83.160.01 - Tyres in general
ICS 83.160.01 Details
Tyres in general
Reifen im allgemeinen
Pneumatiques en général
Avtomobilske pnevmatike na splošno
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 83.160.01 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Tyres in general". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 211 standards classified under ICS 83.160.01 (Tyres in general). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document specifies adhesion test methods of steel cords which are used for tyre reinforcement.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies methods and test protocols used to determine the true density of granulates and powders produced from ELTs, based on water pycnometry.
This document is applicable for powders and granulates below 12 mm.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods for obtaining a sample of rubber granulates or powders derived from end-of-life tyres which have been stored in big-bags and small-bags.
Sample increments at different levels within the bag are obtained, which represent the average particle size distribution within the bag. From these sample increments, a representative sample is derived.
The methods specified in this document are applicable, for example, when the samples are to be tested for e.g. bulk density, durability, particle size distribution, moisture content, ash content, ash melting behaviour, calorific value, chemical composition, impurities.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods and test protocols used to determine the true density of granulates and powders produced from ELTs, based on water pycnometry.
This document is applicable for powders and granulates below 12 mm.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods for obtaining a sample of rubber granulates or powders derived from end-of-life tyres which have been stored in big-bags and small-bags.
Sample increments at different levels within the bag are obtained, which represent the average particle size distribution within the bag. From these sample increments, a representative sample is derived.
The methods specified in this document are applicable, for example, when the samples are to be tested for e.g. bulk density, durability, particle size distribution, moisture content, ash content, ash melting behaviour, calorific value, chemical composition, impurities.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the total moisture content of materials obtained from End of Life Tyres (ELT) by drying samples in an oven. The method is applicable to chips, granulates, powders and textile derived from the treatment of End of Life Tyres.
This document is not intended for the determination of moisture content in steel wires.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies two different methods for the quantitative estimation of non-metallic content remaining adhered to the steel wire obtained from the recovery of materials from end-of-life tyres.
The pyrolysis method is considered as the reference method while the hydrostatic method is considered as an in situ method.
This document includes sample collection and the preparation of representative samples based on a sampling plan for the purpose of their characterization.
This document does not apply to the operational performance or fitness for use of the materials which are deemed to be a function of agreements between the manufacturer and the customer.
This document does not apply to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. This document does not establish appropriate safety and health practices and does not determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to its use.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the total moisture content of materials obtained from End of Life Tyres (ELT) by drying samples in an oven. The method is applicable to chips, granulates, powders and textile derived from the treatment of End of Life Tyres.
This document is not intended for the determination of moisture content in steel wires.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies two different methods for the quantitative estimation of non-metallic content remaining adhered to the steel wire obtained from the recovery of materials from end-of-life tyres.
The pyrolysis method is considered as the reference method while the hydrostatic method is considered as an in situ method.
This document includes sample collection and the preparation of representative samples based on a sampling plan for the purpose of their characterization.
This document does not apply to the operational performance or fitness for use of the materials which are deemed to be a function of agreements between the manufacturer and the customer.
This document does not apply to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. This document does not establish appropriate safety and health practices and does not determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to its use.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the generation of tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) in a road simulator laboratory that is representative of actual driving conditions. Guidance is provided for the road simulator system, test pavement and tyres, vacuum collection system, monitoring and reporting. This method is applicable for the collection of TRWP from a known pavement and tyre type under realistic driving conditions without the inference of road surface contaminants (e.g. brake dust, exhaust, grease). There is a possibility that this method is not relevant for studded tyres.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies types of clamp-in TPMS tubeless valves and associated requirements. It applies to the tyre valves assembled on a valve hole of rim with diameter 11,3 mm for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles (M1 and N1 categories). This document does not include the design, development or requirements of the TPMS housing or the interface between said housing and the valve.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies test methods for clamp-in tyre valves for tyre pressure monitoring systems (TPMSs). These methods are defined to determine the minimum level of performance requested. This document applies to the tyre valve assembled on the rim hole with diameter of 11,3 mm for passenger cars or for light duty vehicles.
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This document specifies test methods for clamp-in tubeless tyre valves. These methods are defined to determine the minimum level of performance requested. This document applies to the tyre valve assembled on the rim hole with diameter of 11,3 mm for passenger cars or for light duty vehicles. This document does not include tyre pressure monitoring system (TPMS) valves.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies test methods for snap-in tubeless tyre valves intended for, but are not limited to, on-road applications. TPMS valves and high-pressure valves are not included in this document.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the P225/60R16 97S radial standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance evaluations, but may also be used for other evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a reference tire.
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.
1.2 This specification provides a 16 rim diameter code standard tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.
1.3 As of 2020 the E1136 P195/75R14 92S Standard Reference Test Tire has ceased production. The F2493 P225/60R16 97S Standard Reference Test Tire is an acceptable replacement for E1136 as the reference tire for Test Methods F1805 and E1337.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document establishes a framework for the characterization of physical and chemical properties of tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) using published analytical standards. It is applicable to laboratory-generated TRWP and TRWP collected in the environment. NOTE This framework focuses primarily on published International Standards, but also includes standards published by other entities such as ASTM and AFNOR. A brief summary and justification for each standard required to characterize the physical and chemical properties of interest are provided.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is the compilation of all definitions developed by Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cords and Fabrics.
1.2 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to the tire cord fabric industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside the tire cord fabric industry can be found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, this terminology is also a tool for managing the Subcommittee's terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept are defined in different words.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document establishes a test method for evaluating the wear caused to the road surface by passenger car tyres and light truck tyres that are equipped with studs.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard12 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements and test methods for tube-type tyres in automotive vehicles that require rubber flaps, in order to ensure they are protected against damages to the inner tube caused by the rim or tyre. This document is applicable to tyres for road vehicles. It does not apply to 2/3 wheeler and non-road tyres. Requirements and test methods for rubber flaps for non-road tyres are provided in Annex E.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard15 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the P225/60R16 97S radial low tread depth standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for wet braking traction evaluations for tires in a worn state but may also be used for other evaluations.
1.2 This specification provides a 16 rim diameter code standard tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The 1.707-m [67.23-in.] diameter laboratory test roadwheel is one of the most extensively employed testing devices for tire durability and endurance testing.
5.2 This test apparatus operating in the laboratory at controlled surface speeds, loads, and ambient temperatures simulates, to a degree, tire-operating conditions resembling actual service. Because of the roadwheel curvature, the test tire is fatigued more rapidly than a tire operating on a road.
5.3 The laboratory roadwheel described in this practice is suitable for comparative evaluation of tires under controlled operating and environmental conditions.
5.4 While the laboratory roadwheel may not reproduce structural fatigue exactly as it occurs in service, the laboratory wheel can be used to produce fatigue under controlled conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for a 1.707-m [67.23-in.] diameter laboratory roadwheel for durability and endurance testing of tires under controlled operating and environmental conditions.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 7 and Note 1.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SCOPE
1.1 This terminology primarily covers definitions for technical terms that occur in ASTM Committee F09 standards on the characteristics and performance of tires.
1.2 Definitions for terms that may also be used in other technologies, such as vehicle behavior, are worded to cover both areas.
1.3 When any definition in this terminology (that does not have the limiting phrase) is quoted out of context, editorially insert the limiting phrase in a tire after the dash following the term. This will properly limit the field of application of the term and definition.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies test methods for TPMS snap-in tubeless valves that determine the minimum level of performances requested.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard13 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Tire testing operations usually consist of a sequence of tests that involve special “reference” tires in addition to the candidate tires being evaluated for their performance characteristics. Reference tires serve as an “internal benchmark” which may be used to adjust for variation in test results to give improved comparisons among the candidate tires. Numerous approaches have been adopted using different terminology for such testing. This causes confusion and the purpose of this practice is to standardize some of the elementary concepts and terminology on this topic.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice presents some basic concepts for tire testing and a standard set of terms relating to the use of reference tires frequently used for comprehensive tire testing programs. The tests may be conducted in a laboratory on various dynamometer wheels or other apparatus as well as at outdoor proving ground facilities. The overall objective of this practice is to develop some elementary principles for such testing and standardize the terms used in these operations. This will improve communication among those conducting these tests as well as those using the results of such testing.
1.2 In addition to the basic concepts and terminology, a statistical model for tire testing operations is also presented in Annex A1. This serves as a mathematical and conceptual foundation for the terms and other testing concepts; it will improve understanding. The annex can also serve for future consultation as this practice is expanded to address additional aspects of the testing process.
1.3 This overall topic requires a comprehensive treatment with a sequential or hierarchical development of terms with substantial background discussion. This cannot be accommodated in Terminology F538.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Belt edge separation is a tire condition that can be encountered in tire use, particularly in high tire temperature environments.
4.2 The goal of this standard is to define a scientifically valid protocol for the laboratory generation of belt edge separation in a tire that has previously completed accelerated laboratory aging as described in Practice F2838. This test method does not establish performance limits or tolerances for tire specifications.
4.3 However, as stated in the scope, some tires may not develop belt edge separations under the specified test conditions. They may develop other EOT conditions that are not due to belt edge separation. Also, some tires may not develop any EOT conditions during the course of the test prior to a DCT.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard describes a laboratory method to evaluate tires for their tendency to develop belt edge separation, via the use of a standard roadwheel (Practice F551/F551M). This evaluation is conducted on tires that have undergone accelerated laboratory aging as described in Practice F2838.
1.2 The End-of-Test (EOT) conditions that can be produced by this method include target (belt-edge separation), non-target (conditions other than belt-related separations that can be developed in passenger and light truck tires through on-road use), and non-representative (conditions that are typically developed only on laboratory roadwheels). There is also the possibility that no visible EOT conditions may be generated during the course of this test. In this instance the user may choose to select a designated completion time (DCT) as the EOT condition.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in the data log in Appendix X1 in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies test methods of steel cords which are used for tyre reinforcement. Dimension, process properties, mechanical properties and coating test method are all included.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The severity of abrasive wear in any system will depend upon the abrasive particle size, shape and hardness, the magnitude of the stress imposed by the particle, and the frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. In this test method these conditions are standardized to develop a uniform condition of wear which has been referred to as scratching abrasion (1 and 2). Since the test method does not attempt to duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape, pressure, impact or corrosive elements), it should not be used to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific environment. The value of the test method lies in predicting the ranking of materials in a similar relative order of merit as would occur in an abrasive environment. Volume loss data obtained from test materials whose lives are unknown in a specific abrasive environment may, however, be compared with test data obtained from a material whose life is known in the same environment. The comparison will provide a general indication of the worth of the unknown materials if abrasion is the predominant factor causing deterioration of the materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the resistance of metallic materials to scratching abrasion by means of the wet sand/rubber wheel test. It is the intent of this procedure to provide data that will reproducibly rank materials in their resistance to scratching abrasion under a specified set of conditions.
1.2 Abrasion test results are reported as volume loss in cubic millimetres. Materials of higher abrasion resistance will have a lower volume loss.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of low specific surface area of powders ELTs rubber by measuring the amount of physically adsorbed krypton gas and applying the theoretical multipoint Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) method.
This document defines a specific method for powders taking into account that, in order to obtain an accurate value of specific surface area, a representative sample of the material to be tested is taken according to the principle that every particle of the sample that represents the lot have an equal probability of being included in the sample.
- Technical specification10 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides criteria for the sorting of whole end-of-life tyres (WELT) into different classes based on categories. It also provides criteria for the determination of their suitability to be used in recycling and material recovery processes.
The processes described in this document include sorting WELTs in order to determine their acceptance in recovery and recycling processes.
Criteria regarding the reuse of tyres to be mounted again in a vehicle are not addressed in this document.
This document does not cover the operational performance of the applications or the requirements of the materials for certain applications, which are usually agreed between the manufacturer and the customer.
Solid tyres are excluded from the scope of this document.
- Technical specification15 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
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- Standard1 pageFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of low specific surface area of powders ELTs rubber by measuring the amount of physically adsorbed krypton gas and applying the theoretical multipoint Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) method.
This document defines a specific method for powders taking into account that, in order to obtain an accurate value of specific surface area, a representative sample of the material to be tested is taken according to the principle that every particle of the sample that represents the lot have an equal probability of being included in the sample.
- Technical specification10 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides criteria for the sorting of whole end-of-life tyres (WELT) into different classes based on categories. It also provides criteria for the determination of their suitability to be used in recycling and material recovery processes.
The processes described in this document include sorting WELTs in order to determine their acceptance in recovery and recycling processes.
Criteria regarding the reuse of tyres to be mounted again in a vehicle are not addressed in this document.
This document does not cover the operational performance of the applications or the requirements of the materials for certain applications, which are usually agreed between the manufacturer and the customer.
Solid tyres are excluded from the scope of this document.
- Technical specification15 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended for use of scrap tires including: tire-derived aggregate (TDA) comprised of pieces of scrap tires, TDA/soil mixtures, tire sidewalls, and whole scrap tires in civil engineering applications. This includes use of TDA and TDA/soil mixtures as lightweight embankment fill; lightweight retaining wall backfill; drainage layers for roads, landfills, and other applications; thermal insulation to limit frost penetration beneath roads; insulating backfill to limit heat loss from buildings; vibration damping layers for rail lines; and replacement for soil or rock in other fill applications. Use of whole scrap tires and tire sidewalls includes construction of retaining walls, drainage culverts, road-base reinforcement, and erosion protection, as well as use as fill when whole tires have been compressed into bales. It is the responsibility of the design engineer to determine the appropriateness of using scrap tires in a particular application and to select applicable tests and specifications to facilitate construction and environmental protection. This practice is intended to encourage wider utilization of scrap tires in civil engineering applications.
4.2 Three TDA fills with thicknesses in excess of 7 m have experienced a serious heating reaction. However, more than 100 fills with a thickness less than 3 m have been constructed with no evidence of a deleterious heating reaction (1).7 Guidelines have been developed to minimize internal heating of TDA fills (2) as discussed in 6.11. The guidelines are applicable to fills less than 3 m thick. Thus, this practice should be applied only to TDA fills less than 3 m thick.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidance for testing the physical properties, design considerations, construction practices, and leachate generation potential of processed or whole scrap tires in lieu of conventional civil engineering materials, such as stone, gravel, soil, sand, lightweight aggregate, or other fill materials.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard1 pageEnglish languagesale 15% off
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The purpose of this document is to provide a review of the studies that were performed on odour of ELT granulates.
- Technical report10 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
The purpose of this document is to provide information about a procedure based on the determination of a visual index correlated with the content of textile fibres, which are free and bounded to the rubber, of granulates. This approach is currently used by Spanish grinders in order to control the efficiency of their processes and is effective for granulates with particle sizes the bottom limit of which is more than 0,5 mm, and upper limit less than 10 mm.
NOTE Part of this document is also the presentation of a study carried by Valoriza Servicios Medioambientales and Geneus Canarias S.L.
A test procedure for the determination of a visual index of the content of the textile fibre of a granulate sample, which is free and bounded to the rubber, from the ELT’s processing is described in UNE 53936:2015 EX: Materials produced from end of life tyres. Rubber granulates.
- Technical report26 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies RFID tyre tag classification of the different technologies (embedding, patching, sticking) to benefit the user's understanding of their differences, targets, possible applications as well as their limitations. This document includes: - generic description of the main features for each technology; - marking recommendation. This document excludes: - references to items related to tyre quality and the testing thereof; - detailed references to embedded locations; - detailed references to rubber compound properties; - detailed references to tyre manufacturing processes.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard6 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document defines the test methods for validating the conformance of RFID enabled tyres with the minimum reading distance specifications given in ISO 20909. The two presented methodologies give comparable test results only when the same radio frequency and energy power parameters are used. Unless otherwise specified, the tests in this document are to be applied exclusively to a standalone RFID enabled tyre. This document is not intended to set any requirement on mass production quality control, nor on the frequency for testing.
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This document defines the essential dimensions and the designation of tube valves and tubeless valves. Annex B gives the correspondence between ISO designations and the designations established by: - TRA (Tire and Rim Association Inc.); - ETRTO (European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation); - JATMA (The Japan Automotive Tyre Manufacturer's Association, Inc.). In the remainder of this document, all the dimensions are given at their nominal value except in cases where the tolerances are indicated. The threaded length of valve stems for which no thread length is specified is the maximum possible length. NOTE The drawings for valves are not all at the same scale.
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This standard provides test methods for the determination of the particle size distribution of granulates and powders, produced from all categories of end-of-life tyres at all steps of the treatment processes as well as for the determination of impurities (including free steel and free textile content).
The methods described in this standard include sample collection and the preparation of a representative sample based on a sampling plan for the purpose of determining particle size distribution and impurities.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides test methods for the determination of the dimension(s) of shreds, cuts and chips (including protruding filaments) produced from all categories of end-of-life tyres at all steps of the treatment processes.
The methods described in this document include sample collection and the preparation of a representative sample based on a sampling plan for the purpose of determining dimensions.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides general definitions for sample collection and preparation of a representative sample based on a sampling plan for the purpose of determining dimensions and impurities.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the terms and definitions, general requirements and data structure for coding radio frequency identification (RFID) tyre tags.
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This document specifies requirements for using an RFID tag to individually identify a tyre. Three RFID tyre tag technologies are considered in this document: embedded, patch, sticker. Tyre tags can be used for all tyre categories.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
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This document specifies a method for the identification of the elastomers in granulates or powder derived from End-of-Life Tyres.
The method specified is a qualitative method only.
- Technical specification10 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the identification of the elastomers in granulates or powder derived from End-of-Life Tyres.
The method specified is a qualitative method only.
- Technical specification10 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides general definitions for sample collection and preparation of a representative sample based on a sampling plan for the purpose of determining dimensions and impurities.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides test methods for the determination of the dimension(s) of shreds, cuts and chips (including protruding filaments) produced from all categories of end-of-life tyres at all steps of the treatment processes.
The methods described in this document include sample collection and the preparation of a representative sample based on a sampling plan for the purpose of determining dimensions.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This standard provides test methods for the determination of the particle size distribution of granulates and powders, produced from all categories of end-of-life tyres at all steps of the treatment processes as well as for the determination of impurities (including free steel and free textile content).
The methods described in this standard include sample collection and the preparation of a representative sample based on a sampling plan for the purpose of determining particle size distribution and impurities.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 When considering the specification of fuels for a boiler, issues to evaluate are the fuel’s combustion characteristics, handling and feeding logistics, environmental concerns, and ash residue considerations. A thorough understanding of these issues is required to engineer the combustion unit for power and steam generation; however, TDF has demonstrated compatible characteristics allowing it to serve as a supplemental fuel in existing combustion units based on cumulative experience in many facilities originally designed for traditional fossil fuels, or wood wastes, or both. When used as a supplemental energy resource in existing units, TDF usage is generally limited to blend ratios in the 10 to 30 % range based on energy input. This limit is due to its high heat release rate and low moisture content, which differ significantly from other solid fuels such as wood, refuse-derived fuel, coal, and petroleum coke.
4.2 New combustion units dedicated to the use of TDF (or whole tires) as the sole fuel source are rare. The generation and availability of scrap tires are ultimately determined by market conditions for new tires and the depletion rate of scrap tire inventories (stockpiles). Scrap tires account for approximately 1 % of the municipal solid waste stream. Based on a national scrap tire generation rate, there are roughly 2.5 to 3 million tons (annually available for all uses to include fuel, crumb rubber, engineering projects, and so forth). Some dedicated combustion units have been built, however, competition for the scrap tires as other existing sources begin to use TDF will determine the ultimate viability of these facilities. Although most regions can supply TDF demand as a supplemental fuel, a dedicated boiler in the range of 500 000 lb/h (227 000 kg/h) steaming capacity would require over 66 000 scrap tires/day to meet its fuel demand. Such demand may strain a region's ability to supply and put the fuel supply at risk. Some design projects have incorpora...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers and provides guidance for the material recovery of scrap tires for their fuel value. The conversion of a whole scrap tire into a chipped formed for use as a fuel produces a product called tire-derived fuel (TDF). This recovery guide has moved from a pioneering concept in the early 1980s to a proven and continuous use in the United States with industrial and utility applications.
1.2 Combustion units engineered to use solid fuels, such as coal or wood, or both, are fairly numerous throughout the U.S. Many of these units are now using TDF even though they were not specifically designed to burn TDF. It is clear that TDF has combustion characteristics similar to other carbon-based solid fuels. Similarities led to pragmatic testing in existing combustion units. Successful testing led to subsequent acceptance of TDF as a supplemental fuel when blended with conventional fuels in existing combustion devices. Changes required to modify appropriate existing combustion units to accommodate TDF range from none to relatively minor. The issues of proper applications and specifications are critical to successful utilization of this alternative energy resource.
1.3 This guide explains TDF’s use when blended and combusted under normal operating conditions with originally specified fuels. Whole-tire combustion for energy recovery is not discussed herein, since whole-tire usage does not require tire processing to a defined fuel specification.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the appli...
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