ASTM E2252-22

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it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2252 − 18 E2252 − 22
Standard Practice for
Selection of Lead Hazard Reduction Methods for Identified
Risks in Residential Housing or Child Occupied Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2252; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice describes the selection of lead hazard reduction methods for controlling lead hazard risks identified during risk
assessments of residential dwellings and child occupied facilities.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to
inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This practice contains notes, which are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.
1.4 MethodMethods described in this practice may not meet or be allowed by requirements or regulations established by local
authorities having jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to comply with all such requirements and
regulations.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
E917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems
E1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in Buildings
E1795 Specification for Non-Reinforced Liquid Coating Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in Buildings
E1796 Guide for Selection and Use of Liquid Coating Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in Buildings
E1797 Specification for Reinforced Liquid Coating Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in Buildings
E2052 Guide for Evaluation, Management, and Control of Lead Hazards in Facilities (Withdrawn 2008)
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.12 on Sampling and
Analysis,Analysis of Lead,Lead for Exposure and Risk Assessment.
Current edition approved March 1, 2018March 1, 2022. Published April 2018June 2022. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 20122018 as
E2252 – 12.E2252 – 18. DOI: 10.1520/E2252-18.10.1520/E2252-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
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E2252 − 22
E2115 Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Dwellings and of Other Child-Occupied Facilities
E2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preservation for Lead Hazard Activities
2.2 HUD Documents:
HUD Guidelines Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing
24 CFR Part 35 Requirements for Notification, Evaluation and Reduction of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Federally Owned
Residential Property, and Housing Receiving Federal Assistance; Final Rule, September 15, 1999
2.3 EPA Documents:
Renovate Right: Important Lead Hazard Information for Families, Child Care Providers, and Schools
40 CFR Part 745 Subpart L, Lead-Based Paint Activities
2.4 NIBS Document:
NIBS Guidelines Lead-Based Paint: Operations and Maintenance Work Practices Manual for Homes and Buildings
2.5 RSMeans Document:
Building Construction Cost Data
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to TerminologyTerminologies D1356 and E1605.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This practice outlines lead hazard reduction methods that have been shown to be effective in preventing lead poisoning in
children.
4.2 This practice tabulates advantages, disadvantages, and relative costs of the reduction methods to assist professionals such as
certified lead-based paint risk assessors, supervisors, or project designers in selecting appropriate cost-effective options for
controlling lead hazards identified during a lead risk assessment. Different control methods may be equally effective in controlling
a given lead hazard and, consequently, the selection of a specific control method may depend on the needs and economic
constraints of the client or building owner.
4.3 This practice is intended to complement other lead hazard activities that are performed in accordance with regulations
promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction. For example, in some jurisdictions, a lead hazard risk assessment, by regulation,
consists of a visual assessment, a hazard assessment including environmental monitoring for lead, and selection of lead hazard
reduction methods.
4.4 This practice is intended to assist homeowners, owners and occupants of rental property, lenders, insurers, and others who have
interest in selecting options for controlling lead hazards associated with leaded paint, dust, or soil.
4.5 This practice complements Guide E2115. Information and data gathered in accordance with Guide E2115 and this practice are
used in preparing a risk assessment report. Subsequent lead hazards are mitigated through implementation of controls selected in
accordance with this present practice.
4.6 This practice addresses the most commonly used lead hazard reduction methods. It is left to users of this practice to identify
the advantages, disadvantages, and relative costs associated with emerging control technologies for comparison with these
characteristics of established lead hazard control methods.
4.7 This practice does not address specific historic preservation requirements. The interim control and abatement methods in this
practice will work in any structure; however, historic preservation regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction may
impose specific interim control or abatement methods.
5. Training and Experience Requirements
5.1 Selection of appropriate lead hazard reduction methods performed in response to risk assessments shall be carried out by
Available from U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 451 7th Street S.W., Washington, DC 20410, http://www.hud.gov.
Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), William Jefferson Clinton Bldg., Federal Triangle Complex, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW,
Washington, DC 20004, http://www.epa.gov/lead.
Available from National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS), 1090 Vermont Avenue, NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20005, http://www.nibs.org.
Available from RSMeans data from Gordian, 1099 Hingham St., Ste. 201, Rockland, MA 02370, http://www.rsmeans.com.
E2252 − 22
certified or licensed risk assessors, supervisors, workers, or project designers as required under regulations promulgated by
authorities having jurisdiction. Users of lead hazard control services should review the credentials and experience of all involved
to regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction to determine whether each is qualified to conduct the work.
5.1.1 Refer to Guide E2052 and to regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction (see Appendix X1) regarding
training and experience of risk assessors, supervisors and project designers.
5.2 The selection of lead hazard reduction methods shall take into consideration the qualifications and experience of persons such
as contractors or in-house maintenance personnel who will implement the selected procedures. These persons should be trained
regarding the hazards of lead and the proper use of lead hazard reduction methods as required through certification or licensure
promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction.
5.2.1 Refer to Guide E2052 and to regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction (see Appendix X1) for additional
information regarding training and experience for workers and supervisors, and for information regarding work practice standards
and interim controls.
6. Lead Hazard Reduction Methods
6.1 General—There are two approaches to reducing lead hazards: interim control and abatement. Most often, a combination of
the two approaches will be utilized to maximize the effectiveness of hazard management balanced with the cost to be incurred.
6.2 Occupant and Owner Education—All lead hazard reduction strategies shall include a component on occupant and owner
education of lead hazards. In addition, the individual responsible for the lead hazard reduction shall inform owners that, when a
property has been identified as containing lead hazards or lead-based paint, they shall disclose this information upon the sale, lease,
or rental of the property.
NOTE 1—A document considered to be universally informative for occupant and owner education is the EPA/HUD/CPSC pamphlet entitled Renovate
Right: Important Lead Hazard Information for Families, Child Care Providers, and Schools.
6.2.1 Refer to Guide E2052 for elements of an occupant education program.
7. Interim Controls
7.1 Interim controls are designed to reduce the exposure to lead through procedures that require ongoing maintenance. They are
almost always an option in every lead hazard reduction situation; however, if interim controls cannot control a lead hazard,
abatement (see Section 8) will be the only option. The main question that the owner needs to answer is: Are resources, staff,
equipment, priority and schedule adherence, budget, and willingness to manage an interim lead hazard control program available
over the long term?
7.2 The following are key elements of interim controls:
NOTE 2—Refer to Guide E2052 for developing interim controls.
7.2.1 Educate occupants and owners regarding lead hazards (see 6.2).
7.2.2 Train maintenance personnel concerning the proper maintenance, cleaning, and surface protection requirements to maintain
a safe lead-hazard-free environment (see 5.2).
7.2.3 Conduct periodic visual inspections of coated surfaces by qualified personnel to assess paint integrity.
7.2.4 Develop a work permit system to ensure that both in-house personnel and contractors are made aware of surfaces containing
lead-based paint.
7.2.5 Perform proper clearance procedures for each interim control treatment.
7.2.6 Perform record keeping of all interim control actions, including but not limited to notification, inspections, actions, and
clearance.
E2252 − 22
7.2.7 Use lead safe work practices (see HUD Guidelines) to protect the occupant, workers, and environment while performing
interim control actions.
7.2.8 Perform all work with properly trained and certified personnel in accordance regulations promulgated by authorities having
jurisdiction.
7.3 The following are standard practices of interim control that may be selected for lead-based paint, lead in dust and lead in soil.
Table 1 lists the advantages and disadvantages of using interim controls. See also 24 CFR Part 35.
7.3.1 Paint Stabilization—Repair of deteriorated paint through coating repair methods (for example, application of primers, paints,
stains, varnishes, shellacs, lacquers, and other coatings). This process is called paint stabilization. Paint stabilization means
repairing any physical defect in the substrate of a painted surface that is causing paint deterioration, removing loose paint and other
material from the surface to be treated, and applying a new protective coating of primer or paint, or both.
7.3.2 Smooth and Cleanable Horizontal Surfaces—All horizontal surfaces that are rough, pitted, or porous shall be covered with
a smooth, cleanable covering or coating, such as metal coil stock, plastic, polyurethane, desk or concrete floor sealants, vinyl floor
tile, or linoleum.
7.3.3 Correcting Dust-generating Conditions—Conditions causing friction or impact of painted surfaces shall be corrected. This
may be performed by rehanging doors or planing doors so that doors do not rub against door frames, “spot stripping” contact points
and coating with durable primers and paints containing bittering agents, installing window channel guides that reduce or eliminate
abrasion of painted surfaces, or by protecting paint on stair treads, risers, stringers, and floors with a durable covering such as
carpeting, tile, or sheet flooring. Other friction surfaces include hand rails handrails and loose door hinges. In the case of impact
surfaces, include treatments that eliminate impact with the painted surface, such as door bumper stops, and corner and shoe
moldings.
7.3.4 Bare Residential Soil—Interim control options for lead in soil include mulching over landscape fabric, seeding, sodding,
planting obtrusive shrubbery, and fencing or barricading the area from entry by individuals, especially children. The important
factor is to determine the best approach for eliminating lead exposure to humans from bare soil areas. It is critical to ensure that
bare soil and the subsequent treatment is not subject to erosion.
7.4 Documentation for all interim control actions shall be maintained by the owner or owner’s designee.
8. Abatement
8.1 Abatement is any measure or set of measures designed to permanently eliminate lead-based paint hazards. Abatement includes:
8.1.1 Removal of lead-based paint and lead-containing dust,
8.1.2 Application of an encapsulant or installation of a permanent enclosure,
8.1.3 Replacement of components or fixtures coated with lead-based paint, and
TABLE 1 Advantages and Disadvantages of using Interim Controls
Advantages Disadvantages
Generally a quick process to repair hazards. Lead-based paint still remains.
Uses commercially available products. Requires periodic inspections according to an established schedule to ensure
Is cost effective in the short term. that the interim control remains effective.
Products and labor are lower in cost. May not be a long term cost-effective solution as in some cases the cost of
Re-occupancy is quicker, and often residents can remain in the structure perpetual interim controls exceeds the cost of abatement.
during conduct of the process. Will not work on severely damaged substrates.
Training is easier and sometimes does not require certification. Some authorities having jurisdiction require that supervisors and workers take an
approved lead safe work practices course.
Some authorities having jurisdiction require firm and worker certifications such as
for renovation, remodeling, and painting activities.
Not appropriate in high wear areas where deterioration will likely recur.
Repairs may create lead contaminated dust which requires containment and
thorough cleanup.
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8.1.4 Removal or covering of lead-contaminated soil.
8.2 Lead-Based Paint—There are four general methods for abatement of lead-based paint hazards: encapsulation, enclosure,
replacement and (paint) removal. If encapsulation, or enclosure, or both are used as a hazard reduction option, the lead-based paint
remains in place. In these cases, the encapsulated or enclosed areas shall be periodically inspected as part of the lead hazard control
program. An overview of the advantages and disadvantages of typical abatement methods for lead-based paint are contained within
the tables listed below and discussed in the paragraphs that follow.
Table 2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Abatement by
Encapsulation
Table 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Abatement by
Enclosure
Table 4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Abatement by
Component Replacement
Table 5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Removal by
Chemical Strippers
Table 6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Removal by
Sanding and Grinding
Table 7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Removal by
Hand-Scraping After Softening With a Heat Gun
8.2.1 Encapsulation (see Table 2). Encapsulation is the application of a covering or coating that acts as a barrier between the
lead-based paint and the environment. Guidance for selection and use of encapsulants is given in Guide E1796. Preliminary testing
of the lead-based paint and substrate shall be performed by the individual responsible for the lead hazard reduction program to
ensure that the encapsulant will adhere to the surface and that the existing paint or substrate will not fail and cause exposure to
lead-based paint. Care must be taken to ensure that the surface is prepared according to the encapsulation material manufacturer’s
specification. Patch testing before application and quality control checks of wet film thickness areis highly recommended for this
strategy to demonstrate encapsulant compatibility to and with the existing substrate and coating system.
8.2.1.1 The individual responsible for recommending the encapsulant shall document its location(s) and arrange for its periodic
inspection. This periodic inspection shall include checking the substrates where the encapsulant has been applied.
8.2.1.2 Apply encapsulants in accordance with the manufacturer’s requirements or in accordance with regulations promulgated by
authorities having jurisdiction, or both.
8.2.1.3 Use only encapsulants for which the manufacturer provides at least a 20-year warranty.
8.2.1.4 Since the lead-based paint remains, care must be taken to prevent damage to the encapsulant barrier that results in exposure
of the underlying lead-based paint.
8.2.1.5 Encapsulation of Surfaces without Reinforcement—Encapsulants without reinforcements are easy to apply and may
immediately improve the aesthetic appeal of the substrate (and housing unit). Only apply non-reinforced encapsulants that are in
conformance with Specification E1795. In applying non-reinforced encapsulants, it is important to repair surface imperfections
such as cracks, holes, and chips.
TABLE 2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Abatement by Encapsulation
Advantages Disadvantages
The process is generally quick and easy. Encapsulants are not suitable for application on friction surfaces (for example,
If surface preparation is minimal, the amount of hazardous waste window tracks and door jambs, high friction areas, and impact points).
generated is generally small. They do not permanently remove the lead.
Only a limited amount of capital equipment is required. The encapsulant manufacturer may not warranty the product or application, or
Worker protection requirements are minimal (for example, half-face both, if the workers are not trained to the manufacturer’s requirements in the
respirators are generally required during surface preparation). use of the manufacturer’s product.
A wide variety of encapsulants are available for interior or exterior They generally cannot be applied during adverse environmental conditions
application, or both. (temperature, humidity, wind, etc.).
Often no additional finish work is required. Their long-term effectiveness is unknown and under study.
Encapsulants can be applied to almost any substrate type and material Bonding of encapsulants to leaded surface is sometimes poor.
if preceded by proper surface preparation. Pilot testing or quality control checks, or both, of the encapsulant on the given
Encapsulation works well on hard-to-reach areas. substrate is often required.
The method typically generates the lowest levels of airborne lead dust Periodic monitoring by trained personnel according to a set schedule and
during abatement. procedure is required after installation.
Waste generated during installation, in many cases, proves to be hazardous.
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TABLE 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Abatement by Enclosure
Advantages Disadvantages
Enclosures may enhance the overall appearance of room/unit. Lead is not removed.
They normally generate little hazardous waste during installation. Their installation requires carpentry and finishing skills; they may also require the
Enclosure materials are readily available. extension of electrical and other fixtures from original surfaces.
Enclosure installation generally does not create large amounts of leaded Sealing of the enclosure is critical and should be carefully examined.
dust. Exterior enclosure systems should utilize a house wrap such as a polymeric vapor
Their installation may provide additional thermal insulation. underlayment, with lead cautionary labeling.
They work particularly well on large, flat surfaces such as ceilings, floors, There is a potential for buckling and bellowing if not properly installed.
and walls. They can be difficult to install in some instances due to surface irregularities and
Installation is not necessarily weather dependent. poor integrity of the existing substrate. They may also conceal rotting wood.
Enclosures are uniformly more expensive than encapsulating, (but they may be
more durable than encapsulation).
Their long term effectiveness is still under study.
Often requires work area or unit resident relocation, or occupant protection
measures, or both.
Enclosures are typically not accepted on historical structures.
Some waste generated during installation may be hazardous.
Future renovations can result in exposure to surfaces with lead-based paint and
create lead-based paint hazards.
It is important to label surfaces that have lead-based paint before they are
enclosed.
TABLE 4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Abatement by Component Replacement
Advantages Disadvantages
Component replacement results in new, clean substrates and generally Component replacement should not generally be used if architectural significance
improves the quality of a unit. is required. (See 4.7.)
The method completely eliminates the lead hazard for the replaced Costs for replacement of like-type components can be high.
component. Installation requires skilled tradespeople.
New components (for example, windows) may result in energy savings. Depending upon hazardous waste characterization analyses, components may
A
Component replacement can be used for almost all substrates. require disposal as hazardous waste.
When trim removal reveals an opening, large amounts of dust can be released.
May increase property values through use of renovation-type upgrades and
security measures.
Overall, this is one of the best long-term and most widely applicable
abatement methods.
A
Some authorities having jurisdiction permit the disposal of components in a Construction and Demolition (C&D) Landfill. This may lessen disposal costs and make this
method more attractive from a cost standpoint. However, different authorities vary their approach to disposal and the user is cautioned to verify disposal requirements with
all the jurisdictions where the work is being performed.
TABLE 5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Removal by Chemical Strippers
Advantages Disadvantages
Chemical strippers are effective on a wide variety of substrate types. Use is labor-intensive and requires time for compounds to react.
Lead is removed permanently (except that lead embedded in the substrate Strippers do not work well at low temperatures.
may remain). Use can be messy and clean up extensive; containment of strippers and
Application is not difficult and training is moderate. accompanying neutralizing agents is essential.
Various products are readily available. Use may cause lead to migrate into the substrate.
Strippers leave the substrate visually clean when used properly. Worker protection against stripper exposure is important; eye and dermal
personal protection is mandatory.
Strippers do not work well on plaster or gypsum board substrates.
Waste
...