotechnique Internationale) est une organisation mondiale de normalisation composée
de l'ensemble des comités électrotechniques nationaux (Comités nationaux de la CEI). La CEI a pour objet de
favoriser la coopération internationale pour toutes les questions de normalisation dans les domaines de l'électricité
et de l'électronique. A cet effet, la CEI, entre autres activités, publie des Normes Internationales. Leur élaboration
est confiée à des comités d'études, aux travaux desquels tout Comité national intéressé par le sujet traité peut
participer. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec la CEI,
participent également aux travaux. La CEI collabore étroitement avec l'Organisation Internationale de Normalisation
(ISO), selon des conditions fixées par accord entre les deux organisations.
2) Les décisions ou accords officiels de la CEI concernant les questions techniques, représentent, dans la mesure
du possible un accord international sur les sujets étudiés, étant donné que les Comités nationaux intéressés sont
représentés dans chaque comité d’études.
3) Les documents produits se présentent sous la forme de recommandations internationales. Ils sont publiés
comme normes, rapports techniques ou guides et agréés comme tels par les Comités nationaux.
4) Dans le but d'encourager l'unification internationale, les Comités nationaux de la CEI s'engagent à appliquer de
façon transparente, dans toute la mesure possible, les Normes internationales de la CEI dans leurs normes
nationales et régionales. Toute divergence entre la norme de la CEI et la norme nationale ou régionale
correspondante doit être indiquée en termes clairs dans cette dernière.
5) La CEI n’a fixé aucune procédure concernant le marquage comme indication d’approbation et sa responsabilité
n’est pas engagée quand un matériel est déclaré conforme à l’une de ses normes.
6) L’attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments de la présente Norme internationale peuvent faire
l’objet de droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. La CEI ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de
ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et de ne pas avoir signalé leur existence.
La Norme internationale CEI 60747-5-3 a été établie par le sous-comité 47C: Dispositifs
optoélectroniques, d'affichage et d'imagerie, du comité d’études 47 de la CEI: Dispositifs à
semiconducteurs.
Cette première édition remplace partiellement la deuxième édition de la CEI 60747-5 (1992) et
constitue une révision technique. (Voir également annexe A: Index des références croisées).
Elle doit être lue conjointement avec la CEI 60747-1, la CEI 62007-1 et la CEI 62007-2.
Le texte de cette norme est issu en partie de la CEI 60747-5 (1992) et en partie des
documents suivants:
FDIS Rapport de vote
47C/173/FDIS 47C/186/RVD
Le rapport de vote indiqué dans le tableau ci-dessus donne toute information sur le vote ayant
abouti à l'approbation de cette norme.
L'annexe A est donnée uniquement à titre d'information.
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
__________
DISCRETE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS –
Part 5-3: Optoelectronic devices –
Measuring methods
FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is
entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may
participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two
organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form
of standards, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject
of patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60747-5-3 has been prepared by subcommittee 47C:
Optoelectronic, display and imaging devices, of IEC technical committee 47: Semiconductor
devices.
This first edition replaces partially the second edition of IEC 60747-5 (1992) and constitutes a
technical revision (see also annex A: Cross references index).
It should be read jointly with IEC 60747-1, IEC 62007-1 and IEC 62007-2.
The text of this standard is based partially on IEC 60747-5 (1992) and partially on the following
documents:
FDIS Report on voting
47C/173/FDIS 47C/186/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
Annex A is for information only.
– 6 – 60747-5-3 © CEI:1997
DISPOSITIFS DISCRETS À SEMICONDUCTEURS
ET CIRCUITS INTÉGRÉS –
Partie 5-3: Dispositifs optoélectroniques –
Méthodes de mesure
1 Domaine d'application
Cette partie de la CEI 60747 décrit les méthodes de mesure applicables aux dispositifs
optoélectroniques qui ne sont pas destinés à être utilisés dans le domaine des systèmes et
sous-systèmes à fibre optique.
2 Références normatives
Les documents normatifs suivants contiennent des dispositions qui, par suite de la référence
qui y est faite, constituent des dispositions valables pour la présente partie de la CEI 60747.
Au moment de la publication, les éditions indiquées étaient en vigueur. Tout document normatif
est sujet à révision et les parties prenantes aux accords fondés sur la présente partie de la
CEI 60747 sont invitées à rechercher la possibilité d'appliquer les éditions les plus récentes
des documents normatifs indiqués ci-après. Les membres de la CEI et de l'ISO possèdent le
registre des Normes internationales en vigueur.
CEI 60068-1:1988, Essais d'environnement – Partie 1: Généralités et guide
CEI 60270:1981, Mesure des décharges partielles
3 Méthodes de mesure pour les photoémetteurs
3.1 Intensité lumineuse des diodes électroluminescentes (I )
V
a) But
Mesurer l'intensité lumineuse des diodes électroluminescentes à semiconducteurs.
La méthode peut s'appliquer à trois variantes possibles de mesure:
Variante 1
Rotation de la diode autour de son axe mécanique pour rechercher, de façon précise, le
minimum et/ou le maximum.
Variante 2
Alignement de l'axe optique de la diode avec l'axe optique du banc de mesure.
Variante 3
Positionnement suivant une référence correspondant au type de boîtier de la diode et
permettant une orientation mécanique reproductible.
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997 – 7 –
DISCRETE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS –
Part 5-3: Optoelectronic devices –
Measuring methods
1 Scope
This part of IEC 60747 describes the measuring methods applicable to the optoelectronic
devices which are not intended to be used in the fibre optic systems or subsystems.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this part of IEC 60747. At the time of publication, the editions indicated
were valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based
on this part of IEC 60747 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most
recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
IEC 60068-1:1988, Environmental testing – Part 1: General and guidance
IEC 60270:1981, Partial discharge measurements
3 Measuring methods for photoemitters
3.1 Luminous intensity of light-emitting diodes (I )
v
a) Purpose
To measure the luminous intensity of semiconductor light-emitting diodes.
The method can be applied to three possible measurement variants:
Variant 1
Rotation of the diode around its mechanical axis for an accurate location of the minimum
and/or maximum value.
Variant 2
Alignment of the diode optical axis with that of the optical bench.
Variant 3
Positioning according to a reference corresponding to the type of the diode envelope and
allowing a reproducible mechanical orientation.
– 8 – 60747-5-3 © CEI:1997
b) Schéma
Figure 1
c) Description du circuit et exigences
G = source de courant
D = diode électroluminescente en mesure
PD = photodétecteur comprenant le diaphragme D de surface A
D , D = diaphragmes destinés à éliminer les rayonnements parasites
2 3
D et D ne doivent pas limiter l'angle solide
2 3
d = distance entre la diode en mesure et D
La sensibilité spectrale du photomètre doit être ajustée à la courbe de l'observateur de
référence CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage) dans la région des longueurs
d'onde correspondant à la lumière émise par la diode. Le photomètre doit être étalonné en
candelas à la distance d, le diaphragme D étant en place.
La distance d doit être telle que l'angle solide sous lequel on voit la source lumineuse à
partir du diaphragme D (= A/d²) soit inférieur à 0,01 sr.
Pour les mesures en impulsions, le générateur de courant doit fournir des impulsions de
courant dont l'amplitude, la durée et le taux de répétition sont tels que demandés. Le
photodétecteur doit avoir un temps de croissance suffisamment faible par rapport à la durée
de l'impulsion; il doit être un instrument de lecture de pointe.
d) Exécution
Monter la diode en mesure conformément à la variante choisie.
Appliquer le courant spécifié et mesurer l'intensité lumineuse sur le photodétecteur.
e) Conditions spécifiées
– Température ambiante et, s'il y a lieu, conditions atmosphériques.
– Courant direct dans la diode et, s'il y a lieu, durée et vitesse de répétition.
– Variante: 1, 2 ou 3.
3.2 Intensité énergétique des diodes émettrices en infrarouge (I )
e
a) But
Mesurer l'intensité énergétique des diodes à semiconducteurs émettrices en infrarouge.
La méthode peut s'appliquer à trois variantes de mesure possibles:
Variante 1
Rotation de la diode autour de son axe mécanique pour rechercher, de façon précise, le
minimum et/ou le maximum.
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997 – 9 –
b) Circuit diagram
Figure 1
c) Circuit description and requirements
G = current source
D = light-emitting diode being measured
PD = photodetector including the diaphragm D of area A
D , D = Diaphragms intended to suppress parasitic radiations. D and D shall not limit
2 3 2 3
the solid angle
d = distance between the diode being measured and D .
The spectral sensitivity of the photometer shall be adjusted to the CIE (International
Commission on Illumination) standard observers curve in the wavelength region of the light
emitted by the diode. The photometer shall be calibrated in candelas at the distance d, with
diaphragm D in place.
The distance d shall be such that the solid angle viewed by the light source at the
diaphragm D (= A/d²) is less than 0,01 sr.
For pulse measurements, the current generator should provide current pulses of the
required amplitude, duration and repetition rate. The photodetector should have a rise time
sufficiently small in comparison with the pulse duration; it should be a peak-reading
instrument.
d) Measurement procedure
The diode being measured is positioned according to the variant chosen.
The specified current is applied and the luminous intensity is measured on the photodetector.
e) Specified conditions
– Ambient temperature and, where appropriate, the atmospheric conditions.
– Forward current in the diode and, where applicable, duration and repetition rate.
– Variant: 1, 2 or 3.
3.2 Radiant intensity of infrared-emitting diodes (I )
e
a) Purpose
To measure the radiant intensity of semiconductor infrared-emitting diodes.
The method can apply to three possible measurement variants:
Variant 1
Rotation of the diode around its mechanical axis for an accurate location of the minimum
and/or maximum value.
– 10 – 60747-5-3 © CEI:1997
Variante 2
Alignement de l'axe optique de la diode avec l'axe optique du banc de mesure.
Variante 3
Positionnement suivant une référence correspondant au type de boîtier de la diode et
permettant une orientation mécanique reproductible.
b) Schéma
Figure 2
c) Description du circuit et exigences
G = source de courant
D = diode émettrice en infrarouge en mesure
RM = radiomètre comprenant le diaphragme D de surface A
D , D = diaphragmes destinés à éliminer les rayonnements parasites. D et D ne
2 3 2 3
doivent pas limiter l'angle solide
d = distance entre la diode en mesure et D .
On doit mesurer l'intensité énergétique I dans le sens de l'axe du boîtier à l'aide d'un
e
détecteur indépendant de la longueur d'onde (par exemple un élément à thermocouple) et
étalonner le radiomètre en W/sr à la distance d, le diaphragme D étant en place.
La distance d doit être telle que l'angle solide sous lequel on voit la source infrarouge à
partir du diaphragme D ( = A/d²) soit inférieur à 0,01 sr.
Pour les mesures en impulsions, le générateur de courant doit fournir des impulsions de
courant dont l'amplitude, la durée et le taux de répétition sont tels que demandés. Le
radiomètre doit avoir un temps de croissance suffisamment faible par rapport à la durée de
l'impulsion; il doit être un instrument de lecture de pointe.
d) Exécution
Monter la diode en mesure conformément à la variante choisie.
Appliquer le courant spécifié à la diode et mesurer l'intensité énergétique sur le photomètre.
e) Conditions spécifiées
– Température ambiante et, s'il y a lieu, conditions atmosphériques.
– Courant direct dans la diode et, s'il y a lieu, durée et vitesse de répétition.
– Variante: 1, 2 ou 3.
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997 – 11 –
Variant 2
Alignment of the diode optical axis with that of the optical bench.
Variant 3
Positioning according to a reference corresponding to the type of the diode envelope and
allowing a reproducible mechanical orientation.
b) Circuit diagram
Figure 2
c) Circuit description and requirements
G = current source
D = infrared-emitting diode being measured
RM = radiometer including the diaphragm D of area A
D , D = diaphragms intended to suppress parasitic radiations. D and D shall not limit
2 3 2 3
the solid angle
d = distance between the diode being measured and D .
The radiant intensity I in the direction of the case axis should be measured by a
e
wavelength-independent detector (for example, a thermocouple element) and the radiometer
shall be calibrated in W/sr at the distance d with diaphragm D in place.
The distance d shall be such that the solid angle viewed by the infrared source at the
diaphragm D (= A/d²) is less than 0,01 sr.
For pulse measurements, the current generator shall provide current pulses of the required
amplitude, duration and repetition rate. The radiometer shall have a rise time sufficiently
small in comparison with the pulse duration; it shall be a peak-reading instrument.
d) Measurement procedure
The diode being measured is positioned according to the variant chosen.
The specified current is applied to the diode and the radiant intensity is measured on the
radiometer.
e) Specified conditions
– Ambient temperature and, where appropriate, the atmospheric conditions.
– Forward current in the diode and, where applicable, duration and repetition rate.
– Variant: 1, 2 or 3.
– 12 – 60747-5-3 © CEI:1997
3.3 Longueur d'onde d'émission maximale (λ ), largeur du spectre de rayonnement (Δλ)
p
et nombre de modes longitudinaux (n )
m
a) But
Mesurer la longueur d'onde d'émission maximale et la largeur du spectre de rayonnement
des dispositifs émetteurs et déterminer le nombre de modes longitudinaux des diodes laser.
b) Schéma
Figure 3 – Circuit de base
c) Description du circuit et exigences
D = dispositif en mesure
L = système optique convergent
G = générateur (impulsions ou courant continu)
M = monochromateur
D , D = diaphragmes destinés à supprimer les rayonnements parasites, s'il y a lieu.
2 3
RM = radiomètre (comprenant le diaphragme D ).
La résolution et la bande passante du monochromateur doivent être telles que la mesure
soit effectuée avec la précision adéquate.
La réponse spectrale du radiomètre doit être étalonnée. Pour la commodité de la mesure, le
sommet de la courbe peut correspondre à 100 %.
d) Précautions à prendre
Si le coefficient de transmission du monochromateur et la sensibilité du radiomètre ne sont
pas constants dans la gamme de longueurs d'onde voulue, les valeurs enregistrées doivent
être corrigées.
Dans le cas de la diode laser, le flux énergétique réfléchi dans la diode doit être réduit de
façon à ne pas affecter sérieusement la réponse spectrale.
e) Exécution
1) Longueur d'onde d'émission de pointe et largeur du spectre de rayonnement d'une diode
électroluminescente, ou d'une diode émettrice en infrarouge, ou d'une diode laser
monomode
Appliquer le courant spécifié au dispositif en mesure.
Déplacer la longueur d'onde du monochromateur dans la gamme voulue jusqu'à atteindre
la lecture maximale en sortie du radiomètre. Noter la longueur d'onde correspondant à
cette valeur maximale. C'est la longueur d'onde d'émission maximale (λ ) (voir figure 4).
p
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997 – 13 –
3.3 Peak-emission wavelength (λ ) spectral radiation bandwidth (Δλ) and number of
p
longitudinal modes (n )
m
a) Purpose
To measure the peak-emission wavelength and the spectral radiation bandwidth of emitting
devices and to determine the number of longitudinal modes of laser diodes.
b) Circuit diagram
Figure 3 – Basic circuit
c) Circuit description and requirements
D = device being measured
L = focusing lens systems
G = generator (pulsed or d.c.)
M = monochromator
D , D = diaphragms intended to suppress parasitic radiations, where appropriate.
2 3
RM = radiometer (including diaphragm D ).
The wavelength resolution and the bandwidth of the monochromator shall be such that the
measurement is carried out with adequate accuracy.
The spectral response of the radiometer shall be calibrated. For convenience of
measurement, the peak of the curve may represent 100 %.
d) Precautions to be observed
If the transmission factor of the monochromator and the radiometer sensitivity are not
constant over the required range of wavelength, the recorded values should be corrected.
For measurement of the laser diode, radiant power reflected into the laser diode shall be
minimized to ensure that the spectral response is not significantly affected.
e) Measurement procedure
1) Peak emission wavelength and spectral radiation bandwidth of a light-emitting diode, or an
infrared-emitting diode, or a single-mode laser diode
The specified current is applied to the device being measured.
The wavelength of the monochromator is adjusted within the required range until the
maximum reading on the radiometer has been achieved. The wavelength corresponding to
this peak value is recorded. This is the peak-emission wavelength (λ ) (see figure 4).
p
– 14 – 60747-5-3 © CEI:1997
Faire varier ensuite la longueur d'onde du monochromateur de part et d'autre de λ
p
jusqu'à obtenir la moitié de cette valeur maximale. Noter les deux longueurs d'onde (λ
et λ sur la figure 4) correspondantes. Leur différence représente la largeur du spectre
de rayonnement du dispositif émetteur en infrarouge ou électroluminescent (voir
figure 4).
Figure 4 – Flux énergétique en fonction de la longueur d'onde
2) Longueur d'onde d'émission de pointe, largeur du spectre de rayonnement et nombre de
modes longitudinaux d'une diode laser multimode
2.1) Longueur d'onde d'émission de pointe d'une diode laser multimode
Appliquer au dispositif en mesure un courant correspondant au flux énergétique de sortie
spécifié.
Déplacer la longueur d'onde du monochromateur dans la gamme voulue jusqu'à
l'indication de la valeur maximale.
Noter la longueur d'onde correspondant à cette valeur. C'est la longueur d'onde
maximale (λ ) (voir figure 5).
p
2.2) Largeur du spectre de rayonnement d'une diode laser multimode
Régler le monochromateur à une valeur élevée de longueur d'onde, puis l'ajuster
progressivement vers des longueurs d'onde plus faibles. Noter la première longueur
d'onde pour laquelle on obtient ou on dépasse la lecture la plus élevée notée en e) 2.1).
Régler le monochromateur à une valeur faible de longueur d'onde, puis l'ajuster
progressivement vers des longueurs d'onde plus élevées. Noter la première longueur
d'onde pour laquelle on obtient ou on dépasse le pourcentage spécifié de la lecture la
plus élevée notée en e) 2.1). La différence entre les deux valeurs notées est égale à la
largeur du spectre de rayonnement de la diode laser (Δλ) (voir figure 5).
2.3) Nombre de modes longitudinaux d'une diode laser multimode
Mesurer la largeur du spectre de rayonnement comme en e) 2.2) ci-dessus et compter le
nombre de modes (n ) contenus dans la largeur de spectre comprenant les deux modes
m
qui définissent la limite de la largeur de spectre (voir figure 5).
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997 – 15 –
The wavelength of the monochromator is then adjusted on either side of λ until the
p
maximum reading is halved. These two wavelengths (λ and λ on figure 4) are recorded.
1 2
Their difference is the spectral radiation bandwidth of the infrared-emitting or light-emitting
device (see figure 4).
Figure 4 – Radiant power as function of wavelength
2) Peak-emission wavelength, spectral radiation bandwidth and number of longitudinal modes
of a multimode laser diode
2.1) Peak-emission wavelength of a multimode laser diode
A current corresponding to the specified optical power output is applied to the device being
measured.
The wavelength of the monochromator is adjusted within the required range until the highest
of the various maxima is indicated.
The wavelength corresponding to this value is recorded. This is the peak-emission
wavelength (λ ) (see figure 5).
p
2.2) Spectral radiation bandwidth of a multimode laser diode
The monochromator is set to a long wavelength and then adjusted progressively to shorter
wavelengths. Record the first wavelength at which the specified percentage of the highest
reading recorded under e) 2.1) is obtained or exceeded. The monochromator is set to a
short wavelength and thus adjusted progressively to longer wavelengths. Record the first
wavelength at which the specified percentage of the highest reading recorded under e)
2.1) is obtained or exceeded. The difference between the two recorded values is the
spectral radiation bandwidth of the laser diode (Δλ) (see figure 5).
2.3) Number of longitudinal modes of a multimode laser diode
The spectral radiation bandwidth as in e) 2.2) above is measured and then the number of
modes (n ) within that bandwidth including the two modes that define the limit of the
m
bandwidth is counted (see figure 5).
– 16 – 60747-5-3 © CEI:1997
Δλ = largeur du spectre de rayonnement
Figure 5
f) Conditions spécifiées
– Diodes électroluminescentes et émettrices en infrarouge:
• température ambiante ou de boîtier;
• courant direct (continu ou en impulsions) comme spécifié.
– Diodes laser:
• température ambiante, de boîtier ou de l'embase;
• flux énergétique de sortie ou courant direct;
• pourcentage du maximum d'émission si différent de 50 %.
3.4 Longueur et largeur de la source d'émission et astigmatisme d'une diode laser
sans fibre amorce
a) But
Mesurer la dimension de la source d'émission au niveau du miroir d'une diode laser, par
rapport à un axe défini, et l'astigmatisme du faisceau lumineux émis par la diode laser.
b) Schéma
Figure 6
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997 – 17 –
Δλ = spectral radiation bandwidth
Figure 5
f) Specified conditions
– For LED and IRED:
• ambient or case temperature;
• forward current (d.c. or pulse), as specified.
– For laser diodes:
• ambient, case or submount temperature;
• radiant power or forward current;
• percentage of peak emission if other than 50 %.
3.4 Emission source length and width and astigmatism of a laser diode without pigtail
a) Purpose
To measure the emission source size on the facet of the laser diode with respect to a
defined axis and the astigmatism of the optical beam emitted from the laser diode.
b) Measuring equipment
Figure 6
– 18 – 60747-5-3 © CEI:1997
c) Description du circuit et exigences
G = source de courant
D = dispositif en mesure
L = système optique convergent
SD = détecteur à balayage à fente étroite
LS = source de lumière avec filtre ou diode électroluminescente dont la longueur
d'onde d'émission est proche de celle du dispositif en mesure
BS = séparateur de faisceaux
d >> d
2 1
d) Précautions à prendre
Le système optique L doit être effectivement achromatique pour la gamme des longueurs
d'onde comprenant la source LS et le dispositif D.
e) Exécution
Dimension de la source d'émission
Mettre sous tension la source de lumière LS et régler le système optique convergent L de
façon à obtenir une image du miroir frontal du dispositif D sur le détecteur SD, puis lire d et
d
.
Appliquer au dispositif en mesure le courant continu spécifié ou correspondant au flux
énergétique φ spécifié.
e
Aligner la direction de balayage du détecteur SD sur les axes principal et secondaire de
cette image.
Déplacer le photodétecteur SD le long des axes principal et secondaire. La longueur et la
largeur de la source d'émission sont données par les distances relevées entre les points à
3 dB de puissance sur les axes principal et secondaire, multipliées par d / d .
1 2
Astigmatisme d
A
Mettre sous tension la source de lumière LS et régler le système optique convergent de
façon à obtenir une image du miroir frontal du dispositif D sur le détecteur SD, puis lire d et
d .
Aligner la direction de balayage du détecteur SD sur les axes principal et secondaire de
cette image.
Déplacer le système optique L le long de l'axe optique vers le dispositif en mesure D,
jusqu'à ce que le minimum de la longueur de la source d'émission sur l'axe principal soit
atteint.
Mesurer la distance d parcourue par le système optique L.
Remettre le système optique L à sa position initiale. Refaire la même mesure sur l'axe
secondaire. Mesurer la distance d parcourue par le système optique L.
La différence entre d et d , multipliée par (1 – d ²/d ²), donne la valeur de l'astigmatisme.
3 4 1 2
f) Conditions spécifiées
– Température ambiante, de boîtier ou du montage.
– Courant direct ou flux énergétique.
– Axes de référence (axes principal et secondaire).
3.5 Angle à mi-intensité et angle de désalignement d'un photoémetteur
a) But
Mesurer la distribution spatiale du rayonnement émis d'un photoémetteur.
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997 – 19 –
c) Equipment description and requirements
G = current source
D = device being measured
L = lens system
SD = scanning photodetector with a narrow slit
LS = light source with filter or LED the emission wavelength of which is close to that
of the device being measured
BS = beam splitter
d >> d
2 1
d) Precautions to be observed
The lens system L shall be substantially achromatic over the range of wavelengths
encompassed by the light source LS and the device D.
e) Measurement procedure
Emission source size
The light source LS is turned on and the lens system L adjusted to obtain a focused image
of the front face of the device D on the photodetector SD. Distances d and d are then
1 2
read.
The specified d.c. current or the d.c. current corresponding to the specified radiant power φ
e
is applied to the device being measured D.
The scanning direction of the photodetector SD is aligned with the major and minor axes of
the focused image.
The photodetector SD is scanned along the major and the minor axes. The length and width
of the emission source are given by the distance between the 3 dB power points along the
major and minor axes multiplied by d /d .
1 2
Astigmatism d
A
The light source LS is turned on and the lens system L adjusted to obtain a focused image
of the front facet of the device D on the photodetector SD. Distances d and d are read.
1 2
The scanning direction of the photodetectors align with SD the major and the minor axes of
the focused image.
The lens system L is moved along the optical axis toward the device D until the emission
source length along the major axis is minimized.
The distance d traversed by the lens system L is measured.
The lens system is returned to the original position. The procedure is repeated for the minor
axis. The distance d traversed by the lens system L is measured.
The difference between d and d , multiplied by (1 – d ²/d ²), is the astigmatism.
3 4 1 2
f) Specified conditions
– Ambient, case or submount temperature.
– Direct forward current or radiant power.
– Reference axes (major and minor axes).
3.5 Half-intensity angle and misalignment angle of a photoemitter
a) Purpose
To measure the spatial distribution of the radiation from a photoemitter.
– 20 – 60747-5-3 © CEI:1997
Les axes X et Y définissent le plan de référence mécanique du dispositif en mesure D, par exemple la surface
de montage.
L'angle ϕ définit l'orientation du dispositif D dans ce plan.
Figure 7
L'angle à mi-intensité est l'angle à l'intérieur duquel l'intensité lumineuse ou de rayonnement
est supérieure ou égale à la moitié de l'intensité maximale. Cet angle θ est défini par
1/2
rapport à un plan spécifié qui est également défini par ϕ.
L'angle de désalignement Δθ est l'angle situé entre les axes optique et mécanique.
Figure 8
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997 – 21 –
Axes X and Y define a mechanical reference plane of the device being measured D, e.g. the mounting angle.
The angle ϕ defines the orientation of the device D in that plane.
Figure 7
The half intensity angle is the angle within which the luminous or radiant intensity is greater
than or equal to half of the maximum intensity. This angle is θ defined for a specified
1/2
plane which in turn is defined by ϕ.
The misalignment angle Δθ is the angle between the optical and mechanical axes.
Figure 8
– 22 – 60747-5-3 © CEI:1997
b) Schéma
Les dispositifs émetteur et récepteur doivent être positionnés de la manière suivante:
Figure 9
c) Description du dispositif de mesure et exigences
D = dispositif en mesure
PD = photodétecteur
Axe Z = axe mécanique du dispositif en mesure
Axe PD = axe du photodétecteur
θ = angle d'inclinaison de l'axe Z par rapport à l'axe PD.
NOTE – L'angle solide, défini par le dispositif en mesure et l'ouverture de la photodiode, doit être petit. On
considère que l'angle est petit lorsque le résultat de mesure ne change pas de façon significative quand l'angle
solide est réduit de moitié.
Le dispositif en mesure D doit être monté dans un équipement qui permette:
– un positionnement reproductible et précis du dispositif D;
– le changement de l'angle θ, tout en gardant fixe le centre de l'accès optique du dispositif
D;
– la mesure de l'angle d'inclinaison θ;
– la rotation du dispositif D autour de son axe Z;
– la mesure de l'angle de rotation par rapport à l'axe X.
d) Précautions à prendre
A l'étude.
e) Exécution
Appliquer le courant spécifié au dispositif en mesure D.
Aligner l'axe mécanique du dispositif D sur celui du photodétecteur, c'est-à-dire θ = 0, et
mesurer le signal du photodétecteur.
Cette valeur correspond à I = 100 %.
Incliner le dispositif D et relever l'intensité relative I/I en fonction de θ.
Il est recommandé de relever les valeurs
...
IEC 60747-5-3 ®
Edition 1.1 2009-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Discrete semiconductor devices and integrated circuits –
Part 5-3: Optoelectronic devices – Measuring methods
Dispositifs discrets à semiconducteurs et circuits intégrés –
Partie 5-3: Dispositifs optoélectroniques – Méthodes de mesure
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IEC 60747-5-3 ®
Edition 1.1 2009-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Discrete semiconductor devices and integrated circuits –
Part 5-3: Optoelectronic devices – Measuring methods
Dispositifs discrets à semiconducteurs et circuits intégrés –
Partie 5-3: Dispositifs optoélectroniques – Méthodes de mesure
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CN
CODE PRIX
ICS 31.080.99 ISBN 978-2-88910-275-4
– 2 – 60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.4
1 Scope.6
2 Normative references.6
3 Measuring methods for photoemitters .6
3.1 Luminous intensity of light-emitting diodes (I ) .6
v
3.2 Radiant intensity of infrared-emitting diodes (I ) .7
e
3.3 Peak-emission wavelength (λ ) spectral radiation bandwidth (Δλ)
p
and number of longitudinal modes (n ) .9
m
3.4 Emission source length and width and astigmatism of a laser diode
without pigtail .11
3.5 Half-intensity angle and misalignment angle of a photoemitter.13
4 Measuring methods for photosensitive devices.15
4.1 Reverse current under optical radiation of photodiodes including devices
with or without pigtails (I or I ) and collector current under optical
R(H) R(e)
radiation of phototransistors (I or I ).15
C(H) C(e)
4.2 Dark current for photodiodes I and dark currents
R
for phototransistors I , I , I .17
CEO ECO EBO
4.3 Collector-emitter saturation voltage V of phototransistors .18
CE(sat)
5 Measuring methods for photocouplers.19
5.1 Current transfer ratio (h ) .19
F(ctr)
5.2 Input-to-output capacitance (C ).20
io
5.3 Isolation resistance between input and output (r ).21
IO
5.4 Isolation test.22
5.5 Partial discharges of photocouplers .23
5.6 Collector-emitter saturation voltage V of a photocoupler .27
CE(sat)
5.7 Switching times t t of a photocoupler.29
on, off
5.8 Peak off-state current (I ).31
DRM
5.9 Peak on-state voltage (V ).32
TM
5.10 DC off-state current (I ).34
BD
5.11 DC on-state voltage (V ).35
T
5.12 Holding current (I ).36
H
5.13 Critical rate of rise of off-state voltage (dV/dt) .37
5.14 Trigger input current (I ) .39
FT
5.15 Testing methods of electrical rating for phototriac coupler .40
5.15.1 Repetitive peak off-state voltage (V ) .40
DRM
5.15.2 DC off-state voltage (V ).41
BD
Annex A (informative) Cross references index .42
Figure 1 .7
Figure 2 .8
Figure 3 – Basic circuit.9
Figure 4 – Radiant power as function of wavelength .10
Figure 5 .11
Figure 6 .11
Figure 7 .13
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002 – 3 –
Figure 8 .13
Figure 9 .14
Figure 10 .15
Figure 11a – Phototransistor .16
Figure 11b – Photodiode .16
Figure 12a – Dark current of a photodiode I .17
R
Figure 12b – Collector-emitter dark current of a phototransistor I .17
CEO
Figure 12c – Emitter-collector dark current of a phototransistor I .17
ECO
Figure 12d – Emitter-base dark current of a phototransistor I .17
EBO
Figure 12 .17
Figure 13 .18
Figure 14 – Basic circuit.19
Figure 15 – Basic circuit.21
Figure 16 – Basic circuit.21
Figure 17 .22
Figure 18 – Partial discharge test circuit .23
Figure 19 – Connections for the calibration of the complete test arrangement .24
Figure 20 – Time interval versus test voltage diagram .25
Figure 21 – Time interval versus test voltage diagram .26
Figure 22 .27
Figure 23 .28
Figure 24 .29
Figure 25 .30
Figure 26 – Measurement circuit for peak off-state current .31
Figure 27 – Waveforms of the peak off-state voltage and current.32
Figure 28 – Measurement circuit for peak on-state voltage .33
Figure 29 – Waveforms of the peak on-state voltage and current.34
Figure 30 – Measurement circuit for d.c. off-state current .34
Figure 31 – Measurement circuit for d.c. on-state voltage .35
Figure 32 – Measurement circuit for holding current .36
Figure 33 – Measurement circuit for critical rate of rise of off-state voltage .37
Figure 34 – The exponential waveform of the off-voltage (V ) .38
D
Figure 35 – The linear waveform of the off-voltage (V ) .38
D
Figure 36 – Measurement circuit for the trigger input current .39
Figure 37 – Output terminal voltage versus input forward current .40
– 4 – 60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
__________
DISCRETE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS –
Part 5-3: Optoelectronic devices –
Measuring methods
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
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6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
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indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
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patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60747-5-3 has been prepared by subcommittee 47C:
Optoelectronic, display and imaging devices, of IEC technical committee 47: Semiconductor
devices.
This consolidated version of IEC 60747-5-3 consists of the first edition (1997) [documents
47C/173/FDIS and 47C/186/RVD] and its amendment 1 (2002) [documents 47E/210/FDIS and
47E/215/RVD].
The technical content is therefore identical to the base edition and its amendment and has
been prepared for user convenience.
It bears the edition number 1.1.
A vertical line in the margin shows where the base publication has been modified by
amendment 1.
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002 – 5 –
It should be read jointly with IEC 60747-1, IEC 62007-1 and IEC 62007-2.
Annex A is for information only.
The committee has decided that the contents of the base publication and its amendments will
remain unchanged until the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under
"http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date,
the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
– 6 – 60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002
DISCRETE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS –
Part 5-3: Optoelectronic devices –
Measuring methods
1 Scope
This part of IEC 60747 describes the measuring methods applicable to the optoelectronic
devices which are not intended to be used in the fibre optic systems or subsystems.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60068-1:1988, Environmental testing – Part 1: General and guidance
IEC 60270:1981, Partial discharge measurements
3 Measuring methods for photoemitters
3.1 Luminous intensity of light-emitting diodes (I )
v
a) Purpose
To measure the luminous intensity of semiconductor light-emitting diodes.
The method can be applied to three possible measurement variants:
Variant 1
Rotation of the diode around its mechanical axis for an accurate location of the minimum
and/or maximum value.
Variant 2
Alignment of the diode optical axis with that of the optical bench.
Variant 3
Positioning according to a reference corresponding to the type of the diode envelope and
allowing a reproducible mechanical orientation.
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002 – 7 –
b) Circuit diagram
Figure 1
c) Circuit description and requirements
G = current source
D = light-emitting diode being measured
PD = photodetector including the diaphragm D of area A
D , D = Diaphragms intended to suppress parasitic radiations. D and D shall not limit
2 3 2 3
the solid angle
d = distance between the diode being measured and D .
The spectral sensitivity of the photometer shall be adjusted to the CIE (International
Commission on Illumination) standard observers curve in the wavelength region of the light
emitted by the diode. The photometer shall be calibrated in candelas at the distance d, with
diaphragm D in place.
The distance d shall be such that the solid angle viewed by the light source at the
diaphragm D (= A/d²) is less than 0,01 sr.
For pulse measurements, the current generator should provide current pulses of the
required amplitude, duration and repetition rate. The photodetector should have a rise time
sufficiently small in comparison with the pulse duration; it should be a peak-reading
instrument.
d) Measurement procedure
The diode being measured is positioned according to the variant chosen.
The specified current is applied and the luminous intensity is measured on the photodetector.
e) Specified conditions
– Ambient temperature and, where appropriate, the atmospheric conditions.
– Forward current in the diode and, where applicable, duration and repetition rate.
– Variant: 1, 2 or 3.
3.2 Radiant intensity of infrared-emitting diodes (I )
e
a) Purpose
To measure the radiant intensity of semiconductor infrared-emitting diodes.
The method can apply to three possible measurement variants:
Variant 1
Rotation of the diode around its mechanical axis for an accurate location of the minimum
and/or maximum value.
– 8 – 60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002
Variant 2
Alignment of the diode optical axis with that of the optical bench.
Variant 3
Positioning according to a reference corresponding to the type of the diode envelope and
allowing a reproducible mechanical orientation.
b) Circuit diagram
Figure 2
c) Circuit description and requirements
G = current source
D = infrared-emitting diode being measured
RM = radiometer including the diaphragm D of area A
D , D = diaphragms intended to suppress parasitic radiations. D and D shall not limit
2 3 2 3
the solid angle
d = distance between the diode being measured and D .
The radiant intensity I in the direction of the case axis should be measured by a
e
wavelength-independent detector (for example, a thermocouple element) and the
radiometer shall be calibrated in W/sr at the distance d with diaphragm D in place.
The distance d shall be such that the solid angle viewed by the infrared source at the
diaphragm D (= A/d²) is less than 0,01 sr.
For pulse measurements, the current generator shall provide current pulses of the required
amplitude, duration and repetition rate. The radiometer shall have a rise time sufficiently
small in comparison with the pulse duration; it shall be a peak-reading instrument.
d) Measurement procedure
The diode being measured is positioned according to the variant chosen.
The specified current is applied to the diode and the radiant intensity is measured on the
radiometer.
e) Specified conditions
– Ambient temperature and, where appropriate, the atmospheric conditions.
– Forward current in the diode and, where applicable, duration and repetition rate.
– Variant: 1, 2 or 3.
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002 – 9 –
3.3 Peak-emission wavelength (λ ) spectral radiation bandwidth (Δλ)
p
and number of longitudinal modes (n )
m
a) Purpose
To measure the peak-emission wavelength and the spectral radiation bandwidth of emitting
devices and to determine the number of longitudinal modes of laser diodes.
b) Circuit diagram
Figure 3 – Basic circuit
c) Circuit description and requirements
D = device being measured
L = focusing lens systems
G = generator (pulsed or d.c.)
M = monochromator
D , D = diaphragms intended to suppress parasitic radiations, where appropriate.
2 3
RM = radiometer (including diaphragm D ).
The wavelength resolution and the bandwidth of the monochromator shall be such that the
measurement is carried out with adequate accuracy.
The spectral response of the radiometer shall be calibrated. For convenience of
measurement, the peak of the curve may represent 100 %.
d) Precautions to be observed
If the transmission factor of the monochromator and the radiometer sensitivity are not
constant over the required range of wavelength, the recorded values should be corrected.
For measurement of the laser diode, radiant power reflected into the laser diode shall be
minimized to ensure that the spectral response is not significantly affected.
e) Measurement procedure
1) Peak emission wavelength and spectral radiation bandwidth of a light-emitting diode, or
an infrared-emitting diode, or a single-mode laser diode
The specified current is applied to the device being measured.
The wavelength of the monochromator is adjusted within the required range until the
maximum reading on the radiometer has been achieved. The wavelength corresponding
to this peak value is recorded. This is the peak-emission wavelength (λ ) (see Figure 4).
p
– 10 – 60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002
The wavelength of the monochromator is then adjusted on either side of p until the
maximum reading is halved. These two wavelengths (λ and λ on Figure 4) are
1 2
recorded. Their difference is the spectral radiation bandwidth of the infrared-emitting or
light-emitting device (see Figure 4).
Figure 4 – Radiant power as function of wavelength
2) Peak-emission wavelength, spectral radiation bandwidth and number of longitudinal
modes of a multimode laser diode
2.1) Peak-emission wavelength of a multimode laser diode
A current corresponding to the specified optical power output is applied to the device
being measured.
The wavelength of the monochromator is adjusted within the required range until the
highest of the various maxima is indicated.
The wavelength corresponding to this value is recorded. This is the peak-emission
wavelength (λ ) (see Figure 5).
p
2.2) Spectral radiation bandwidth of a multimode laser diode
The monochromator is set to a long wavelength and then adjusted progressively to
shorter wavelengths. Record the first wavelength at which the specified percentage of
the highest reading recorded under e) 2.1) is obtained or exceeded. The
monochromator is set to a short wavelength and thus adjusted progressively to longer
wavelengths. Record the first wavelength at which the specified percentage of the
highest reading recorded under e) 2.1) is obtained or exceeded. The difference
between the two recorded values is the spectral radiation bandwidth of the laser diode
(Δλ) (see Figure 5).
2.3) Number of longitudinal modes of a multimode laser diode
The spectral radiation bandwidth as in e) 2.2) above is measured and then the number
of modes (n ) within that bandwidth including the two modes that define the limit of the
m
bandwidth is counted (see Figure 5).
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002 – 11 –
Δλ = spectral radiation bandwidth
Figure 5
f) Specified conditions
– For LED and IRED:
• ambient or case temperature;
• forward current (d.c. or pulse), as specified.
– For laser diodes:
• ambient, case or submount temperature;
• radiant power or forward current;
• percentage of peak emission if other than 50 %.
3.4 Emission source length and width and astigmatism of a laser diode without pigtail
a) Purpose
To measure the emission source size on the facet of the laser diode with respect to a
defined axis and the astigmatism of the optical beam emitted from the laser diode.
b) Measuring equipment
Figure 6
– 12 – 60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002
c) Equipment description and requirements
G = current source
D = device being measured
L = lens system
SD = scanning photodetector with a narrow slit
LS = light source with filter or LED the emission wavelength of which is close to that of
the device being measured
BS = beam splitter
d >> d
2 1
d) Precautions to be observed
The lens system L shall be substantially achromatic over the range of wavelengths
encompassed by the light source LS and the device D.
e) Measurement procedure
Emission source size
The light source LS is turned on and the lens system L adjusted to obtain a focused image
of the front face of the device D on the photodetector SD. Distances d and d are then
1 2
read.
The specified d.c. current or the d.c. current corresponding to the specified radiant power
φ is applied to the device being measured D.
e
The scanning direction of the photodetector SD is aligned with the major and minor axes of
the focused image.
The photodetector SD is scanned along the major and the minor axes. The length and width
of the emission source are given by the distance between the 3 dB power points along the
major and minor axes multiplied by d /d .
1 2
Astigmatism d
A
The light source LS is turned on and the lens system L adjusted to obtain a focused image
of the front facet of the device D on the photodetector SD. Distances d and d are read.
1 2
The scanning direction of the photodetectors align with SD the major and the minor axes of
the focused image.
The lens system L is moved along the optical axis toward the device D until the emission
source length along the major axis is minimized.
The distance d traversed by the lens system L is measured.
The lens system is returned to the original position. The procedure is repeated for the minor
axis. The distance d traversed by the lens system L is measured.
The difference between d and d , multiplied by (1 – d ²/d ²), is the astigmatism.
3 4 1 2
f) Specified conditions
– Ambient, case or submount temperature.
– Direct forward current or radiant power.
– Reference axes (major and minor axes).
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002 – 13 –
3.5 Half-intensity angle and misalignment angle of a photoemitter
a) Purpose
To measure the spatial distribution of the radiation from a photoemitter.
Axes X and Y define a mechanical reference plane of the device being measured D, e.g. the mounting angle.
The angle ϕ defines the orientation of the device D in that plane.
Figure 7
The half intensity angle is the angle within which the luminous or radiant intensity is greater
than or equal to half of the maximum intensity. This angle is θ defined for a specified
1/2
plane which in turn is defined by ϕ.
The misalignment angle Δθ is the angle between the optical and mechanical axes.
Figure 8
– 14 – 60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002
b) Diagram
The basic optical arrangement and definition is shown in the following figure:
Figure 9
c) Measurement description and requirements
D = device being measured
PD = photodetector
Axis Z = defined mechanical axis of the device being measured
Axis PD = axis of photodetector
θ = inclinaison angle of axis Z to axis PD
NOTE The solid angle, defined by the device being measured and the aperture of the photodiode, shall be small.
The solid angle is considered small if the measurement result does not change significantly when the solid angle is
halved.
The device being measured D shall be mounted in a fixture which allows:
– precise, reproducible positioning of the device D;
– changes to the angle θ, keeping the centre of the optical port of the device D fixed;
– measurement of the angle of inclinaison θ;
– rotation of the device D around its Z axis;
– measurement of the angle of rotation about the X axis.
d) Precautions to be observed
Under consideration.
e) Measurement procedure
The specified current is applied to the device being measured D.
The mechanical axis of the device D is aligned along the axis of the photodetector, i.e.
θ = 0, and measure the signal on the photodetector.
This value is set at I = 100 %.
The device D is inclinated and the relative intensity I/I versus θ is plotted.
The preferred plot will be in polar diagram form. Other formats e.g. cartesian may be used
when defined in the blank detail specification.
The half intensity angle θ is the angle between the two points at which I = I .
1/2 max/2
The misalignment angle is the angle between the directions corresponding to I and I .
max 0
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002 – 15 –
f) Specified conditions
– Ambient, case or submount temperature.
– I or φ .
F e
– Mechanical reference plane.
– Angle ϕ.
4 Measuring methods for photosensitive devices
4.1 Reverse current under optical radiation of photodiodes including devices with
or without pigtails (I or I ) and collector current under optical radiation
R(H) R(e)
of phototransistors (I or I )
C(H) C(e)
a) Purpose
To measure the reverse current under optical radiation of photodiodes including devices
with or without pigtails and the collector current under optical radiation of phototransistors.
b) Measuring equipment
One of the four following variants shall be used:
Variant 1
Rotation of the device around its mechanical axis for an accurate location of the maximum
value.
Variant 2
Alignment of the device optical axis with that of the optical bench.
Variant 3
Positioning according to a reference specified for the type of device envelope, to obtain a
reproducible mechanical orientation.
Variant 4
For devices with pigtails.
Alignment of the optical port of the device to receive the radiant power with focusing
means.
D or T = device being measured
Figure 10
– 16 – 60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002
c) Circuit diagrams
Figure 11a – Phototransistor Figure 11b – Photodiode
d) Equipment description and requirements
The device being measured is fixed in a measuring socket that is mounted on a calibrated
optical bench (variant 1, 2, 3 or 4) or on a calibrated equipment (variant 3).
The illuminant shall be
either:
i) a standard illuminant (not monochromatic), consisting of a calibrated standard lamp,
with its regulated power supply and an ammeter;
or:
ii) a monochromatic illuminant consisting of either:
an equipment such as described in item i) above, plus an interference filter or any other
system (monochromator, etc.) having a specified or known peak-transmission
wavelength and spectral radiation bandwidth,
or:
any other calibrated device (for example a light-emitting diode or an infrared-emitting
diode), having a known peak-emission wavelength and spectral radiation bandwidth.
For fibre optic devices with pigtails:
The illuminant such as described in item ii) shall be used.
e) Precautions to be observed
– Overheating the device being measured by optical radiation from the source shall be
avoided. For levels in excess of 200 W/m², a thermal shield arranged as a shutter to
limit the duration of exposure is recommended.
– Cleanliness of optical surfaces shall be ensured.
– Light sources shall be stabilized before being used for measurement purposes.
– When a standard illuminant is used as a light source, a diaphragm intended to suppress
parasitic radiation shall be placed in front of the device being measured.
For devices with pigtails:
Only the optical port of the device shall be irradiated.
f) Measurement procedure
The temperature conditions are set to the specified value.
The socket is placed at a distance from the illuminant corresponding to the specified
illuminance (irradiance).
The device to be measured is inserted into its socket and is biased at the specified value.
For variant 1 only, the device is rotated around its mechanical axis. Read the minimum and
the maximum values of the current under irradiation on the ammeter.
For variant 2, 3 or 4, the value of the current under optical radiation is read on the
ammeter.
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002 – 17 –
g) Specified conditions
– Ambient or case temperature.
– Bias of the device being measured (d.c. or pulse).
– Measuring method (variant).
– Illuminance or irradiance.
– Standard illuminant (not monochromatic) or wavelength and spectral radiation
bandwidth (monochromatic).
For devices with pigtails:
– ambient or case temperature;
– bias of the device being measured;
– radiant power into the optical port;
– wavelength and spectral radiation bandwidth of the light source.
4.2 Dark current for photodiodes I and dark currents
R
, I , I
for phototransistors I
CEO ECO EBO
a) Purpose
To measure the dark current of photodiodes and the dark currents of phototransistors,
under specified conditions.
b) Circuit diagrams
Figure 12b – Collector-emitter dark current
Figure 12a – Dark current of a photodiode I
R
of a phototransistor I
CEO
Figure 12c – Emitter-collector dark current of a Figure 12d – Emitter-base dark current
phototransistor I of a phototransistor I
ECO EBO
Figure 12
– 18 – 60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002
c) Circuit description and requirements
R = current limiting resistor
D = device being measured
d) Precautions to be observed
These parameters are very temperature-dependent and the accuracy of the measurement
largely depends on that with which the ambient temperature can be maintained. Complete
darkness is a necessary condition. Even ordinary daylight illumination of the wire feed-
through glass seals would falsify the measurement result.
The device should not be subjected to radiation within the spectral sensitivity range.
e) Measurement procedure
The temperature is set to the specified value. The device being in complete darkness, the
voltage is progressively increased from zero until the specified value is reached and then
the dark current is measured.
The test is stopped when the current reaches a specified limit.
f) Specified conditions
– Ambient temperature.
– Voltage to be applied:
V for I ;
R R
V for I ;
CE CEO
V for I ;
EC ECO
V for I .
EB EBO
4.3 Collector-emitter saturation voltage V of phototransistors
CE(sat)
a) Purpose
To measure the collector-emitter saturation voltage of phototransistors under specified
conditions.
b) Circuit diagram
Figure 13
c) Circuit description and requirements
S = optical radiation source
G = collector current generator
D = device being measured
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002 – 19 –
d) Precautions to be observed
– Avoid overheating the device being measured by irradiation from the source. For levels
in excess of 200 W/m², a thermal shield arranged as a shutter to limit the duration of
exposure is recommended.
– Ensure cleanliness of optical surfaces.
– Optical radiation sources shall be stabilized before being used for measurement
purposes.
e) Measurement procedure
The temperature is set to the specified value.
The optical radiation source being stabilized to the specified value of E or E , the collector
e v
current is adjusted to the specified value and the collector-emitter saturation voltage is
measured.
f) Specified conditions
– Ambient temperature.
– Collector current.
– Illuminance or irradiance.
– Reference to standard illuminant (not monochromatic) or wavelength and spectral
bandwidth (monochromatic).
– Open base.
5 Measuring methods for photocouplers
5.1 Current transfer ratio (h )
F(ctr)
a) Purpose
To measure the static value of the forward current transfer ratio of photocouplers under
specified conditions.
b) Circuit diagram
P = photocoupleur being measured
Figure 14 – Basic circuit
– 20 – 60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002
c) Circuit description and requirements
I = input current = forward current I of the emitted diode
I F
I = output current = reverse current I of the photodiode or collector current I of
O R C
the phototransistor
V = output voltage = reverse voltage V of the photodiode or collector-emitter
O R
voltage V of the phototransistor
CE
A , A = ammeters
1 2
G = current source
G = voltage source
d) Measurement procedure
The measurement shall be performed under standard atmospheric conditions, unless
otherwise specified.
The constant current source G is adjusted to obtain the specified input current through the
emitting diode.
The voltage source G is adjusted to the specified value V or V . The output current I
2 R CE R
or I is measured with the ammeter A .
C 2
The current transfer ratio is calculated by the following formula:
I
O
h = (1)
F(ctr)
I
t
hence, for a photocoupler with diode output
I
R
h = (2)
F(ctr)
I
F
and, for a photocoupler with transistor output
I
C
h = (3)
F(ctr)
I
F
e) Precautions to be observed
If the photocoupler is sensitive to external radiation, the precautions to be taken in
measurement should be stated and observed.
f) Specified conditions
– Ambient temperature.
– Input or output current, d.c. or pulse.
– Output voltage (V or V ).
R CE
– When appropriate, the atmospheric conditions.
5.2 Input-to-output capacitance (C )
io
a) Purpose
To measure the capacitance between the input and output terminals of a photocoupler
under specified conditions.
60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002 – 21 –
b) Circuit diagram
P = photocoupleur being measured
Figure 15 – Basic circuit
c) Measurement procedure
The photoemitter terminals as well as the photodetector terminals are connected together.
The capacitance between the photoemitter and the photodetector terminals is measured at
a frequency of 1 MHz (unless otherwise specified), using a suitable capacitance meter.
d) Precautions to be observed
Allowance should be made for the stray capacitance of the test fixture and the leads.
e) Specified conditions
– Ambient temperature.
– Measurement frequency, if different from 1 MHz.
5.3 Isolation resistance between input and output (r )
IO
a) Purpose
To measure the isolation resistance between the input and output terminals of a
photocoupler when subjected to d.c. voltage, under specified conditions.
b) Circuit diagram
P = Photocoupler being measured
G = Voltage source
Figure 16 – Basic circuit
– 22 – 60747-5-3 © IEC:1997+A1:2002
c) Precautions to be observed
Allowance should be made for the leakage current of the test fixture and the leads.
d) Measurement procedure
The photoemitter terminals, as well as the photodetector terminals, are connected together.
The specified measurement voltage between the photoemitter and photodetector
terminals is applied for 60 s. The isolation resistance is calculated as V/I.
e) Specified conditions
– Ambient temperature.
– Measurement voltage.
– Time after which the measurement is made, if different from 60 s.
5.4 Isolation test
a) Purpose
To verify the ability of the device to with
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