EN 1994-2:2005

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Eurocode 4 - Design of composite steen and concrete structures - Part 2: General rules and rules for bridgesEvrokod 4: Projektiranje sovprežnih konstrukcij iz jekla in betona – 2. del: Splošna pravila in pravila za mostoveEurocode 4 - Calcul des structures mixtes acier-béton - Partie 2: Regles générales et regles pour les pontsEurocode 4 : Bemessung und Konstruktion von Verbundtragwerken aus Stahl und Beton - Teil 2: Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln und Anwendungsregeln für BrückenTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1994-2:2005SIST EN 1994-2:2005en91.080.40Betonske konstrukcijeConcrete structures93.040Gradnja mostovBridge construction91.010.30Technical aspects91.080.10Kovinske konstrukcijeMetal structuresICS:SIST ENV 1994-2:20041DGRPHãþDSLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 1994-2:200501-december-2005

EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 1994-2October 2005ICS 91.010.30; 91.080.10; 91.080.40; 93.040Supersedes ENV 1994-2:1997
English VersionEurocode 4 - Design of composite steen and concrete structures- Part 2: General rules and rules for bridgesEurocode 4 - Calcul des structures mixtes acier-béton -Partie 2: Règles générales et règles pour les pontsEurocode 4 - Bemessung und konstruktion vonVerbundtragwerken aus Stahl und Beton - Teil 2:Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln und Anwendungsregeln fürBrückenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 July 2005.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2005 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 1994-2:2005: E

EN 1994-2: 2005 (E)
2Contents
Page
Foreword…………………………………………………………………………………………. 7 Section 1 General……………………………………………………………………………… 11 1.1 Scope………………………………………………………………………………………… 11
1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode 4…………………………………………………………………. 11
1.1.2 Scope of Part 1-1 of Eurocode 4………………………………………………………. 11
1.1.3 Scope of Part 2 of Eurocode 4………………………………………………………… 12 1.2 Normative references………………………………………………………………………. 12
1.2.1 General reference standards…………………………………………………………… 12
1.2.2 Other reference standards………………………………………………………………12
1.2.3 Additional general and other reference standards for composite bridges ……………. 13 1.3 Assumptions………………………………………………………………………………… 13 1.4 Distinction between principles and application rules………………………………………. 14 1.5 Definitions……………………………………………………………………………………14
1.5.1 General………………………………………………………………………………… 14
1.5.2 Additional terms and definitions used in this Standard………………………………. 14
1.5.2.1
Composite member…………………………………………………………. 14
1.5.2.2
Shear connection……………………………………………………………. 14
1.5.2.3
Composite behaviour………………………………………………………… 14
1.5.2.4
Composite beam………………………………………………………………14
1.5.2.5
Composite column…………………………………………………………….14
1.5.2.6
Composite slab………………………………………………………………. 14
1.5.2.7
Composite frame…………………………………………………………… 14
1.5.2.8
Composite joint……………………………………………………………… 15
1.5.2.9
Propped structure or member………………………………………………… 15
1.5.2.10 Un-propped structure or member……………………………………………. 15
1.5.2.11 Un-cracked flexural stiffness………………………………………………… 15
1.5.2.12 Cracked flexural stiffness…………………………………………………… 15
1.5.2.13 Prestress……………………………………………………………………… 15
1.5.2.14 Filler beam deck……………………………………………………………… 15
1.5.2.15 Composite plate……………………………………………………………… 15 1.6 Symbols …………….……………………………………………………………………… 15
Section 2 Basis of design………………………………………………………………………. 22 2.1 Requirements………………………………………………………………………………. 22 2.2 Principles of limit states design……………………………………………………………. 22 2.3 Basic variables………………………………………………………………………………. 22
2.3.1 Actions and environmental influences………………………………………………… 22
2.3.2 Material and product properties………………………………………………………. 22
2.3.3 Classification of actions………………………………………………………………. 22 2.4 Verification by the partial factor method…………………………………………………… 23
2.4.1 Design values………………………………………………………………………… 23
2.4.1.1 Design values of actions………………………………………………………. 23
2.4.1.2 Design values of material or product properties………………………………. 23
2.4.1.3 Design values of geometrical data……………………………………………. 23
2.4.1.4 Design resistances ……………………………………………………………. 23
2.4.2 Combination of actions………………………………………………………………. 24
2.4.3 Verification of static equilibrium (EQU)……………………………………………… 24

3Section 3 Materials…………………………………………………………………………. 24 3.1 Concrete…………………………………………………………………………………… 24 3.2 Reinforcing steel for bridges……………………………………………………………. 24 3.3 Structural steel for bridges ………………………………………………………………. 24 3.4 Connecting devices………………………………………………………………….…… 24
3.4.1 General………………………………………………………………………………. 24
3.4.2 Headed stud shear connectors………………………………………………………. 24 3.5 Prestressing steel and devices………………………………………………………….… 25 3.6 Tension components in steel……………………………………………………………… 25
Section 4
Durability………………………………………………………………………….……. 25 4.1 General……………………………………………………………………………………. 25 4.2 Corrosion protection at the steel-concrete interface in bridges…………………………….25
Section 5 Structural analysis………………………………………………………….…. 25 5.1 Structural modelling for analysis………………………………………………………… 25
5.1.1 Structural modelling and basic assumptions………………………………………. 25
5.1.2 Joint modelling……………………………………………………………………… 25
5.1.3 Ground-structure interaction………………………………………………………. 26 5.2 Structural stability………………………………………………………………………… 26
5.2.1 Effects of deformed geometry of the structure……………………………………… 26
5.2.2 Methods of analysis for bridges……………………………………………………. 26 5.3 Imperfections……………………………………………………………………………… 26
5.3.1 Basis………………………………………………………………………………… 26
5.3.2 Imperfections for bridges…………………………………………………………… 27 5.4 Calculation of action effects……………………………………………………………… 27
5.4.1 Methods of global analysis…………………………………………………………. 27
5.4.1.1 General………………………………………………………………………. 27
5.4.1.2 Effective width of flanges for shear lag……………………………………. 28
5.4.2 Linear elastic analysis………………………………………………………………. 29
5.4.2.1 General……………………………………………………………………… 29
5.4.2.2 Creep and shrinkage………………………………………………………… 29
5.4.2.3 Effects of cracking of concrete……………………………………………. 30
5.4.2.4 Stages and sequence of construction………………………………………. 31
5.4.2.5 Temperature effects………………………………………………………… 31
5.4.2.6 Pre-stressing by controlled imposed deformations…………………………. 32
5.4.2.7 Pre-stressing by tendons……………………………………………………. 32
5.4.2.8 Tension members in composite bridges……………………………………. 32
5.4.2.9 Filler beam decks for bridges………………………………………………. 33
5.4.3 Non-linear global analysis for bridges……………………………………………… 34
5.4.4 Combination of global and local action effects……………………………………. 34 5.5 Classification of cross-sections…………………………………………………………… 34
5.5.1 General……………………………………………………………………………… 34
5.5.2 Classification of composite sections without concrete encasement …………………35
5.5.3 Classification of sections of filler beam decks for bridges…………………………. 36
Section 6
Ultimate limit states………………………………………………………….………. 36 6.1 Beams ……………………………………………………………………………………. 36
6.1.1 Beams in bridges - General ………………………………………………………… 36
6.1.2 Effective width for verification of cross-sections…………………………………… 36

EN 1994-2: 2005 (E)
46.2 Resistances of cross-sections of beams………………………………………….………….36
6.2.1 Bending resistance……………………………………………………………………. 36
6.2.1.1 General………………………………………………………………………… 36
6.2.1.2 Plastic resistance moment Mpl,Rd of a composite cross-section………………. 37
6.2.1.3 Additional rules for beams in bridges………………………………………… 38
6.2.1.4 Non-linear resistance to bending……………………………………………… 38
6.2.1.5 Elastic resistance to bending…………………………………………………. 40
6.2.2 Resistance to vertical shear…………………………………………………………… 40
6.2.2.1 Scope…………………………………………………………………………. 40
6.2.2.2 Plastic resistance to vertical shear……………………………………………. 41
6.2.2.3 Shear buckling resistance……………………………………………………… 41
6.2.2.4 Bending and vertical shear…………………………………………………… 41
6.2.2.5 Additional rules for beams in bridges………………………………………… 41 6.3 Filler beam decks. 42
6.3.1 Scope…………………………………………………………………………………. 42
6.3.2 General………………………………………………………………………………… 43
6.3.3 Bending moments……………………………………………………………………. 43
6.3.4 Vertical shear…………………………………………………………………………. 43
6.3.5 Resistance and stability of steel beams during execution…………………………… 44 6.4 Lateral-torsional buckling of composite beams……………………………………………. 44
6.4.1 General………………………………………………………………………………… 44
6.4.2 Beams in bridges with uniform cross-sections in Class 1, 2 and 3……………………. 44
6.4.3 General methods for buckling of members and frames………………………………. 46
6.4.3.1 General method…………………………………………………….…………. 46
6.4.3.2 Simplified method……………………………………………………………. 46 6.5 Transverse forces on webs…………………………………………………………………. 46
6.5.1 General………………………………………………………………………………. 46
6.5.2 Flange-induced buckling of webs……………………………………………………. 46 6.6 Shear connection……………………………………………………………………………. 46
6.6.1 General………………………………………………………………………………… 46
6.6.1.1 Basis of design………………………………………………………………… 46
6.6.1.2 Ultimate limit states other than fatigue………………………………………. 47
6.6.2 Longitudinal shear force in beams for bridges………………………………………. 47
6.6.2.1 Beams in which elastic or non-linear theory is used for
resistances of cross-sections……………………………………………………47
6.6.2.2 Beams in bridges with some cross-sections in Class 1 or 2
and inelastic behaviour………………………………………………………. 48
6.6.2.3 Local effects of concentrated longitudinal shear force due to
introduction of longitudinal forces……………………………………………. 49
6.6.2.4 Local effects of concentrated longitudinal shear force at sudden
change of cross-section………………………………………………………. 51
6.6.3 Headed stud connectors in solid slabs and concrete encasement……………………. 52
6.6.3.1 Design resistance……………………………………………………………… 52
6.6.3.2 Influence of tension on shear resistance………………………………………. 53
6.6.4 Headed studs that cause splitting in the direction of the slab thickness………………. 53
6.6.5 Detailing of the shear connection and influence of execution………………………. 53
6.6.5.1 Resistance to separation……………………………………………………… 53
6.6.5.2 Cover and concreting…………………………………………………………. 53
6.6.5.3 Local reinforcement in the slab………………………………………………. 54
6.6.5.4 Haunches other than formed by profiled steel sheeting………………….…… 54

6.6.5.5 Spacing of connectors……………………………………………………… 54
6.6.5.6 Dimensions of the steel flange……………………………………………… 55
6.6.5.7 Headed stud connectors………………………………………………………. 55
6.6.6 Longitudinal shear in concrete slabs…………………………………………. 56
6.6.6.1 General……………………………………………………………………… 56
6.6.6.2 Design resistance to longitudinal shear……………………………………. 56
6.6.6.3 Minimum transverse reinforcement………………………………………… 57 6.7 Composite columns and composite compression members………………………………. 57
6.7.1 General………………………………………………………………………… 57
6.7.2 General method of design ……………………………………………………. 59
6.7.3 Simplified method of design…………………………………………………… 59
6.7.3.1 General and scope…………………………………………………………… 59
6.7.3.2 Resistance of cross-sections…………………………………………………… 60
6.7.3.3 Effective flexural stiffness, steel contribution ratio and relative
slenderness………………………………………………………………… 62
6.7.3.4 Methods of analysis and member imperfections…………………………… 63
6.7.3.5 Resistance of members in axial compression……………………………… 64
6.7.3.6 Resistance of members in combined compression and
uniaxial bending……………………………………………………………. 66
6.7.3.7 Combined compression and biaxial bending………………………………. 66
6.7.4 Shear connection and load introduction……………………………………… 67
6.7.4.1 General……………………………………………………………………… 67
6.7.4.2 Load introduction……………………………………………………………. 67
6.7.4.3 Longitudinal shear outside the areas of load introduction…………………… 70
6.7.5 Detailing Provisions……………………………………………………………. 71
6.7.5.1 Concrete cover of steel profiles and reinforcement………………………… 71
6.7.5.2 Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement………………………………… 71 6.8 Fatigue…………………………………………………………………………………… 72
6.8.1 General……………………………………………………………………………… 72
6.8.2 Partial factors for fatigue assessment of bridges…………………………………… 72
6.8.3 Fatigue strength……………………………………………………………………. 72
6.8.4 Internal forces and fatigue loadings…………………………………………………. 73
6.8.5 Stresses ……………………………………………………………………………… 73
6.8.5.1 General……………………………………………………………………… 73
6.8.5.2 Concrete……………………………………………………………………. 74
6.8.5.3 Structural steel………………………………………………………………. 74
6.8.5.4 Reinforcement……………………………………………………………… 74
6.8.5.5 Shear connection…………………………………………………………… 75
6.8.5.6 Stresses in reinforcement and prestressing steel in members
prestressed by bonded tendons………………………………………………. 75
6.8.6 Stress ranges…………………………………………………………………………. 75
6.8.6.1 Structural steel and reinforcement…………………………………………… 75
6.8.6.2 Shear connection……………………………………………………………. 76
6.8.7 Fatigue assessment based on nominal stress ranges…………………………………. 76
6.8.7.1 Structural steel, reinforcement and concrete………………………………… 76
6.8.7.2 Shear connection……………………………………………………………… 77 6.9 Tension members in composite bridges…………………………………………………… 78

EN 1994-2: 2005 (E)
6 Section 7 Serviceability limit states………………………………………………………… 78 7.1 General…………………………………………………………………………………… 78 7.2 Stresses…………………………………………………………………………………… 79
7.2.1 General……………………………………………………………………………… 79
7.2.2 Stress limitation for bridges………………………………………………………… 79
7.2.3 Web breathing………………………………………………………………………. 79 7.3 Deformations in bridges…………………………………………………………………… 80
7.3.1 Deflections…………………………………………………………………………… 80
7.3.2 Vibrations……………………………………………………………………………. 80 7.4 Cracking of concrete………………………………………………………………………. 80
7.4.1 General………………………………………………………………………………. 80
7.4.2 Minimum reinforcement……………………………………………………………. 81
7.4.3 Control of cracking due to direct loading…………………………………………… 83 7.5 Filler beam decks.………………………………………………………………………… 84
7.
...