IEC 62559-3:2017

IEC 62559-3 ®
Edition 1.0 2017-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Use case methodology –
Part 3: Definition of use case template artefacts into an XML serialized format

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IEC 62559-3 ®
Edition 1.0 2017-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Use case methodology –
Part 3: Definition of use case template artefacts into an XML serialized format

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 29.020 ISBN 978-2-8322-5169-0

– 2 – IEC 62559-3:2017  IEC 2017
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 9
INTRODUCTION . 11
1 Scope . 13
2 Normative references . 14
3 Terms and definitions . 14
4 Methodological framework for developing this standard . 15
4.1 Model-based approach for developing the data exchange format . 15
4.2 Example for the model-based process in the context of IEC 62559 . 17
4.3 Development of specific data exchange profiles . 20
5 Application of the methodological framework for defining a set of key syntactic
exchange formats (use cases, actors, requirements) . 20
6 Models’ detailed content (automatic generation from UML models) . 21
6.1 UML use case core concepts (UML Information Model) . 21
6.1.1 General . 21
6.1.2 Model package UseCaseCoreConcepts . 21
6.2 Use case library exchange format . 47
6.2.1 UML use case library exchange model (UML Contextual Model) . 47
6.2.2 Use case library XML syntactic format . 75
6.3 Actor library exchange Format . 93
6.3.1 UML actor library exchange model (UML Contextual Model) . 93
6.3.2 Actor library XML syntactic format . 96
6.4 Requirement library exchange Format . 98
6.4.1 UML requirement library exchange model (UML Contextual Model) . 98
6.4.2 Requirement library XML syntactic format . 101
Bibliography . 103

Figure 1 – IEC 62559 standard series . 11
Figure 2 – A common XML format for importing/exporting use case information
between a variety of modelling software and repositories . 13
Figure 3 – Model-based development framework for the definition of the IEC 62559-3
standard XML-based data exchange format . 16
Figure 4 – UML Information Model for the Scenario-Actor relationship example . 17
Figure 5 – UML Contextual Model based on the Scenario-Actor relationship example . 18
Figure 6 – XML Schema corresponding to the Scenario-Actor relationship example . 19
Figure 7 – Producing key XML exchange formats based on a unique IEC 62559 UML
Information Model . 21
Figure 8 – Class diagram UseCaseCoreConcepts::UseCaseCore_Libraries . 22
Figure 9 – Class diagram UseCaseCoreConcepts::UseCaseCore_ActorLibrary. 22
Figure 10 – Class diagram UseCaseCoreConcepts::UseCaseCore_UseCaseLibrary . 23
Figure 11 – Class diagram UseCaseCoreConcepts::UseCaseCore_DetailedActivities . 23
Figure 12 – Class diagram UseCaseCoreConcepts::UseCaseCore_AreaLibrary . 24
Figure 13 – Class diagram
UseCaseCoreConcepts::UseCaseCore_BusinessCaseLibrary . 24
Figure 14 – Class diagram
UseCaseCoreConcepts::UseCaseCore_BusinessObjectLibrary . 25

Figure 15 – Class diagram
UseCaseCoreConcepts::UseCaseCore_CommonTermLibrary . 25
Figure 16 – Class diagram UseCaseCoreConcepts::UseCaseCore_RequirementLibrary . 25
Figure 17 – Class diagram Primitives::Primitives . 46
Figure 18 – Package diagram
UseCase_ExchangeModel::ContextualModel_Dependency . 48
Figure 19 – Class diagram UseCase_ExchangeModel::UseCase_Repository . 49
Figure 20 – Class diagram UseCase_ExchangeModel::UseCase_ShortDescription . 50
Figure 21 – Class diagram UseCase_ExchangeModel::UseCase_DetailedActivities . 51
Figure 22 – Class diagram UseCase_ExchangeModel::UseCase_CompleteDescription . 52
Figure 23 – Class diagram ActorLibrary_ExchangeModel::ActorLibrary . 93
Figure 24 – Package diagram ActorLibrary_ExchangeModel::ActorLibrary . 94
Figure 25 – Class diagram RequirementLibrary_ExchangeModel::RequirementLibrary . 98
Figure 26 – Package diagram
RequirementLibrary_ExchangeModel::RequirementLibrary . 99

Table 1 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Activity . 26
Table 2 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Activity with other classes . 27
Table 3 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Actor . 27
Table 4 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Actor with other classes . 28
Table 5 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::ActorGrouping . 28
Table 6 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::ActorGrouping with other
classes . 28
Table 7 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::ActorLibrary . 29
Table 8 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::ActorLibrary with other classes . 29
Table 9 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Area . 29
Table 10 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Area with other classes . 29
Table 11 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::AreaLibrary . 30
Table 12 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::AreaLibrary with other classes . 30
Table 13 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Assumption . 30
Table 14 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Assumption with other classes . 30
Table 15 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Author . 31
Table 16 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Author with other classes . 31
Table 17 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::BusinessCase . 31
Table 18 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::BusinessCase with other
classes . 31
Table 19 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::BusinessCaseLibrary . 32
Table 20 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::BusinessCaseLibrary with
other classes . 32
Table 21 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::BusinessObject . 32
Table 22 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::BusinessObject with other
classes . 32
Table 23 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::BusinessObjectLibrary . 33
Table 24 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::BusinessObjectLibrary with
other classes . 33
Table 25 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::CommonTerm . 33

– 4 – IEC 62559-3:2017  IEC 2017
Table 26 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::CommonTerm with other
classes . 33
Table 27 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::CommonTermLibrary . 34
Table 28 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::CommonTermLibrary with
other classes . 34
Table 29 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Condition . 34
Table 30 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Condition with other classes. 34
Table 31 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::CustomInformation . 35
Table 32 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::CustomInformation with other
classes . 35
Table 33 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Drawing . 35
Table 34 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Drawing with other classes. 36
Table 35 – Literals of UseCaseCoreConcepts::DrawingClassification . 36
Table 36 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::FurtherActorInformation . 36
Table 37 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::FurtherActorInformation with
other classes . 37
Table 38 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::IdentifiedObject . 37
Table 39 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::KeyPerformanceIndicator . 37
Table 40 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::KeyPerformanceIndicator with
other classes . 37
Table 41 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Narrative . 38
Table 42 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Narrative with other classes . 38
Table 43 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Objective . 38
Table 44 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Objective with other classes . 39
Table 45 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Reference . 39
Table 46 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Reference with other classes . 39
Table 47 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Remark . 40
Table 48 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Remark with other classes . 40
Table 49 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Requirement . 40
Table 50 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Requirement with other
classes . 40
Table 51 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::RequirementCategory . 41
Table 52 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::RequirementCategory with
other classes . 41
Table 53 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::RequirementLibrary . 41
Table 54 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::RequirementLibrary with other
classes . 41
Table 55 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Scenario . 42
Table 56 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Scenario with other classes. 42
Table 57 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::TriggeringEvent . 42
Table 58 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::TriggeringEvent with other
classes . 42
Table 59 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::UseCase . 43
Table 60 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::UseCase with other classes . 44
Table 61 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::UseCaseLibrary . 44

Table 62 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::UseCaseLibrary with other
classes . 45
Table 63 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::UseCaseRepository . 45
Table 64 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::UseCaseRepository with other
classes . 45
Table 65 – Attributes of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Version . 46
Table 66 – Association ends of UseCaseCoreConcepts::Version with other classes . 46
Table 67 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Activity . 53
Table 68 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Activity with other classes . 54
Table 69 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Actor . 54
Table 70 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Actor with other classes. 54
Table 71 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::ActorGrouping . 55
Table 72 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::ActorGrouping with other
classes . 55
Table 73 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::ActorLibrary . 55
Table 74 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::ActorLibrary with other
classes . 55
Table 75 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Area . 56
Table 76 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Area with other classes . 56
Table 77 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::AreaLibrary . 56
Table 78 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::AreaLibrary with other
classes . 56
Table 79 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Assumption . 56
Table 80 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Assumption with other
classes . 57
Table 81 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Author . 57
Table 82 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Author with other classes . 57
Table 83 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::BusinessCase . 57
Table 84 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::BusinessCase with other
classes . 58
Table 85 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::BusinessCaseLibrary . 58
Table 86 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::BusinessCaseLibrary with
other classes . 58
Table 87 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::BusinessObject . 58
Table 88 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::BusinessObject with other
classes . 59
Table 89 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::BusinessObjectLibrary . 59
Table 90 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::BusinessObjectLibrary with
other classes . 59
Table 91 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::CommonTerm . 59
Table 92 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::CommonTerm with other
classes . 60
Table 93 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::CommonTermLibrary . 60
Table 94 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::CommonTermLibrary with
other classes . 60
Table 95 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Condition . 60

– 6 – IEC 62559-3:2017  IEC 2017
Table 96 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Condition with other
classes . 60
Table 97 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::CustomInformation . 61
Table 98 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::CustomInformation with
other classes . 61
Table 99 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Drawing . 61
Table 100 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Drawing with other
classes . 62
Table 101 – Literals of UseCase_ExchangeModel::DrawingClassification . 62
Table 102 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::KeyPerformanceIndicator . 62
Table 103 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::KeyPerformanceIndicator
with other classes . 63
Table 104 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Narrative . 63
Table 105 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Narrative with other
classes . 63
Table 106 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Objective . 64
Table 107 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Objective with other
classes . 64
Table 108 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Ref_Actor . 64
Table 109 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Ref_Actor with other
classes . 64
Table 110 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Ref_Area . 65
Table 111 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Ref_Area with other
classes . 65
Table 112 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Ref_BusinessCase . 65
Table 113 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel:: Ref_BusinessCase with
other classes . 65
Table 114 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Ref_BusinessObject . 65
Table 115 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel:: Ref_BusinessObject with
other classes . 66
Table 116 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Ref_CommonTerm . 66
Table 117 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Ref_CommonTerm with
other classes . 66
Table 118 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Ref_Objective . 66
Table 119 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Ref_Objective with other
classes . 66
Table 120 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Ref_Requirement . 67
Table 121 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Ref_Requirement with
other classes . 67
Table 122 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Ref_UseCase . 67
Table 123 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Ref_UseCase with other
classes . 67
Table 124 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Reference . 68
Table 125 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Reference with other
classes . 68
Table 126 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Remark . 68
Table 127 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Remark with other classes . 68
Table 128 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Requirement . 69

Table 129 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Requirement with other
classes . 69
Table 130 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::RequirementCategory . 69
Table 131 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::RequirementCategory with
other classes . 69
Table 132 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::RequirementLibrary . 70
Table 133 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::RequirementLibrary with
other classes . 70
Table 134 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Resource_String . 70
Table 135 – Literals of UseCase_ExchangeModel::ResourceType . 70
Table 136 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Scenario . 70
Table 137 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Scenario with other
classes . 71
Table 138 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::TriggeringEvent . 71
Table 139 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::TriggeringEvent with other
classes . 71
Table 140 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::UseCase . 72
Table 141 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::UseCase with other
classes . 72
Table 142 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::UseCaseLibrary . 73
Table 143 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::UseCaseLibrary with other
classes . 73
Table 144 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::UseCaseRepository . 73
Table 145 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::UseCaseRepository with
other classes . 74
Table 146 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Version . 74
Table 147 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::Version with other classes . 74
Table 148 – Attributes of UseCase_ExchangeModel::FurtherActorInformation . 75
Table 149 – Association ends of UseCase_ExchangeModel::FurtherActorInformation
with other classes . 75
Table 150 – Use case library XSD . 75
Table 151 – Attributes of ActorLibrary_ExchangeModel::Actor . 95
Table 152 – Association ends of ActorLibrary_ExchangeModel::Actor with other
classes . 95
Table 153 – Attributes of ActorLibrary_ExchangeModel::ActorLibrary . 95
Table 154 – Association ends of ActorLibrary_ExchangeModel::ActorLibrary with other
classes . 95
Table 155 – Attributes of ActorLibrary_ExchangeModel::Ref_Actor . 96
Table 156 – Association ends of ActorLibrary_ExchangeModel::Ref_Actor with other
classes . 96
Table 157 – Association ends of ActorLibrary_ExchangeModel:: UseCaseRepository
with other classes . 96
Table 158 – Actor library XSD . 96
Table 159 – Attributes of RequirementLibrary_ExchangeModel::RequirementLibrary . 99
Table 160 – Association ends of
RequirementLibrary_ExchangeModel::RequirementLibrary with other classes. 100
Table 161 – Attributes of RequirementLibrary_ExchangeModel::RequirementCategory . 100

– 8 – IEC 62559-3:2017  IEC 2017
Table 162 – Association ends of
RequirementLibrary_ExchangeModel::RequirementCategory with other classes . 100
Table 163 – Attributes of
RequirementLibrary_ExchangeModel::Ref_RequirementCategory . 100
Table 164 – Association ends of RequirementLibrary_ExchangeModel::
Ref_RequirementCategory with other classes . 101
Table 165 – Attributes of RequirementLibrary_ExchangeModel::Requirement . 101
Table 166 – Association ends of RequirementLibrary_ExchangeModel::Requirement
with other classes . 101
Table 167 – Requirement library XSD . 101

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
USE CASE METHODOLOGY –
Part 3: Definition of use case template artefacts
into an XML serialized format
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62559-3 has been prepared by IEC systems committee Smart
Energy.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
CDV Report on voting
SyCSmartEnergy/28/CDV SyCSmartEnergy/48/RVC

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

– 10 – IEC 62559-3:2017  IEC 2017
A list of all parts in the IEC 62559 series, published under the general title Use case
methodology, can be found on the IEC website.
This IEC standard includes Code Components, i.e. components that are intended to be
directly processed by a computer. Such content is any text found between the markers
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Code Component.
The purchase of this IEC standard carries a copyright license for the purchaser to sell
software containing Code Components from this standard directly to end users and to end
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http://www.iec.ch/webstore/custserv/pdf/CCv1.pdf
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.

IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
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INTRODUCTION
For complex systems, the use case methodology supports a common understanding of
functionalities, Actors and processes across different technical committees or even different
organizations. Developed as software engineering tool, the methodology can be used to
support the development of standards as it facilitates the analysis of requirements in relation
to new or existing standards. Further arguments for the use case methodology and
background information are available in IEC 62559-1.
Figure 1 provides an overview of the intended first parts of the IEC 62559 series, mainly
describing the relation between IEC 62559-2 and IEC 62559-3.
IEC 62559 − Use Case Methodology
Background: Part 1
Textual
Use Case
Description
IEC 62559−2
Template
Word
Processing
UML Use Case
File/Template
IEC 62559 – future
extension UML
Profile Definition
Web-
browser
2 possible routes
Textual
On-line
UML Modelling Tool
Import/Export
editing
XML
IEC 62559-3
Use Case Repository
(database)
Processes described in part 1
IEC
Figure 1 – IEC 62559 standard series
IEC 62559-1 – Concept and processes in standardization
IEC 62559-1 will be the basis for a common use case repository in order to gather use cases
within IEC on a common collaborative platform. This repository will also be used to organize a
harmonization of use cases in order to provide broadly accepted generic use cases as a basis
for further standardization work. It describes processes and provides basics for the use case
methodology like terms or use case types.
IEC 62559-2 – Definition of the templates for use cases, Actor list and requirements list
IEC 62559-2 defines the structure of a use case template, an Actor list and a list for
requirements. The document is mainly based on IEC PAS 62559:2008 and shall be read
together with IEC 62559-1.
IEC 62559-3 – Definition of use case template artefacts into an XML serialized format

– 12 – IEC 62559-3:2017  IEC 2017
Based on IEC 62559-2, this document defines the required core concepts and their
serialization into an XML format of a use case template, an Actor list and a list for detailed
requirements. The XML format is used to transfer the content of the template to other
engineering systems (e.g. UML modelling tools). These documents are developed using the
energy system and Smart Grids as examples, but they are general enough to be transferred
to other domains and systems. It is intended to develop a UML profile definition based on this
part in the future.
The IEC 62559 series is needed to fulfil the SG3 decision 7 made by the SMB at its February
2010 meeting (SMB/4204/DL, Decision 137/10) requesting the urgent delivery of a generic
use case repository for all Smart Grid applications. Nevertheless, the use case methodology
described in this document is intended for a broader application within standardization
exceeding Smart Grid systems.
More and more complex systems such as Smart Grids or Smart Cities are raising the question
of managing system level requirements, which have to be fed by many domains of expertise
(in standardization related to different Technical Committees (TCs)), and which have to be
broken down further and shared by many TCs in charge of specifying standards to support
these system level functions.
One way to handle this transversality efficiently is to set some common methods and terms.
The use case methodology is the current state of the art and supports further engineering
activities.
The use case methodology offers a unique way for sharing ideas and requirements of new
use cases or business cases between many experts/TCs with different backgrounds: for
example, domain experts with knowledge about energy systems or business processes on
one hand and system-/IT-experts defining exchanged information and communication on the
other hand. In the requirement development process, domain experts provide general ideas
and functional requirements. The main goal is for system experts to detail down these use
cases to a level where they can be used to specify interfaces, dedicated functionality, data
and service model exchange. However, safety- or EMC-experts (as examples) may also make
use of the described use cases, their terminology and identified requirements.
However the starting point is to set up a framework for consistency within IEC, helping IEC
members to provide use cases in a consistent manner – IEC 62559 serves as a basis for use
case repositories in order to gather, administrate, maintain, and evaluate use cases.
Within IEC, a use case repository serves as common collaborative platform for use case
elaboration and to organize a harmonization of use cases in order to provide broadly accepted
generic use cases as a basis for further standardization work.
But the use case template defined in this document may serve not only for the development of
standards, but also – as was the original purpose of IEC PAS 62559:2008 – as a helpful
means for the realization of projects within the area of complex systems. Also other
applications, which need the benefits of a structured requirements development and
formalized description of functionality, may make use of the suggested template.
The use case methodology is see
...