IEC 62047-41:2021

IEC 62047-41 ®
Edition 1.0 2021-06
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Semiconductor devices – Micro-electromechanical devices –
Part 41: RF MEMS circulators and isolators

Dispositifs à semiconducteurs – Dispositifs microélectromécaniques –
Partie 41: Circulateurs et isolateurs à MEMS RF

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IEC 62047-41 ®
Edition 1.0 2021-06
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Semiconductor devices – Micro-electromechanical devices –

Part 41: RF MEMS circulators and isolators

Dispositifs à semiconducteurs – Dispositifs microélectromécaniques –

Partie 41: Circulateurs et isolateurs à MEMS RF

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 31.080.99 ISBN 978-2-8322-9886-2

– 2 – IEC 62047-41:2021 © IEC 2021
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
3.1 General terms . 8
3.2 RF characteristics parameters . 8
4 Essential ratings and characteristics . 9
4.1 Identification and types . 9
4.2 Application and specification description . 9
4.3 Limiting values and operating conditions . 10
4.4 RF characteristics . 10
4.5 Reliability characteristics . 10
4.6 Additional information . 11
5 Measuring methods . 11
5.1 General . 11
5.1.1 General precautions . 11
5.1.2 Characteristic impedance . 11
5.1.3 Measurement procedure . 11
5.1.4 Handling precautions . 12
5.2 Insertion loss (L ) . 12
ins
5.2.1 Purpose . 12
5.2.2 Circuit diagram . 12
5.2.3 Principle of measurement . 15
5.2.4 Precautions to be observed . 15
5.2.5 Measurement procedure . 15
5.2.6 Specified conditions . 16
5.3 Isolation (L ) . 17
iso
5.3.1 Purpose . 17
5.3.2 Circuit diagram . 17
5.3.3 Principle of measurement . 17
5.3.4 Precautions to be observed . 18
5.3.5 Measurement procedure . 18
5.3.6 Specified conditions . 19
5.4 Return loss (L ) . 19
ret
5.4.1 Purpose . 19
5.4.2 Circuit diagram . 19
5.4.3 Principle of measurement . 19
5.4.4 Precautions to be observed . 20
5.4.5 Measurement procedure . 20
5.4.6 Specified conditions . 21
5.5 Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) (optional) . 21
5.5.1 Purpose . 21
5.5.2 Circuit diagram . 21
5.5.3 Principle of measurement . 21
5.5.4 Precautions to be observed . 22
5.5.5 Measurement procedure . 22

5.5.6 Specified conditions . 23
5.6 Input impedance (Z ) (optional) . 23
in
5.6.1 Purpose . 23
5.6.2 Circuit diagram . 23
5.6.3 Principle of measurement . 23
5.6.4 Precautions to be observed . 24
5.6.5 Measurement procedure . 24
5.6.6 Specified conditions . 25
5.7 Magnetic leakage (optional) . 25
5.7.1 Purpose . 25
5.7.2 System diagram . 25
5.7.3 Principle of measurement . 26
5.7.4 Precautions to be observed . 26
5.7.5 Measurement procedure . 26
5.7.6 Specified conditions . 26
6 Reliability (performance) test . 26
6.1 General . 26
6.2 Power handling capability . 27
6.3 Life time . 27
6.4 Operating temperature . 27
6.5 Shock testing . 27
6.6 Vibration testing . 28
6.7 Bond/Solder shear testing . 28
Annex A (informative) General description of circulators and isolators . 29
Bibliography . 32

Figure 1 – Terminals of RF MEMS circulators . 9
Figure 2 – RF MEMS isolator with terminated load . 9
Figure 3 – Measurement procedure of RF MEMS circulators/isolators . 11
Figure 4 – Measuring circuit diagram of the circulator with 4-port network analysers . 13
Figure 5 – Measuring circuit diagram of the isolator with 4-port network analysers . 13
Figure 6 – Measuring circuit diagram of the circulator with 2-port network analysers . 14
Figure 7 – Measuring circuit diagram of the isolator with 2-port network analysers . 14
Figure 8 – Insertion loss of the RF MEMS circulator/isolator . 15
Figure 9 – Isolation of the RF MEMS circulator/isolator . 17
Figure 10 – Return loss of the RF MEMS circulator/isolator . 20
Figure 11 – Smith Chart plot of input impedance of RF MEMS circulators/isolators . 24
Figure 12 – Near-field scanning measurement system . 26
Figure 13 – Block diagram of a test setup for evaluating the reliability of the RF MEMS

circulator . 27
Figure A.1 – Signal transmission in circulators . 29
Figure A.2 – Signal transmission in isolators . 30
Figure A.3 – Typical structure of RF MEMS circulators/isolators . 30
Figure A.4 – Typical RF MEMS circulators/ isolators . 31

– 4 – IEC 62047-41:2021 © IEC 2021
Table 1 – Limiting values and operating conditions . 10
Table 2 – RF characteristics . 10
Table 3 – Reliability characteristics . 10

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES –
MICRO-ELECTROMECHANICAL DEVICES –

Part 41: RF MEMS circulators and isolators

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC 62047-41 has been prepared by subcommittee 47F: Micro electro-mechanical systems, of
IEC technical committee 47: Semiconductor devices. It is an International Standard.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
47F/376/FDIS 47F/380/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.

– 6 – IEC 62047-41:2021 © IEC 2021
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement,
available at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by
IEC are described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.
A list of all parts in the IEC 62047 series, published under the general title Semiconductor
devices – Micro-electromechanical devices, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES –
MICRO-ELECTROMECHANICAL DEVICES –

Part 41: RF MEMS circulators and isolators

1 Scope
This part of IEC 62047 specifies the terminology, essential ratings and characteristics, and
measuring methods of RF (Radio Frequency) MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems)
circulators and isolators.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their
content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition
cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
IEC 60747-1:2010, Semiconductor devices – Part 1: General
IEC 60749-10, Semiconductor devices – Mechanical and climatic test methods – Part 10:
Mechanical shock
IEC 60749-12, Semiconductor devices – Mechanical and climatic test methods – Part 12:
Vibration, variable frequency
IEC 60749-21, Semiconductor devices – Mechanical and climatic test methods – Part 21:
Solderability
IEC 60749-22, Semiconductor devices – Mechanical and climatic test methods – Part 22:
Bond strength
IEC 62047-1, Semiconductor devices – Micro-electromechanical devices – Part 1: Terms and
definitions
IEC TS 61967-3, Integrated circuits – Measurement of electromagnetic emissions – Part 3:
Measurement of radiated emissions – Surface scan method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 62047-1 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp

– 8 – IEC 62047-41:2021 © IEC 2021
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
circulator
three-port device in which the incident wave to any port is transmitted to the next port
according to an order of sequence determined by the sense of a static magnetic biasing field
Note 1 to entry: By reversing the magnetic biasing field, the order of sequence is reversed.
Note 2 to entry: This property may be used to switch electromagnetic waves.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-726:1982, 726-17-08, modified – The word “multiport” is replaced by
“three-port”]
3.1.2
isolator
two-port device having much greater attenuation in one direction of propagation than in the
opposite direction
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-726:1982, 726-17-19]
3.2 RF characteristics parameters
3.2.1
insertion loss
L
ins
resulting from the insertion of a network into a transmission system, the ratio of the power
delivered to that part of the system following the network, before insertion of the network, to
the power delivered to that same part after insertion of the network
Note 1 to entry: The insertion loss is generally expressed in decibels.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-726:1982, 726-06-07]
3.2.2
isolation
L
iso
amplitude of the power attenuation, in the reverse direction of signal transmitted
3.2.3
return loss
L
ret
ratio of the incident power at the specified port to the reflected power at the same port
Note 1 to entry: Usually the return loss is expressed in decibels.
[SOURCE: IEC 60747-16-4:2004, 3.3 modified – “in the linear region”, “∆P (dBm) =
ref
∆P (dBm)” and “of the power transfer curve” are deleted.]
inc
3.2.4
magnetic leakage
B
leak
maximum spatial field intensity of a RF MEMS circulator/isolator

4 Essential ratings and characteristics
4.1 Identification and types
General description of the function of the RF MEMS circulator/isolator and their applications
should be stated. The statement should include the details of manufacturing technologies
about the RF MEMS circulator/isolator with different operation, configuration, and actuation
mechanism. The statement should also include packaged form including terminal numbering
and package materials.
The RF MEMS circulator/isolator shall be clearly and durably marked in the order given below:
a) manufacture’s name or trade mark;
b) device type and serial number;
c) year and week (or month) of manufacture;
d) terminal identification (optional);
e) factory identification code (optional).
4.2 Application and specification description
Information on application of the RF MEMS circulator/isolator shall be given. Block diagrams
of the RF MEMS circulator/isolator and the applied systems should be also given. All
terminals should be identified in the block diagram and their functions shall also be stated.
See Figure 1 and Figure 2.
Key
1 terminal 1
2 terminal 2
3 terminal 3
Figure 1 – Terminals of RF MEMS circulators

Key
1 terminal 1
2 terminal 2
R terminated load
Figure 2 – RF MEMS isolator with terminated load

– 10 – IEC 62047-41:2021 © IEC 2021
4.3 Limiting values and operating conditions
This statement should include limiting conditions and values. In particular, electrical limiting
values (input power, handling power, power dissipation, etc.) and temperature conditions
(operating, ambient, storage, and soldering) shall be given in the statement. These values are
indicated within Table 1.
Table 1 – Limiting values and operating conditions
Parameters Symbol Unit Min. Max.
power handling capability P W +
max
operating temperature T °C + +
op
soldering temperature T °C +
sol
storage temperature T °C + +
stg
4.4 RF characteristics
RF characteristic parameters shall be stated with minimum (Min.), typical (Typ.), and
maximum (Max.) values as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 – RF characteristics
Parameters Symbol Unit Min. Typ. Max.
insertion loss L dB + +
ins
isolation L dB + +
iso
return loss L dB + +
ret
center frequency f GHz +
center
VSWR(optional) VSWR  +
impedance (optional) R Ω +
magnetic leakage
B A/m  +
leak
(optional)
4.5 Reliability characteristics
Any specific mechanical characteristics and environmental ratings applicable shall be stated.
The characteristics shall be stated with their symbol, unit, minimum (Min), typical (Typ.), and
maximum (Max.) values as shown in Table 3.
Table 3 – Reliability characteristics
Parameters Symbol Unit Min. Typ. Max.
Power handling capability P W  +
max
Life time t h +
life
Shock A g +
shock
Vibration A m/s +
vibration
Bond/Solder Shear
P MPa +
w
Strength
4.6 Additional information
Some additional information should be given such as handling precautions, physical
information (e.g. outline dimensions, terminals, accessories, etc.), package information,
printed circuit board interface and mounting information, and other information, etc.
5 Measuring methods
5.1 General
5.1.1 General precautions
The measurement accuracy, protection of devices and measuring equipment and accuracy of
measuring circuits listed in 6.3, 6.4 and 6.6 of IEC 60747-1:2010 shall be applied. Although
the level of the signal can be specified in either power or voltage, in this document it is
expressed in power unless otherwise specified.
5.1.2 Characteristic impedance
The characteristic impedance of the measurement system, as shown in all the circuits of this
document, is 50 Ω. If it is not 50 Ω, it shall be specified.
5.1.3 Measurement procedure
Generally, the test procedures for RF characteristics and reliability of the RF MEMS
circulator/isolator are performed as shown in Figure 3.

NOTE The RF MEMS circulator/isolator can be measured as shown in Figure 3. After mounting the
circulator/isolator devices onto test fixture, RF characteristics are measured by using a network analyser or other
equivalent test equipment. If the measurements are satisfactory, reliability tests (life time, shock, vibration,
bond/solder shear test, etc.) are performed for commercially use.
Figure 3 – Measurement procedure of RF MEMS circulators/isolators

– 12 – IEC 62047-41:2021 © IEC 2021
5.1.4 Handling precautions
The RF MEMS circulator/isolator devices in this document are chip types or packaged device
types. Before measurement, the devices should be suitably packaged and mounted on a test
fixture and measured by using a vector network analyser.
Since the impedance of the network analyser is usually 50 Ω, the termination condition
between the RF MEMS circulator/isolator and the equipment should be considered carefully.
Before connecting the RF MEMS circulator/isolator to the test fixture, the network analyser,
cable, and connectors should be calibrated. The full 2-port calibration technique is effective to
compensate the system errors (i.e. presenting open-circuit impedance, short-circuit
impedance, through standards at the ends of test cable connectors, 50 Ω load impedance,
and storing the measured values for correction of the RF MEMS circulator/isolator
measurement).
After calibration, connect the test cable with the circulator/isolator test fixture with 50 Ω
connectors. The reading of S-parameter on the display of the network analyser is taken. A
reflection coefficient S and a transmission coefficient S of 2-port S-parameters are
11 21
translated into reflection attenuation and insertion attenuation, respectively.
If a different frequency range is required, the entire calibration sequence shall be repeated.
5.2 Insertion loss (L )
ins
5.2.1 Purpose
To measure the insertion loss under specified conditions.
5.2.2 Circuit diagram
Measuring methods should be selected properly according to the network analyser, which
may provide two or more ports for testing.
a) Method A): with the 4-port network analyser:
1) The measuring circuit diagram for the insertion loss measurements of the circulator is
shown in Figure 4. The circulator is a 3-port device, taking the 4-port network analyser.
And the fourth port of the network analyser should be properly terminated during
testing.
NOTE Other equivalent test equipment can be used instead of the network analyser.
Figure 4 – Measuring circuit diagram of the circulator with 4-port network analysers
2) The measuring diagram for the insertion loss measurements of the isolator is shown in
Figure 5. The isolator is a 2-port device, just taking 2 ports of the network analyser.

NOTE Other equivalent test equipment can be used instead of the network analyser.
Figure 5 – Measuring circuit diagram of the isolator with 4-port network analysers
b) Method B): with the 2-port network analyser
1) The measuring circuit diagram for the insertion loss measurements of the circulator is
shown in Figure 6. The cables should be connected differently, which is consistent with
the transfer direction of devices. As the circulator is a 3-port device, the spared port of
the circulator should be properly terminated during testing.

– 14 – IEC 62047-41:2021 © IEC 2021

a) Transfer direction from port 1 to 2 b) Transfer direction from port 3 to 1

c) Transfer direction from port 2 to 3
NOTE Other equivalent test equipment can be used instead of the network analyser.
Figure 6 – Measuring circuit diagram of the circulator with 2-port network analysers
2) The measuring diagram for the insertion loss measurements of the isolator is shown in
Figure 7. The isolator is a 2-port device, so just taking 2-port of the network analyser.

NOTE Other equivalent test equipment can be used instead of the network analyser.
Figure 7 – Measuring circuit diagram of the isolator with 2-port network analysers

5.2.3 Principle of measurement
When the incident power is applied to the input port of the circulator/isolator, it is a measured
ratio, in the transfer direction, of the transmitted power to the output port and the incident
power. The insertion loss of the circulator/isolator is obtained from the measured S-parameter.
The insertion loss is normally expressed in decibels (dB) and obtained by Formulas (1) to (3).
L = −20log(|S |) (1)
ins(21) 21
L = −20log(|S |) (2)
ins(32) 32
L = −20log(|S |) (3)
ins(13) 13
As shown in Figure 6, the circulator, 3-port device, possess three parameters of the insertion
loss: L , L , L . As shown in Figure 7, the isolator, 2-port device, possess only
ins(21) ins(32) ins(13)
one parameter of the insertion loss, L . Figure 8 shows the graphical shape of the
ins(21)
measured insertion loss.
Figure 8 – Insertion loss of the RF MEMS circulator/isolator
5.2.4 Precautions to be observed
Insertion loss L shall be measured without the influence at the input and output ports.
ins
5.2.5 Measurement procedure
5.2.5.1 Method A): with the 4-port network analyser, the measurement procedures are as
follows:
a) The RF MEMS circulator/isolator should be suitably packaged and mounted on a test
fixture;
b) The test fixture, the network analyser, cable, and connectors should be calibrated before
perform measurement;
c) The test fixture should be connected to the network analyser using the test cable with
50 Ω connectors. For circulators, connected as shown in Figure 4; for isolators, connected
as shown in Figure 5;
– 16 – IEC 62047-41:2021 © IEC 2021
d) The network analyser should be pre-set and set up to the standard S-parameters
measurement class, where selecting the transmission measurements (S , S and S ):
21 32 13
1) Specify the frequency range of the signal source, which is the span of frequency for
making a device measurement, including start frequency, stop frequency, number of
measurement points, etc.;
2) Specify the frequency sweep type of the signal source, using linear frequency sweep
type typically;
3) Specify the power level of the signal source to proper value;
4) Specify the display format, usually using “Log Mag” display format.
e) Perform measurement:
1) Scale the displayed measurement for optimum viewing;
2) Read the S-parameter (S , S and S ) values. Each parameter values at each
21 32 13
frequency point are the insertion loss: L = S , L = S and L = S .
ins(21) 21 ins(32) 32 ins(13) 13
5.2.5.2 Method B): with the 2-port network analyser, the measurement procedures are as
follows:
a) The RF MEMS circulator/isolator should be suitably packaged and mounted on a test
fixture;
b) The test fixture, the network analyser, cable, and connectors should be calibrated before
performing measurement;
c) The test fixture should be connected to the network analyser using the test cable with
50 Ω connectors. For circulators, connected as shown in Figure 6 a); for isolators,
connected as shown in Figure 7;
d) The network analyser should be pre-set and set up to the standard S-parameters
measurement class, where selecting the transmission measurements (S ):
1) Specify the frequency range of the signal source, which is the span of frequency for
making a device measurement, including start frequency, stop frequency, number of
measurement points, etc.;
2) Specify the frequency sweep type of the signal source, using linear frequency sweep
type typically;
3) Specify the power level of the signal source to proper value;
4) Specify the display format, usually using “Log Mag” display format.
e) Perform measurement:
1) Scale the displayed measurement for optimum viewing;
2) Read the S-parameter (S ) values. Each parameter values at each frequency point
are the insertion loss: L = S .
ins(21) u
f) Measuring insertion loss L :
ins(13)
The circulator should be connected as shown in Figure 6 b). Repeating procedures d) to e),
each parameter values of S at each frequency point are the insertion loss: L = S .
21 ins(13) 21
g) Measuring insertion loss L :
ins(32)
The circulator should be connected as shown in Figure 6 c). Repeating procedures d) and e),
at each frequency point are the insertion loss: L = S .
each parameter values of S
21 ins(32) 21
5.2.6 Specified conditions
The specified conditions are as follows:
a) frequency range;
b) input power level.
5.3 Isolation (L )
iso
5.3.1 Purpose
To measure the isolation under specified conditions.
5.3.2 Circuit diagram
With 4-port network analysers, the measuring circuit diagram of the isolation measurement of
circulators is shown in Figure 4, and the measuring circuit diagram of the isolation
measurement of isolators is shown in Figure 5.
With 2-port network analysers, the measuring circuit diagram of the isolation measurement of
circulators is shown in Figure 6, and the measuring circuit diagram of the isolation
measurement of isolators is shown in Figure 7.
5.3.3 Principle of measurement
When the incident power is applied to the circulator/isolator, the amplitude of the power
attenuation, in the reverse direction of signal transmitted, is treated as the isolation. The
isolation of the circulator/isolator is obtained from the measured S-parameter. The isolation is
normally expressed in decibels (dB) and obtained by Formulas (4) to (6).
L = −20log(|S |) (4)
iso(12) 12
L = −20log(|S |) (5)
iso(23) 23
L = −20log(|S |) (6)
iso(31) 31
As shown in Figure 6, the circulator, 3-port device, possess three parameters of the isolation:
L , L , L . As shown in Figure 7, the isolator, 2-port device, possess only one
iso(12) iso(23) iso(31)
parameter of the isolation, L . Figure 9 shows the graphical shape of the measured
iso(12)
isolation.
Figure 9 – Isolation of the RF MEMS circulator/isolator

– 18 – IEC 62047-41:2021 © IEC 2021
5.3.4 Precautions to be observed
Isolation L shall be measured without the influence at the input and output ports.
iso
5.3.5 Measurement procedure
5.3.5.1 Method A): with the 4-port network analyser, the measurement procedures are as
follows:
a) The RF MEMS circulator/isolator should be suitably packaged and mounted on a test
fixture;
b) The test fixture, network analyser, cable and connectors should be calibrated before
measurement;
c) The test fixture should be connected to the network analyser using the test cable with
50 Ω connectors. For circulators, connected as Figure 4; for isolators, connected as
Figure 5;
d) The network analyser should be pre-set and set to the standard S-parameters
measurement class, where selecting the transmission measurements (S , S , and S ):
12 31 23
1) Specify the frequency range of the signal source, which is the span of frequency for
making a device measurement, including start frequency, stop frequency, number of
measurement points, etc.;
2) Specify the frequency sweep type of the signal source, using linear frequency sweep
type typically;
3) Specify the power level of the signal source to proper value;
4) Specify the display format, usually using “Log Mag” display format.
e) Perform measurement:
1) Scale the displayed measurement for optimum viewing;
2) Read the S-parameter (S , S , and S ) values. Each parameter values at each
12 23 31
frequency point are the isolation: L = S , L = S and L = S .
iso(12) 12 iso(23) 23 iso(31) 31
5.3.5.2 Method B): with the 2-port network analyser, the measurement procedures are as
follow:
a) The RF MEMS circulator/isolator should be suitably packaged and mounted on a test
fixture;
b) The test fixture, network analyser, cable and connectors should be calibrated before
measurement;
c) The test fixture should be connected to the network analyser using the test cable with
50 Ω connectors. For circulators, connected as Figure 6 a); for isolators, connected as
Figure 7;
d) The network analyser should be pre-set and set to the standard S-parameters
measurement class, where selecting the transmission measurements (S ):
1) Specify the frequency range of the signal source, which is the span of frequency for
making a device measurement, including start frequency, stop frequency, number of
measurement points, etc.;
2) Specify the frequency sweep type of the signal source, using linear frequency sweep
type typically;
3) Specify the power level of the signal source to proper value;
4) Specify the display format, usually using “Log Mag” display format.
e) Perform measurement:
1) Scale the displayed measurement for optimum viewing;
2) Read the S-parameter (S ) values. Each parameter values at each frequency point
are the isolation: L = S ;
iso(12) 12
f) Measuring isolation L :
iso(31)
The circulator should be connected as shown in Figure 6 b). Repeating procedures d) to e),
each parameter values of S at each frequency point are the isolation of: L = S .
12 iso(31) 12
g) Measuring isolation L :
iso(23)
The circulator should be connected as shown in Figure 6 c). Repeating procedures d) to e),
each parameter values of S at each frequency point are the isolation: L = S .
12 iso(23) 12
5.3.6 Specified conditions
The specified conditions are as follows:
a) frequency range;
b) input power level.
5.4 Return loss (L )
ret
5.4.1 Purpose
To measure the return loss under specified conditions.
5.4.2 Circuit diagram
With 4-port network analysers, the measuring circuit diagram for the return loss measurement
of circulators is shown in Figure 4. And the measuring circuit diagram for the return loss
measurement of isolators is shown in Figure 5.
With 2-port network analysers, the measuring circuit diagram for the return loss measurement
of circulators is shown in Figure 6. And the measuring circuit diagram for the return loss
measurement of isolators is shown in Figure 7.
5.4.3 Principle of measurement
When the incident power is applied to input port of the circulator/isolator, it is a measured
ratio of the reflected power and the incident power at the same port. The return loss of the
circulator/isolat
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