ASTM D8298/D8298M-23

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8298/D8298M − 23
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Erosion Control Products (ECP)
Performance in Protecting Slopes from Continuous Rainfall-
Induced Erosion Using a Tilted Bed Slope
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8298/D8298M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,
each system shall be used independently of the other. Combin-
1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the ability of
ing values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
erosion control products (ECP) to protect slopes from rainfall-
with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than
induced erosion using an adjustable tilting bed slope. The
inch-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this
standard slopes range from 2.5:1 to 4:1 (H:V) having target
standard.
rainfall intensities between 4.0 and 5.0 in./h [100 and 125
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
mm/h].
when dealing with inch-pound units. In the system, the pound
1.2 There are three main elements the ECPs must have the
(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the units for
ability to perform: 1. Absorb the impact force of raindrops,
mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F =
thereby reducing soil particle loosening and detachment
ma) calculations are involved.
through “splash” mechanisms; 2. Slow runoff and encourage
1.5.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction
infiltration, thereby reducing soil particle displacement and
profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit
transport through “overland flow” mechanisms; and 3. Trap
of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly
soil particles beneath the ECP. When comparing data from
combines two separate systems of units; the absolute and the
different ECPs under consideration, it is important to keep the
gravitational systems. It is scientifically undesirable to com-
test conditions the same for the ECPs being evaluated, for
bine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a
example, the rainfall intensity rate and the slope.
single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravita-
1.3 The results of this test method can be used to evaluate tional system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the
performance and acceptability, and can be used to compare the
slug unit of mass. However, the use of balances and scales
effectiveness of different ECPs. This method provides a com- recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft
parative evaluation of an ECP to baseline bare soil conditions
shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
under controlled and documented conditions. This test method
1.5.3 Calculations are done using only one set of units;
can provide information about a product that is under consid-
either gravitational inch-pound or SI. Other units are permis-
eration for a specific application where no performance infor-
sible provided appropriate conversion factors are used to
mation currently exists.
maintain consistency of units throughout the calculations, and
similar significant digits or resolution, or both are maintained.
1.4 This test method covers the use of three different soil
types, ECP installation: sprayed, rolled, or dry applied, and a
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
runoff collection procedure. This test is typically performed
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
indoors, but may be performed outside as long as certain
Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.
requirements are met. Partially enclosed facilities are accept-
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/
able providing the environmental conditions are met.
recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
1.5 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.25 on Erosion and
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
Sediment Control Technology.
commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally
of these test methods to consider significant digits used in
approved in 2020. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D8298/D8298M–20.
DOI: 10.1520/D8298_D8298M-23. analysis methods for engineering data.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D8298/D8298M − 23
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the D7928 Test Method for Particle-Size Distribution (Grada-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the tion) of Fine-Grained Soils Using the Sedimentation
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- (Hydrometer) Analysis
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- D7937 Test Method for In-situ Determination of Turbidity
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Above 1 Turbidity Unit (TU) in Surface Water
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor- D8199 Test Method for Determining the Specific Strength of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- Hydraulically Applied Fiber Matrix Products for Erosion
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the Control
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Sieves
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2.2 Other Standards:
Soil Science Division Staff, 2017. Soil Survey Manual. C.
2. Referenced Documents
Ditzler, K. Scheffe, and H.C. 131 Monger (eds.). USDA
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Handbook 18. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
DC
Fluids
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character- 3. Terminology
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft (600
3.1 Definitions:
kN-m/m ))
3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms used in this
D2434 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-
standard, refer to Terminology D653.
ductivity of Coarse-Grained Soils
3.2 erosion control product (ECP), n—in erosion control, a
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
temporary degradable or long term, non-degradable material
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
designed to reduce soil erosion and assist in the growth,
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
establishment, and protection of vegetation.
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
3.3.1 runoff, n—in erosion control, sediment and water
D4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and
collected from the ECP covered test plots during testing.
Plasticity Index of Soils
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
4. Summary of Test Method
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
Construction Materials Testing
4.1 Before testing, the rainfall simulator system is calibrated
D5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-
for each type of rainfall intensity/slope combination intended
ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible
for use. Once the rainfall simulator is calibrated, bare soil slope
Wall Permeameter
tests are conducted on test plots to determine the baseline soil
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Re-
loss, turbidity and sediment values. Three test plots are then
cords in Geotechnical Data
prepared and the ECP is applied by spraying, rolling, or dry
D6475 Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of
application according to the manufacturer’s recommended rate
Erosion Control Blankets
of application corresponding to the slope of the prepared test
D6525/D6525M Test Method for Measuring Nominal
plots. After the ECP has been installed and cured (if needed)
Thickness of Rolled Erosion Control Products (With-
the rainfall simulator is started and runs for two 30 minute
drawn 2014)
periods back to back for a total time of 60 minutes. The total
D6567 Test Method for Measuring the Light Penetration of
amount of runoff is collected at the end of each 30 minute
a Rolled Erosion Control Product (RECP)
period and a turbidity sample is taken every 15 minutes during
D6818 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Rolled Erosion
testing using the collection procedure. Specimens are taken
Control Products
from the collected runoff and are analyzed for soil loss,
D6913/D6913M Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution
turbidity and sediment concentrations.
(Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis
D6938 Test Methods for In-Place Density and Water Content
5. Significance and Use
of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow
5.1 This test method utilizes large-scale testing equipment
Depth)
and procedures established at a variety of testing laboratories
D7367 Test Method for Determining Water Holding Capac-
over the last 30 years.
ity of Fiber Mulches for Hydraulic Planting
5.2 This method is useful in evaluating ECPs and their
installation to reduce soil loss and sediment concentrations
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
when exposed to defined rainfall conditions and improving
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on The referenced Soil Survey Manual can be found by visiting the USDA
www.astm.org. website, www.nrcs.usda.gov, or call NRCS Customer Service at 888-526-3227.
D8298/D8298M − 23
water quality exiting the area disturbed by earthwork activity determined by Test Method D7937. Tap water is commonly
by reducing suspended solids and turbidity. acceptable for use as the water source for the simulators.
7.1.1 Sprinkler—Irrigation equipment that distributes water
5.3 This test method is a performance test, but can also be
droplets into the air which fall on the test plot.
used for acceptance testing to determine product conformance
7.1.2 Nozzle—Irrigation equipment from which water is
to project specifications. For project-specific conformance,
forced at a velocity by pressure downward toward the test plot.
unique project-specific conditions should be considered. Cau-
7.1.3 Drop Emitters—Irrigation equipment where drops
tion is advised since information regarding laboratory specific
form and fall from a tip starting at essentially zero velocity.
precision is incomplete at this time, and differences in soil and
other environmental and geotechnical conditions may affect
7.2 Runoff Collection System—This system should include
ECP performance.
flashing, collection apparatus, and a holding tank. Flashing
5.4 This standard can also be used as a comparative tool for shall be fabricated to direct runoff from the test plots into the
evaluating the erosion control characteristics of different ECPs collection apparatus and shall be continuous across the entire
and can also be used to gain agency approvals. bottom edge of the test plot. It may be desirable to divert the
runoff to a single collection point. The holding tank(s) con-
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is
nected to the collection apparatus shall be capable of tempo-
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the
suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the rarily containing all the runoff. Bins (with or without metal
criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent
reinforcement), tubs, buckets, and similar containers are
and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are
needed to capture the runoff from the collection system. Bulk
cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure
bags used should be made of material that will retain sediment
reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740
while allowing water to drain from the bag.
provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
7.3 Test Plots—A metal tray fabricated to contain a mini-
6. Interferences
mum of 9.0 in. [0.2 m] depth of soil with a perforated bottom
6.1 Raindrop distribution must be uniform when performing
sheet covered with a geotextile fabric that has a water flow rate
2 2
this test. Usually, indoor facilities provide environmental
greater than 100 gal/min/ft [4000 L/min/m ]. The necessary
control such that wind velocity is below 1.0 mph [1.5 kph];
length to width ratio is 5 to 1 with the minimum test plot size
however, for temporary locations using plastic sheeting for
of 16.4 by 3.3 ft [5.0 by 1.0 m].
wind protection, partially outdoor, and outdoor locations, the
7.3.1 Test Plot Water Barriers—The top edge and sides of
wind velocity can interfere with uniform raindrop distribution.
the test plot must be isolated by a water barrier if individual
Therefore, do not conduct testing and verification in a non-
testing trays are not used. The barrier shall be continuous such
enclosed or partially enclosed facility when the wind velocity
that joints do not allow outside flow to enter the test plot.
is greater than 1.0 mph [1.5 kph]. Facilities sometimes use
Commercially available lawn edging or lumber are both
plastic sheeting or tarps as wind barriers and are therefore
suitable for use as barriers. In the case of individual test trays,
subject to the wind velocity requirements.
side edging and test plot separation are not necessary.
6.2 Sediment concentrations may be small, thus it is impor-
7.4 Hydroseeding/Mulching Apparatus—This device shall
tant to follow the standard carefully.
be used when the ECP is installed by spraying and must be
6.3 ECPs shall be free of extraneous foreign material, such capable of uniformly applying it. One of the following devices
should be used: 80 gal [300 L] mechanically agitated hydro-
as, metals or non-standard plastics, as they can interfere (for
example, clogging a hose) with product application, see 8.2 for seeder; 300 gal [1200 L] mechanically agitated hydroseeder;
500 gal [1900 L] mechanically agitated hydroseeder (Note 2).
further details on how to check for foreign materials.
The 300 gal [1200 L] and 500 gal [1900 L] hydroseeder tanks
7. Apparatus shall be calibrated using a flowmeter and have permanent
graduations marked on it. Any hydroseeder with a capacity
7.1 Rainfall Simulators—One of the following rainfall
between 80 gal [300 L] and 1100 gal [4160] must also be
simulators shall be selected and setup with a fall height of no
calibrated, marked, and meet the requirements of this standard.
less than 8.0 ft [2.5 m] at the lowest point and must be able to
produce a data point based on the Laws and Parsons (1943)
NOTE 2—Historically, these three hydroseeders are the most commonly
raindrop size-intensity curve (Fig. 1) for the minimum distri-
used for this type of testing. Other capacity hydroseeders up to 1100 gal
[4160 L] can be used providing they meet the requirements set forth in this
bution raindrop sizes corresponding to the appropriate target
standard. This standard does not go into detail regarding the slurry levels
intensity as presented in Fig. 1. Points on or above the Laws &
or the use of other capacity hydroseeders.
Parsons curve and below the upper boundary curve are
7.5 Turbidimeter—A handheld or benchtop device capable
allowed, while points below the Laws & Parsons curve are not
of measuring values up to 4000 TU. The specifications for the
allowed. The water used in the simulators must not contain
turbidimeter are given in Test Method D7937.
deleterious material that could impair the simulators operation
and as such should have a turbidity value of 10 or less as
7.6 Timing Device—A clock, stopwatch, digital timer, or
comparable device readable to 1 second or better.
7.7 Balance—Balances shall conform to the requirements of
Laws, J.O., and Parsons, D.A., “The Relation of Raindrop-Size to Intensity.”
Transactions, American Geophysical Union., Vol. 24, Part 2, 1943, p. 452-460. Guide D4753 and shall be verified annually. The capacity of
D8298/D8298M − 23
FIG. 1 Laws and Parsons (1943) Diameter-Intensity Plot
the balances must be sufficient to accommodate the total mass 7.10 Specimen Container—20 glass or plastic bottles with
of the anticipated test masses. lids having a minimum capacity of 250 mL.
7.7.1 For determining masses when the total mass is less
7.11 Meteorological Equipment—The following equipment
than 20 lbm [9.1 kg], the balance shall have a readability
is needed: thermometer (air temperature) readable to 1°F/C or
without estimation to 0.0025 lbm [1 g]. For determining
better, hygrometer (humidity) readable to 1% or better, an-
masses when the total mass is more than or equal to 20 lbm
emometer equipped to measure wind speed, readable to 0.1
[9.1 kg], the balance shall have a readability without estimation
mph/kph or better, and direction. The anemometer is required
to 0.25 lbm [0.1 kg]. For determining masses for raindrop size,
for outdoor, partially outdoor, or facilities using wind protec-
the balance shall have a readability without estimation to
tion. It is optional for indoor testing.
0.0001 g.
7.12 Sieves—Each sieve shall conform to the requirements
7.8 Drying Oven—Vented, thermostatically controlled oven
of Specification E11. A 0.212 mm (No. 70) sieve, lid and pan,
capable of maintaining a minimum uniform temperature of
as well as the following sieves are needed: 6.3 mm ( ⁄4 in.),
140°F [60°C] throughout the drying chamber. These require-
4.75 mm (No. 4), 4.0 mm (No. 5), 3.35 mm (No. 6), 2.8 mm
ments typically require the use of a forced-draft oven. For
(No. 7), 2.36 mm (No. 8), 2.00 mm (No. 10), 1.7 mm (No. 12),
drying the flour pellets, the temperature of this oven will need
1.4 mm (No. 14), 1.0 mm (No.18), 0.500 mm (No. 35), and
to be 110 6 8°F [43 6 5°C].
0.250 mm (No. 60).
7.9 Measuring Devices—A surveyor’s rod, tape measure, or
similar with enough length and divisions of 0.1 ft [0.05 m] or 7.13 Rain Gauges—Any type of container is allowed pro-
better to measure the rainfall distance and the test plot width vided they meet the following specifications: each container
and length. must have identical dimensions (same diameters and depths);
D8298/D8298M − 23
each container must be calibrated such that the marked 9. Hazards
graduation lines accurately measure the amount of rainfall
9.1 It is recommended that appropriate personal protection
within 60.2 in. [5 mm]; and lines shall be marked every 0.2 in.
equipment be used by laboratory personnel when handling any
[5 mm]. Clear plastic or glass containers are recommended. A
ECP based upon recommendations outlined in the product’s
holder or platform/rack is also needed to keep the rain gauge
Safety Data Sheet (SDS).
vertical during use.
10. Preparation of Test Plots
7.14 Miscellaneous Items—The following items are also
10.1 Three test plots consisting of identically prepared and
needed: flowmeter, waterproof barrier (plastic sheeting, lids), 9
installed soil and ECP are required. Select the soil to be used
in. [230 mm] wide by 1 in. [25 mm] deep cake pans, flour
for testing as given in Section 8.
sifter, Pillsbury Best all-purpose flour, ruler/straightedge,
evaporating dishes, desiccator (optional), sieve shaker
10.2 Test Plot Construction—Construct the test plot having
(optional), heat resistant pans, digital camera, digital video
the minimum dimensions given in 7.3. Determine and record
recorder, lath board, shovel or rototiller, and rake.
the width (cross slope), length (downslope), and depth of the
test plots to the nearest 0.1 ft [0.1 m]. Determine and record the
8. Materials 2 2
area of the test plot to the nearest 0.1 ft [0.1 m ]. It is
8.1 Soil Types—The soil type to be used in the test plots recommended to use individual trays for the test plots.
shall be one of the three types listed in Table 1. The soil types 10.2.1 If not using individual trays, install water barriers as
are based on USCS classification or the USDA textural triangle follows. Compact the soil as discussed in 10.3, then isolate the
and have properties as shown in Table 1. The following soil top edge and sides of each test plot by burying the bottom edge
testing is needed for every test according to the listed proce- of the barrier approximately 4 in. [100 mm] to divert surface
dure. Record the results of the testing in accordance with the flow such that no intrusion of outside surface water (“run-on”)
requirements of each individual standard. onto the test plot occurs. The water barrier forms the bound-
8.1.1 Soil classification based on Practice D2487 (USCS) or aries of the test plots. Make sure to separate the test plots with
the USDA textural triangle classification system from the dividers such that overspray from the rainfall simulators does
USDA Soil Survey Manual. not impact adjacent test plots. The use of individual trays does
8.1.2 Optimum water content and maximum dry unit weight not require side edging and plot separation.
as determined by Test Methods D698. In addition, determine
10.3 Soil Compaction—Roll or plate compact the surface of
and record the value corresponding to 85 % of the maximum
the embankment in 4 in. [100 mm] lifts to achieve a total depth
dry unit weight when using sand; 75 % when using loam; and
of 1.0 ft [0.3 m]. This compaction is typically done horizon-
65 % when using clay soil types.
tally with the trays placed on a level surface/ground. Table 2
8.1.3 Atterberg limits as determined by Test Methods
lists the compaction maximum dry unit weight targets for the
D4318.
soil types as described in Section 8. Verify the compaction and
8.1.4 Particle-size distribution as determined by Test Meth-
water content targets were achieved using Test Method D6938,
ods D6913/D6913M and D7928.
Procedure B along the center of each test plot at the top,
8.1.5 Constant or falling head permeability as determined
middle, and bottom at the soil surface immediately after
by Test Method D2434 or D5084, respectively.
completing compaction. Record the compaction values to the
3 3
8.2 ECP—All packages or rolls, or both of ECPs to be used nearest 1 % or 0.1 lbf/ft [0.02 kN/m ] and the water content to
in testing shall be checked for visible damage, such as tears, the nearest 1 %. If the target compaction/water content was not
rips, and holes, prior to use. If the packaging is damaged, do achieved, remove the soil making sure to thoroughly break up
not use it for testing. All ECPs shall be free of extraneous the soil aggregations, make adjustments, and repeat the pro-
foreign materials, such as, metals or non standard plastics that cess. If the test plots are not being used within 1 hour after
could interfere with production application. The ECP shall be compaction, cover to prevent moisture changes.
applied to the soil surface in accordance with the manufactur- 10.3.1 If the test plot was prepared but not used within 1
er’s recommended application methods. For sprayed ECP hour after compaction, verify the water content has not
installation, installers shall visually check the ECP as it is being changed by repeating the applicable sections of Test Method
fed into the mulching apparatus for extraneous foreign mate- D6938. Perform this verification within 1 hour prior to any
rials. A letter from the manufacturer shall be provided certify- testing. The water content shall be within 62 % of the
ing the labeled ingredients and corresponding percentages, by specified optimum water content. Determine and record the
mass, of the total product. water content of the test plot to the nearest 1 %.
TABLE 1 Soil Properties
Property Sand Loam Clay
D (mm) 25 > D > 3.0 10 > D > 0.3 3.0 > D > 0.02
100 100 100 100
D (mm) 4.0 > D > 0.8 0.8 > D > 0.08 0.08 > D > 0.003
85 85 85 85
D (mm) 0.9 > D > 0.2 0.15 > D > 0.015 0.015 > D > 0.0008
50 50 50 50
D (mm) 0.3 > D > 0.01 0.03 > D > 0.001 D < 0.002
15 15 15 15
Plasticity Index Nonplastic 2 < PI < 8 10 < PI
D8298/D8298M − 23
TABLE 2 Compaction Target Values by Soil Type
seeder’s agitator, mix the ECP and water together for 5 minutes
Maximum Dry Unit Weight SAND LOAM CLAY or as recommended by the manufacturer.
within ±2 % of Optimum 85 % ± 3 % 75 % ± 3 % 65 % ± 3 %
11.2.1.4 While under agitation, discharge the hydroseeder
Water Content
away from the test plots to fill the hose with slurry. Bring the
slurry level down by 5 gal [19 L] to make sure the hose is
properly filled.
11.2.1.5 Once the hose is full, begin installation of the ECP
10.3.2 After verifying the compaction and water content
to the test plots. Make sure to continue to agitate the slurry
targets have been achieved, repair depressions, voids, soft, or
during installation. During installation, stop frequently to
uncompacted areas. Free the test plot from obstructions or
monitor the slurry level to make sure the target rate of slurry is
protrusions, such as roots, large stones, or other foreign
applied to the test plot and to make sure uniform distribution
material. Then, lightly rake across the width (cross slope) of
across the test plot is achieved (Note 3). Design your rate per
the compacted test plot perpendicular to the length
acre [m or hectare] to accommodate approximately 5 %
(downslope) to roughen the compacted surface.
overspray of the test plot. Record the calculations that were
10.4 Reuse of Test Plots—If reusing test plots the following
used to determine the volumes along with the initial and final
steps must be taken prior to the next use. Break up the top 8 in.
volume measurements to the nearest 0.1 gal [0.1 L].
[200 mm] with a shovel or rototiller, then discard the top 3-4
11.2.1.6 Leave approximately 1 gal [4 L] of slurry to use for
in. [75-100 mm] of soil. Using new soil to replace the
touch up installation and for coverage of areas of light
discarded soil, follow the guidance given in 10.3 to compact
application. Allow the sprayed ECP to cure based on the
the new soil into the test plots. When test plots have been used
manufacturer’s recommending wait time. Record the actual
with an ECP containing chemicals or other additives, the soil
cure time and the manufacturers recommended cure time for
must not be reused and must be replaced.
testing to the nearest 1 min.
NOTE 3—It is desirable for the machine operator and application
11. ECP Installation on Test Plots
operator to coordinate signals to indicate the amount of application, such
11.1 There are three ways ECP can be installed on the test 1 3
as ⁄2, ⁄4, and stop application.
plots: sprayed (11.2), rolled (11.3), or applied dry (11.4).
11.2.2 300 gal [1200 L] or 500 gal [1900 L] Capacity
Document the ECP installation on the test plots by taking
Hydroseeder/Mulching Apparatus by Mass:
photos after initial application of the ECP and after curing, if
11.2.2.1 Make sure the hydroseeder tank is calibrated using
applicable. ECP that is sprayed on can be installed using a
a flowmeter with permanent graduations marked by hand on
hydroseeder. Typically, one of the following capacity machines
the tank such that, the total volume can be monitored closely
is used: 80 gal [300 L], 300 gal [1200 L], and 500 gal [1900 L]
during mixing and spraying of the slurry before initial use.
(Note 2).
Then, assemble the hydroseeder on the verified balance.
11.2 Sprayed Installation—The rate of application of a
11.2.2.2 Follow the steps in 11.2.1.2 and 11.2.1.3. Then,
sprayed ECP to a soil surface has a significant impact on its
discharge the hydroseeder away from the test plots to fill the
performance. Sprayed ECPs should be installed at the manu-
hose with slurry.
facturer’s recommended rate corresponding to the slope of the
11.2.2.3 Calculate the amount by mass of slurry needed for
prepared soil test plots. Identify and record the rate of
each test plot plus 25 % for overspray. Then, zero the balance
application. If a product is applied and tested at a rate different
and add this calculated amount of mass to be placed into the
than what the manufacturer recommends, record the use of a
hydroseeder. Measure and record the amount by mass of slurry
differing rate. To check the application rate is achieved, place
using the appropriate balance (7.7.1). Record the mass to the
three 12 by 12 in. [0.3 by 0.3 m] lath board(s) between the test
nearest 0.0025 or 0.25 lbm [1 g or 0.1 kg] depending on the
plots, or adjacent to the test plots, and spray the boards during
400 balance used and the anticipated mass of the slurry.
application. Then, remove the ECP from the lath board and
11.2.2.4 Once the hose is full, begin installation of the ECP
determine and record the mass and area of the sprayed ECP to
to the test plots. Apply the calculated amount of slurry to each
calculate and check the application rate. Install the sprayed
test plot. During installation, stop frequently to monitor the
ECP using one of the following machines.
slurry mass to make sure the target amount of slurry is applied
11.2.1 80 gal [300 L] Capacity Hydroseeder/Mulching
to the test plot and to make sure uniform distribution across the
Apparatus:
test plot is achieved (Note 3). Record the calculations that were
11.2.1.1 Pre-wet the application hose by allowing water to
used to determine the masses along with the initial and final
flow through the hose.
mass measurements to the nearest 0.0025 or 0.25 lbm [1 g or
11.2.1.2 Determine and remove the appropriate amount of
0.1 kg] depending on the total masses and balance used.
ECP from the prepackaged bag or obtain appropriate lots of
ECP and appropriate quantity of additives from the manufac- 11.2.2.5 Leave approximately 9 lbm [4 kg] of slurry to use
turer if mixing onsite. Record all mixture quantities of ECP and for touch up installation and for coverage of areas of light
chemical/additives if not using a prepackaged ECP. application. Allow the sprayed ECP to cure based on the
11.2.1.3 Load and record the amount of ECP and chemical/ manufacturer’s recommending wait time. Record the actual
additives, if any, and water to the tank corresponding to the cure time and the manufacturers recommended cure time for
required application rate and mixing ratio. Using the hydro- testing to the nearest 1 min.
D8298/D8298M − 23
11.2.3 300 gal [1200 L] or 500 gal [1900 L] Capacity 11.3 Rolled Installation—Install rolled ECP according to the
Hydroseeder/Mulching Apparatus by Volume: manufacturer’s instructions. Place rolled ECP so that no gaps
11.2.3.1 The amount of ECP applied is calculated based on are present along the perimeter barrier and make sure the ECP
volumes instead of by mass. When using the hydroseeder by is cut to fit as necessary to cover the test plot. Record the
volume, the installation instructions and application rate of the installation methodology including the orientation applied to
ECP provided by the manufacturer must be followed precisely. slope (longitudinal or lateral), placement (which side faces up),
The exact amount of ECP and water is calculated based on the termination details, joint details, and anchor type and installa-
exact area of each test plot. An additional 25 % is added to the tion pattern as well as staple frequency.
batch to account for overspray and loss while hydroseeding.
11.4 Dry Application Installation—The rate of application
See Table 3 for an example calculation.
of a dry applied ECP to a soil surface has a significant impact
11.2.3.2 To make sure the total volume required is applied,
on its performance. Dry applied ECPs should be installed at the
the hydroseeder tank is calibrated using a flowmeter with
manufacturer’s recommended rate corresponding to the slope
permanent graduations marked by hand on the tank such that,
of the prepared soil test plots. Identify and record the rate of
the total volume can be monitored closely during mixing and
application. If a product is applied and tested at a rate different
spraying of the slurry. The volume of water placed in the
than what the manufacturer recommends, record the use of a
hydroseeder for every batch is also monitored with a flowmeter
differing rate.
which provides secondary quality assurance to make sure the
11.4.1 Install the dry applied ECP according to manufactur-
total flow matches the volume shown by the gradations on the
er’s instructions. Record the installation methodology includ-
tank.
ing the total amount of material applied per slope in lbm [kg],
11.2.3.3 After calculating the mass of ECP and volume of
the application rate, and the method used for application (hand
water needed per test plot, use the verified balance to determine
or spreader).
the mass of the ECP. Record the mass to the nearest 0.0025 or
0.25 lbm [1 g or 0.1 kg] depending on the anticipated total
12. Verification of Rainfall Simulators and Average Soil
mass. Record the volume of water to the nearest 0.1 gal [0.1 L].
Loss
Fill the hydroseeder with the required volume of water and
12.1 Verification of the rainfall simulators is made by
then add the ECP to the water.
operating the simulators in a controlled and documented
11.2.3.4 Using the hydroseeder’s agitator, mix the ECP and
environment while measuring and determining the average
water together for at least 5 min or as recommended by the
drop height of the raindrops, the rainfall intensity and
manufacturer. Once mixed, stop the agitation, then determine
distribution, and raindrop size. Most rainfall simulators are
and record the total volume of the mixed slurry to the nearest
located indoors, however, outdoor or partially outdoor loca-
0.1 gal [0.1 L]. This volume is the amount in gal [L] that is
tions and facilities using wind protection are permissible. Do
sprayed on each test plot. Once this value is recorded, if
not conduct the verification in a non-enclosed facility when the
desired, double the volume and record the doubled volume.
wind velocity exceeds 1.0 mph [1.5 kph]. Once the simulator
11.2.3.5 In order to aid in priming the hydroseeder lines,
parameters have been calibrated, identically prepared test plots
pumps, and hoses it is common practice to double the volume.
using bare soil without an ECP are used to determine the
Even though double the volume is made, the calculated total
average soil loss for bare soil. See Section 10 for test plot
volume amount per test plot is what is actually applied. The
preparation, except do not apply an ECP to the test plots.
extra volume is discarded.
12.2 Verification for each rainfall intensity, slope, and du-
11.2.3.6 Prime the hydroseeder by discharging the hydro-
ration combination listed in Table 4 is then performed on bare
seeder away from the test plots to fill the hose with slurry.
soil. The data obtained from these bare soil tests provides
11.2.3.7 Apply the mixed slurry to the test plots using a
information needed to calculate average soil loss for the bare
standard fan nozzle as uniformly and evenly as possible. To
soil tests (ASL ). This calculation is then used as part of the
prevent shadowing and to provide uniform test plot coverage,
BSOIL
event cover factor determination.
apply the slurry from multiple directions and angles (Note 3).
11.2.3.8 Allow the sprayed ECP to cure based on the
12.3 Verification Interval—Perform a minimum of 3 bare
manufacturer’s recommending wait time (Note 4). Record the
soil slope tests for each rainfall intensity, slope, and duration
actual cure time and the manufacturers recommended cure time
combination listed in Table 4 that is expected for use. Annually
for testing to the nearest 1 min.
thereafter, a minimum of 1 additional bare soil slope test shall
be performed with additional data points as necessary follow-
NOTE 4—It may be desirable to test sprayed ECP products in both a
cured and uncured condition based on project requirements. ing equipment maintenance work or change in any of the key
TABLE 3 Example Calculation
Manufacturer’s specified rate 4000 lbm/acre 3900 kg/hectare
Water to ECP ratio 100 gal per 50.0 lbm of ECP 380 L per 22.7 kg of ECP
2 2
Test Plot Area 30.0 ft by 6.0 ft (30.0 × 6.0 =180 ft (0.0041 acre)) 9.1 m by 1.8 m (9.1 × 1.8 = 16.38 m (0.0016 hectare))
Amount of ECP needed per test plot 4000 lbm × 0.0041 acre = 16.4 lbm 3900 kg × 0.0016 hectare = 6.24 kg
16.4*0.25 = 4.1 lbm → 16.4 + 4.1 = 20.5 lbm 6.24*0.25 = 1.56 kg → 6.24 kg + 1.56 kg = 7.8 kg
Water rate per kg 100 gal/50.0 lbm = 2.0 gal/lbm of ECP 380 L/22.7 kg = 16.7 L/kg of ECP
Amount of water needed per test plot 20.5 lbm × 2.0 gal/lbm = 41 gal 7.8 kg × 16.7 L ⁄kg = 130.3 L
D8298/D8298M − 23
TABLE 4 Rainfall Intensity, Slope, and Duration Combinations
0.0025 or 0.25 lbm [1 g or 0.1 kg]. Then subtract the mass of
Type Rainfall Intensity Slope (H:V) Duration (min) the bin from the mass of bin plus water to determine the mass
in./h [mm/h]
of the water, M , collected from each test plot. Record the mass
w
1 5.0 [130] 2.5:1 Two 30 min periods back to back
of water to the nearest 0.0025 or 0.25 lbm [1 g or 0.1 kg].
(60 min total)
2 4.0 [100] 4:1 Two 30 min periods back to back
12.5.2.4 Use the following equation to determine and record
(60 min total)
the rainfall intensity, I, in in./h for the test plot.
M × 720
w
I 5 (1)
A × ρ
p w
parameters as discussed in 12.5. The annual bare soil slope
where:
data, as well as any additional data obtained is added to the
I = rainfall intensity, nearest 0.1 in./h.
overall bare soil data set to be used for analysis. All data
M = mass of water, lbm (M – M = M ); nearest 0.0025
obtained from this verification process shall be kept on file by
w bw b w
or 0.25 lbm,
the rainfall testing facility and can be used to supplement any
A = area of the test plot, nearest 0.1 ft ,
ECP testing data reports. p
ρ = conversion factor, 62.4 lbf/ft , and
w
12.4 Environmental Conditions—Determine and record the
12.5.2.5 Use the following equation to determine and record
following environmental conditions before each data point: air
the rainfall intensity, I, in mm/h for the test plot.
temperature to the nearest 1°F/°C, humidity to the nearest 1 %,
wind speed to the nearest 0.1 mph/kph, and the direction of the
M × 60
w
5 I (2)
wind relative to the test plots. Wind speed and direction are not
A
p
required to be measured when testing is located indoors.
where:
12.5 Rainfall Simulator System Verification—The following
I = rainfall intensity, nearest 0.1 mm/h.
4 key parameters shall be included in the verification of the
M = mass of water, kg (M – M = M ); converted to
w bw b w
rainfall simulator system: Average drop height of raindrops,
3 3
volume, m (nearest 1 m ),
rainfall intensity, rainfall distribution, and raindrop size. Re- 2
A = area of the test plot, m , and
p
cord the type of simulator used: sprinkler, nozzle, or drop
NOTE 5—Converting from kg to m divides the mass of water by 1000.
emitters.
Converting from m to mm then multiplies the mass of water by 1000.
12.5.1 Average Drop Height of Raindrops:
These conversions are not shown.
12.5.1.1 Prepare the test plots in accordance with Section
12.5.2.6 Compare the rainfall intensity for each test plot to
10. Record the soil type used for each test plot as defined in
the desired or target intensity listed in Table 4. If necessary,
Section 8. Do not reuse soil that has eroded off the test plot(s).
adjust the rainfall simulator and repeat the above steps to make
Determine and record the width (cross slope), length
sure the correct intensity value is obtained prior to bare soil
(downslope), and depth of each test plot to the nearest 0.1 ft
testing.
[0.05 m] using a tape measure.
12.5.3 Raindrop Distribution:
12.5.1.2 The minimum drop height for the raindrops can be
12.5.3.1 Divide the test plot into 20 equal sections when
no less than 8.0 ft [2.5 m] at the lowest point of the simulator.
using the minimum test plot area as shown in Fig. 2. When the
Determine and record the drop height of the raindrops at the
test plot is larger than the minimum, more equal sections must
top, middle, and bottom of each test plot to the nearest 0.1 ft
be used. It is desirable to have more equal sections than exactly
[0.05 m] using a surveyor’s rod or tape measure.
20 sections of unequal dimensions.
12.5.2 Rainfall Intensity:
12.5.3.2 Place a rain gauge in the center of each section.
12.5.2.1 Place the desired number of test plots under the
Make sure the rain gauge is, and remains, vertical for the
simulator at the slope to be tested (Table 4). Obtain and use 1
duration of the verification. The use of a holder or platform is
bin per test plot. Determine and record the mass of the bin, M ,
b
recommended to keep the rain gauge vertical as long as the
to the nearest 0.0025 or 0.25 lbm [1 g or 0.1 kg] depending on
device allows for the free collection of the rainfall. Cover each
the anticipated total mass of the bin plus runoff and the
rain gauge with a waterproof barrier to prevent the initial
balanced used.
collection of rainfall.
12.5.2.2 Cover all the test plots with plastic sheeting. Make
12.5.3.3 Set the target intensity and slope, then turn on the
sure the plastic sheeting does not have any rips, tears, or holes
simulator and allow it to reach equilibrium. Once equilibrium
that would allow water to penetrate through to the test plot.
is reached, allow the simulator to run for 3 min at the target
Turn on the water source and allow the rainfall system to come
condition. Remove the waterproof barrier from each rain
to equilibrium. Once equilibrium has been reached, place the
gauge. Start the timer after the first rain gauge is uncovered.
bin(s) under the test plot(s). Then allow the runoff collection
Record the start time. Remove the waterproof barriers from the
system to capture the water in a bin for a period of 1 minute.
remaining rain gauges in a set order. If using one large piece of
The bin must have enough capacity to hold the runoff that has
plastic sheeting to cover all the rain gauges, remove the plastic
collected over a 1 minute period. Record the start and end time
sheeting in one single motion in one direction.
of each 1 min period.
12.5.2.3 After each 1 min period, remove each bin out from 12.5.3.4 Allow the rainfall to continue for 10 min after
under the collection apparatus of the test plot and determine uncovering the first rain gauge. At the end of 10 min, cover the
and record the mass of each bin plus water, M , to the nearest rain gauges in the same order they were uncovered. If using
bw
D8298/D8298M − 23
12.5.4 Raindrop Size:
12.5.4.1 Completely fill three 9 in. [230 mm] labeled cake
pans with sifted Pillsbury Best all purpose flour (Note 6).
Record the identification number of the cake pans. Use a
ruler/straightedge to strike off the surface of the flour to
produce a smooth, uncompacted surface. The flour should be a
minimum of 1 in. [25 mm] deep. Divide the test plot into 6
sections: 1 vertical (width) and 3 horizontal (length) (Fig. 3).
Place 1 filled cake pan in the center of each section and cover
with a waterproof barrier. The cake pan must be held horizon-
tally 12 to 18 in. [300 to 450 mm] above the surface of the test
plot. Resift the flour if the pans will sit for more than 2 hours
prior to verification.
NOTE 6—Repeate
...