EN 1994-1-1:2004

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildingsEvrokod 4: Projektiranje sovprežnih konstrukcij iz jekla in betona - 1-1. del: Splošna pravila in pravila za stavbeEurocode 4: Calcul des structures mixtes acier-béton - Partie 1-1: Regles générales et regles our les bâtimentsEurocode 4: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Verbundtragwerken aus Stahl und Beton - Teil 1-1: Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln und Anwendungsregeln für den HochbauTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1994-1-1:2004SIST EN 1994-1-1:2005en91.080.40Betonske konstrukcijeConcrete structures91.080.10Kovinske konstrukcijeMetal structures91.010.30Technical aspectsICS:SIST ENV 1994-1-1:19981DGRPHãþDSLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 1994-1-1:200501-maj-2005

EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 1994-1-1
December 2004 ICS 91.010.30; 91.080.10; 91.080.40 Supersedes ENV 1994-1-1:1992 English version
Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures -Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
Eurocode 4: Calcul des structures mixtes acier-béton - Partie 1-1: Règles générales et règles our les bâtiments
Eurocode 4: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Verbundtragwerken aus Stahl und Beton - Teil 1-1: Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln und Anwendungsregeln für den Hochbau This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 May 2004.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
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B-1050 Brussels © 2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1994-1-1:2004: E

2 Contents
Page
Foreword……………………………………………………………………………………… 8
Section 1 General……………………………………………………………………………. 12 1.1 Scope……………………………………………………………………………………… 12
1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode 4………………………………………………………………… 12
1.1.2 Scope of Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4…………………………………………………….
12 1.2 Normative references……………………………………………………………………. 13
1.2.1 General reference standards…………………………………………………………. 13
1.2.2 Other reference standards……………………………………………………………. 13 1.3 Assumptions………………………………………………………………………………. 14 1.4 Distinction between principles and application rules……………………………………. 14 1.5 Definitions………………………………………………………………………………. 14
1.5.1 General……………………………………………………………………………… 14
1.5.2 Additional terms and definitions used in this Standard……………………………. 14
1.6 Symbols…………………………………………………………………………………. 15
Section 2 Basis of design……………………………………………………………………. 22 2.1 Requirements……………………………………………………………………………. 22 2.2 Principles of limit state design…………………………………………………………… 23 2.3 Basic variables……………………………………………………………………………. 23
2.3.1 Actions and environmental influences………………………………………………. 23
2.3.2 Material and product properties……………………………………………………… 23
2.3.3 Classification of actions……………………………………………………………… 23 2.4 Verification by the partial factor method…………………………………………………. 23
2.4.1 Design values………………………………………………………………………. 23
2.4.1.1 Design values of actions……………………………………………………… 23
2.4.1.2 Design values of material or product properties……………………………… 23
2.4.1.3 Design values of geometrical data……………………………………………. 24
2.4.1.4 Design resistances ……………………………………………………………. 24
2.4.2 Combination of actions……………………………………………………………… 24
2.4.3 Verification of static equilibrium (EQU)…………………………………………… 24
Section 3 Materials…………………………………………………………………………. 24 3.1 Concrete…………………………………………………………………………………. 24 3.2 Reinforcing steel………………………………………………………………………… 25 3.3 Structural steel…………………………………………………………………………… 25 3.4 Connecting devices………………………………………………………………………. 25
3.4.1 General………………………………………………………………………………. 25
3.4.2 Headed stud shear connectors………………………………………………………. 25 3.5 Profiled steel sheeting for composite slabs in buildings…………………………………. 25
Section 4
Durability………………………………………………………………………………. 25 4.1 General……………………………………………………………………………………. 25 4.2 Profiled steel sheeting for composite slabs in buildings…………………………………. 26

3Section 5 Structural analysis………………………………………………………………. 26 5.1 Structural modelling for analysis…………………………………………………………. 26
5.1.1 Structural modelling and basic assumptions…………………………………………. 26
5.1.2 Joint modelling………………………………………………………………………… 26
5.1.3 Ground-structure interaction…………………………………………………………. 26 5.2 Structural stability…………………………………………………………………………. 27
5.2.1 Effects of deformed geometry of the structure………………………………………. 27
5.2.2 Methods of analysis for buildings……………………………………………………. 27 5.3 Imperfections………………………………………………………………………………. 28
5.3.1 Basis…………………………………………………………………… ……………… 28
5.3.2 Imperfections in buildings…………………………………………………………… 28
5.3.2.1 General…………………………………………………………………………. 28
5.3.2.2 Global imperfections…………………………………………………………… 29 5.3.2.3 Member imperfections…………………………………………………………. 29 5.4 Calculation of action effects………………………………………………………………… 29
5.4.1 Methods of global analysis……………………………………………………………. 29
5.4.1.1 General…………………………………………………………………………. 29
5.4.1.2 Effective width of flanges for shear lag………………………………………… 29
5.4.2 Linear elastic analysis…………………………………………………………………. 30
5.4.2.1 General…………………………………………………………………………. 30
5.4.2.2 Creep and shrinkage…………………………………………………………… 31
5.4.2.3 Effects of cracking of concrete…………………………………………………. 32
5.4.2.4 Stages and sequence of construction…………………………………………… 33
5.4.2.5 Temperature effects……………………………………………………………. 33
5.4.2.6 Pre-stressing by controlled imposed deformations……………………………… 33
5.4.3 Non-linear global analysis……………………………………………………………. 33
5.4.4 Linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution for buildings………………………. 34
5.4.5 Rigid plastic global analysis for buildings……………………………………………. 35 5.5 Classification of cross-sections……………………………………………………………. 36
5.5.1 General………………………………………………………………………………… 36
5.5.2 Classification of composite sections without concrete encasement…………………… 37
5.5.3 Classification of composite sections for buildings with concrete
encasement……………………………………………………………………………. 37
Section 6
Ultimate limit states……………………………………………………………………… 38 6.1 Beams………………………………………………………………………………………. 38
6.1.1 Beams for buildings……………………………………………………………………. 38
6.1.2 Effective width for verification of cross-sections……………………………………… 40 6.2 Resistances of cross-sections of beams………………………………………………………40
6.2.1 Bending resistance……………………………………………………………………. 40
6.2.1.1 General………………………………………………………………………… 40 6.2.1.2 Plastic resistance moment Mpl,Rd of a composite cross-section………………. 40
6.2.1.3 Plastic resistance moment of sections with partial shear
connection in
buildings……………………………………………………… 42 6.2.1.4 Non-linear resistance to bending……………………………………………. 43 6.2.1.5 Elastic resistance to bending………………………………………………… 44
6.2.2 Resistance to vertical shear…………………………………………………………. 45
6.2.2.1 Scope…………………………………………………………………………. 45
6.2.2.2 Plastic resistance to vertical shear……………………………………………. 45

6.2.2.3 Shear buckling resistance………………………………………………………… 45 6.2.2.4 Bending and vertical shear………………………………………………………. 45 6.3 Resistance of cross-sections of beams for buildings with partial
encasement……………………………………………………………………………………. 46
6.3.1 Scope………………………………………………………………………………………46
6.3.2 Bending resistance………………………………………………………………………
6.3.3 Resistance to vertical shear………………………………………………………………. 47
6.3.4 Bending and vertical shear………………………………………………………………
48 6.4 Lateral-torsional buckling of composite beams………………………………………………. 48
6.4.1 General……………………………………………………………………………………. 48
6.4.2 Verification of lateral-torsional buckling of continuous composite
beams with cross-sections in Class 1, 2 and 3 for buildings……………………………
6.4.3 Simplified verification for buildings without direct calculation………………………… 51 6.5 Transverse forces on webs…………………………………………………………………… 52
6.5.1 General…………………………………………………………………………………… 52
6.5.2 Flange-induced buckling of webs………………………………………………………… 52 6.6 Shear connection……………………………………………………………………………… 52
6.6.1 General…………………………………………………………………………………… 52
6.6.1.1 Basis of design……………………………………………………………………. 52 6.6.1.2 Limitation on the use of partial shear connection in beams
for buildings………………………………………………………………………. 53 6.6.1.3 Spacing of shear connectors in beams for buildings……………………………… 54
6.6.2 Longitudinal shear force in beams for buildings………………………………………….55 6.6.2.1 Beams in which non-linear or elastic theory is used for
resistances of one or more cross-sections………………………………………….55 6.6.2.2 Beams in which plastic theory is used for resistance of
cross-sections……………………………………………………………………… 55
6.6.3 Headed stud connectors in solid slabs and concrete encasement………………………….55
6.6.3.1 Design resistance………………………………………………………………… 55
6.6.3.2 Influence of tension on shear resistance…………………………………………. 56
6.6.4 Design resistance of headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting
in buildings……………………………………………………………………………… 56
6.6.4.1 Sheeting with ribs parallel to the supporting beams………………………………. 56 6.6.4.2 Sheeting with ribs transverse to the supporting beams……………………………. 57 6.6.4.3 Biaxial loading of shear connectors………………………………………………. 58
6.6.5 Detailing of the shear connection and influence of execution…………………………… 58
6.6.5.1 Resistance to separation…………………………………………………………. 58
6.6.5.2 Cover and concreting for buildings………………………………………………. 58
6.6.5.3 Local reinforcement in the slab…………………………………………………… 59
6.6.5.4 Haunches other than formed by profiled steel sheeting…………………………… 59
6.6.5.5 Spacing of connectors……………………………………………………………. 60
6.6.5.6 Dimensions of the steel flange……………………………………………………. 60
6.6.5.7 Headed stud connectors…………………………………………………………… 60
6.6.5.8 Headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting in buildings……………………… 61
6.6.6 Longitudinal shear in concrete slabs……………………………………………………. 61
6.6.6.1 General……………………………………………………………………………. 61
6.6.6.2 Design resistance to longitudinal shear…………………………………………… 61
6.6.6.3 Minimum transverse reinforcement………………………………………………. 62
6.6.6.4 Longitudinal shear and transverse reinforcement in beams
for buildings………………………………………………………………………. 62

56.7 Composite columns and composite compression members………………………………. 63
6.7.1 General………………………………………………………………………………. 63
6.7.2 General method of design ……………………………………………………………. 65
6.7.3 Simplified method of design…………………………………………………………. 66
6.7.3.1 General and scope……………………………………………………………… 66
6.7.3.2 Resistance of cross-sections……………………………………………………. 67 6.7.3.3 Effective flexural stiffness, steel contribution ratio and
relative slenderness……………………………………………………………… 69 6.7.3.4 Methods of analysis and member imperfections………………………………. 70 6.7.3.5 Resistance of members in axial compression…………………………………… 70 6.7.3.6 Resistance of members in combined compression and
uniaxial bending…………………………………………………………………. 71 6.7.3.7 Combined compression and biaxial bending……………………………………. 73
6.7.4 Shear connection and load introduction………………………………………………… 74
6.7.4.1 General…………………………………………………………………………
6.7.4.2 Load introduction………………………………………………………………. 74
6.7.4.3 Longitudinal shear outside the areas of load introduction………………………. 77
6.7.5 Detailing Provisions……………………………………………………………………. 76
6.7.5.1 Concrete cover of steel profiles and reinforcement………………………………78
6.7.5.2 Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement………………………………………78 6.8 Fatigue……………………………………………………………………………………….78
6.8.1 General…………………………………………………………………………………. 78
6.8.2 Partial factors for fatigue assessment for buildings……………………………………. 79
6.8.3 Fatigue strength…………………………………………………………………………. 79
6.8.4 Internal forces and fatigue loadings……………………………………………………. 80
6.8.5 Stresses …………………………………………………………………………………. 80
6.8.5.1 General………………………………………………………………………… 80
6.8.5.2 Concrete………………………………………………………………………… 80
6.8.5.3 Structural steel…………………………………………………………………. 80
6.8.5.4 Reinforcement…………………………………………………………………. 81
6.8.5.5 Shear connection………………………………………………………………… 81
6.8.6 Stress ranges……………………………………………………………………………. 82
6.8.6.1 Structural steel and reinforcement……………………………………………… 82
6.8.6.2 Shear connection……………………………………………………………… 82
6.8.7 Fatigue assessment based on nominal stress ranges…………………………………… 83
6.8.7.1 Structural steel, reinforcement, and concrete………………………………… 83
6.8.7.2 Shear connection……………………………………………………………… 83
Section 7 Serviceability limit states…………………………………………………………… 84 7.1 General……………………………………………………………………………………… 84 7.2 Stresses……………………………………………………………………………………… 84
7.2.1 General…………………………………………………………………………………. 84
7.2.2 Stress limitation for buildings…………………………………………………………. 85 7.3 Deformations in buildings…………………………………………………………………. 85
7.3.1 Deflections……………………………………………………………………………… 85
7.3.2 Vibration………………………………………………………………………………. 86 7.4 Cracking of concrete………………………………………………………………………… 86
7.4.1 General………………………………………………………………………………… 86
7.4.2 Minimum reinforcement………………………………………………………………. 87
7.4.3 Control of cracking due to direct loading……………………………………………… 88

6 Section 8 Composite joints in frames for buildings………………………………………… 89 8.1 Scope………………………………………………………………………………………. 89 8.2 Analysis, modelling and classification……………………………………………………… 90
8.2.1
General………………………………………………………………………………… 90
8.2.2
Elastic global analysis…………………………………………………………………. 90
8.2.3
Classification of joints…………………………………………………………………. 90 8.3 Design methods……………………………………………………………………………… 91
8.3.1 Basis and scope…………………………………………………………………………. 91
8.3.2 Resistance……………………………………………………………………………… 91
8.3.3 Rotational stiffness……………………………………………………………………. 91
8.3.4 Rotation capacity………………………………………………………………………. 91 8.4 Resistance of components…………………………………………………………………. 92
8.4.1 Scope…………………………………………………………………………………… 92
8.4.2 Basic joint components………………………………………………………………… 92
8.4.2.1 Longitudinal steel reinforcement in tension……………………………………. 92
8.4.2.2 Steel contact plate in co
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