77.020 - Production of metals
ICS 77.020 Details
Production of metals
Metallproduktion
Production des métaux
Proizvodnja kovin
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 77.020 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Production of metals". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 52 standards classified under ICS 77.020 (Production of metals). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
This document gives specific technical guidance for the production of pure metals or their corresponding crystalline salt certified reference materials (CRMs) in accordance with the general requirements of ISO 17034. This document is only applicable to solid pure metal and crystalline salt CRMs, including candidate materials, unless otherwise noted.
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This document specifies requirements for underground pipework systems used to transfer liquid fuels and their vapours at petrol filling stations. Minimum performance requirements covering fitness for purpose, safety and environmental protection are given.
This document is applicable to pipework made from thermoplastics, which can include some degree of reinforcement, and to flexible metal pipework. It does not apply to fibre reinforced thermosets, commonly referred to as glass fibre reinforced plastic (GRP), nor to rigid metals.
This document is applicable to:
- delivery pipes from tanks to dispensers, including positive pressure, vacuum suction and siphon modes;
- fill pipes from road tankers to tanks;
- vapour recovery and vent pipework;
- pipework for secondary containment;
- fittings.
It does not apply to pipework for use with liquefied petroleum gas.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements for underground pipework systems used to transfer liquid fuels and their vapours at petrol filling stations. Minimum performance requirements covering fitness for purpose, safety and environmental protection are given.
This document is applicable to pipework made from thermoplastics, which can include some degree of reinforcement, and to flexible metal pipework. It does not apply to fibre reinforced thermosets, commonly referred to as glass fibre reinforced plastic (GRP), nor to rigid metals.
This document is applicable to:
- delivery pipes from tanks to dispensers, including positive pressure, vacuum suction and siphon modes;
- fill pipes from road tankers to tanks;
- vapour recovery and vent pipework;
- pipework for secondary containment;
- fittings.
It does not apply to pipework for use with liquefied petroleum gas.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide applies to directed energy deposition (DED) systems and processes, including electron beam, laser beam, and arc plasma based systems, as well as applicable material systems.
5.2 Directed energy deposition (DED) systems have the following general collection of characteristics: ability to process large build volumes (>1000 mm3), ability to process at relatively high deposition rates, use of articulated energy sources, efficient energy utilization (electron beam and arc plasma), strong energy coupling to feedstock (electron beam and arc plasma), feedstock delivered directly to the melt pool, ability to deposit directly onto existing components, and potential to change chemical composition within a build to produce functionally graded materials. Feedstock for DED is delivered to the melt pool in coordination with the energy source, and the deposition head (typically) indexes up from the build surface with each successive layer.
5.3 Although DED systems can be used to apply a surface cladding, such use does not fit the current definition of AM. Cladding consists of applying a uniform buildup of material on a surface. To be considered AM, a computer aided design (CAD) file of the build features is converted into section cuts representing each layer of material to be deposited. The DED machine then builds up material, layer-by-layer, so material is only applied where required to produce a part, add a feature or make a repair.
5.4 DED has the ability to produce relatively large parts requiring minimal tooling and relatively little secondary processing. In addition, DED processes can be used to produce components with composition gradients, or hybrid structures consisting of multiple materials having different compositions and structures. DED processes are also commonly used for component repair and feature addition.
5.5 Fig. 1 gives a general guide as to the relative capabilities of the main DED processes compared to others currently used for meta...
SCOPE
1.1 Directed Energy Deposition (DED) is used for repair, rapid prototyping and low volume part fabrication. This document is intended to serve as a guide for defining the technology application space and limits, DED system set-up considerations, machine operation, process documentation, work practices, and available system and process monitoring technologies.
1.2 DED is an additive manufacturing process in which focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by melting as they are being deposited.
1.3 DED Systems comprise multiple categories of machines using laser beam (LB), electron beam (EB), or arc plasma energy sources. Feedstock typically comprises either powder or wire. Deposition typically occurs either under inert gas (arc systems or laser) or in vacuum (EB systems). Although these are the predominant methods employed in practice, the use of other energy sources, feedstocks and atmospheres may also fall into this category.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. All units of measure included in this guide are accepted for use with the SI.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Core sampling is an acceptable way of obtaining a test specimen without destroying the usefulness of a cathode block.
4.1.1 Test specimens obtained by this guide can be used by producers and users of cathode blocks for the purpose of conducting the tests in Note 1 to obtain comparative physical properties.
4.2 Sampling shall not weaken the cathode block or increase the likelihood of premature failure. Extreme care shall be exercised when taking vertically drilled samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers sampling of carbon cathode blocks used in the production of aluminum, and details procedures for taking samples from single cathode blocks. It covers equipment and procedures for obtaining samples from cathode blocks in a manner that does not destroy the cathode block or prevent its subsequent use as originally intended. However, the user must determine the subsequent use of the sampled cathode blocks. Preferred locations for taking samples from single units of cathode blocks are covered in this guide.
1.1.1 Information for sampling of shaped refractory products, in general, is given in ISO 5022. This standard details the statistical basis for sampling plans for acceptance testing of a consignment or lot. Cathode blocks used in the production of aluminum have specific requirements of sampling, and while the statistical basis for sampling given in ISO 5022 applies, further or modified requirements may also apply.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: The following ASTM standards are noted as sources of useful information: Test Methods C559, C611, C651, C747, C1025, C1039, and C1225.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Guide4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Core sampling is an acceptable way of obtaining a test specimen without destroying the usefulness of an anode block.
4.1.1 Test specimen obtained by this guide can be used by producers and users of carbon anodes for the purpose of conducting the tests in Note 1 to obtain comparative physical properties.
4.2 Sampling shall not weaken the anode or increase the likelihood of premature failure.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers sampling for prebaked carbon anodes used in the production of aluminum, and details procedures for taking test samples from anode blocks. It covers equipment and procedures for obtaining samples from anode blocks in a manner that does not destroy the block or prevent its subsequent use as originally intended. However, the user must determine the subsequent use of the sampled anode blocks. Preferred locations for taking samples from single units of anodes are covered in this guide.
1.1.1 Information for sampling of shaped refractory products, in general, is given in ISO 5022. This standard details the statistical basis for sampling plans for acceptance testing of a consignment or lot. Anodes used in the production of aluminum have specific requirements for sampling and while the statistical basis for sampling given in ISO 5022 applies, further or modified requirements may also apply.
1.1.2 Information for sampling of anodes for Al-metal production is given in ISO 8007-2. This standard details the statistical basis for sampling plans for acceptance testing of a consignment or lot.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: The following ASTM standards are noted as sources of useful information: Test Methods D5502, D6120, D6744, and D6745.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Guide4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A major concern of metals producers, warehouses, and users is to establish and maintain the identity of metals from melting to their final application. This involves the use of standard quality assurance practices and procedures throughout the various stages of manufacturing and processing, at warehouses and materials receiving, and during fabrication and final installation of the product. These practices typically involve standard chemical analyses and physical tests to meet product acceptance standards, which are slow. Several pieces from a production run are usually destroyed or rendered unusable through mechanical and chemical testing, and the results are used to assess the entire lot using statistical methods. Statistical quality assurance methods are usually effective; however, mixed grades, off-chemistry, and nonstandard physical properties remain the primary causes for claims in the metals industry. A more comprehensive verification of product properties is necessary. Nondestructive means are available to supplement conventional metals grade verification techniques, and to monitor chemical and physical properties at selected production stages, in order to assist in maintaining the identities of metals and their consistency in mechanical properties.
4.2 Nondestructive methods have the potential for monitoring grade during production on a continuous or statistical basis, for monitoring properties such as hardness and case depth, and for verifying the effectiveness of heat treatment, cold-working, and the like. They are quite often used in the field for solving problems involving off-grade and mixed-grade materials.
4.3 The nondestructive methods covered in this guide provide both direct and indirect responses to the sample being evaluated. Spectrometric analysis instruments respond to the presence and percents of alloying constituents. The electromagnetic (eddy current) and thermoelectric methods, on the other hand, are among those that respond to pr...
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1.1 This guide is intended for tutorial purposes only. It describes the general requirements, methods, and procedures for the nondestructive identification and sorting of metals.
1.2 It provides guidelines for the selection and use of methods suited to the requirements of particular metals sorting or identification problems.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 10.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The CO2 reactivity rates are used to quantify the tendency of a carbon artifact to react with carbon dioxide. Carbon consumed by these unwanted side reactions is unavailable for the primary reactions of reducing alumina to the primary metal. CO2 dusting rates are used to quantify the tendency of the coke aggregate or binder coke of a carbon artifact to selectively react with these gases. Preferential attack of the binder coke or coke aggregate of a carbon artifact by these gases causes some carbon to fall off or dust, making the carbon unavailable for the primary reaction of reducing alumina and, more importantly, reducing the efficiency of the aluminum reduction cell.
5.2 Comparison of CO2 reactivity and dusting rates is useful in selecting raw materials for the manufacture of commercial anodes for specific smelting technologies in the aluminum reduction industry.
5.3 CO2 reactivity rates are used for evaluating effectiveness and beneficiation processes or for research purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the thermogravimetric (TGA) determination of CO2 reactivity and dusting of shaped carbon anodes and cathode blocks used in the aluminum reduction industry. The apparatus selection covers a significant variety of types with various thermal conditions, sample size capability, materials of construction, and procedures for determining the mass loss and subsequent rate of reaction. This test method standardizes the variables of sample shape, reaction temperature, gas velocity over the exposed surfaces, and reaction time such that results obtained on different apparatuses are correlatable.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The air reactivity rates are used to quantify the tendency of a carbon artifact to react with air. Carbon consumed by this unwanted side reaction is unavailable for the primary reactions of reducing alumina to the primary metal. Air reactivity dusting rate is used by some companies to quantify the tendency of the coke aggregate or binder coke of a carbon artifact to selectively react with these gases. Preferential attack of the binder coke or coke aggregate of a carbon artifact by these gases causes some carbon to fall off or dust, making the carbon unavailable for the primary reaction of reducing alumina and, more importantly, reducing the efficiency of the aluminum reduction cell.
5.2 Comparison of air reactivity and dusting rates is useful in selecting raw materials for the manufacture of commercial anodes for specific smelting technologies in the aluminum reduction industry.
5.3 Air reactivity rates are used for evaluating effectiveness and beneficiation processes or for research purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the thermogravimetric (TGA) determination of air reactivity and dusting of shaped carbon anodes and cathode blocks used in the aluminum reduction industry. The apparatus selection covers a significant variety of types with various thermal conditions, sample size capability, materials of construction, and procedures for determining the mass loss and subsequent rate of reaction. This test method standardizes the variables of sample shape, reaction temperature, gas velocity over the exposed surfaces, and reaction time such that results obtained on different apparatuses are correlatable.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document establishes a procedure for verifying that the manufacturer of special materials for the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries has sufficient competence and experience of the relevant material grades of metal, and the necessary facilities and equipment, to manufacture these materials in the required shapes and sizes with acceptable properties according to the applicable standard, material specification and/or material data sheet specified by the purchaser.
This document is applicable to manufacturers of various materials, product forms and manufacturing processes when specified by the purchaser. This document has been established considering especially, but not exclusively:
a) duplex stainless steel;
b) high alloyed austenitic stainless steel;
c) nickel-based alloys;
d) titanium and its alloys.
This document is also applicable to the processes of induction bending and strain-hardened products.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of the volume percent of the textural components in coke is useful to characterize the optical properties of coke as it relates to utilization. Specifically, the technique has been used as an aid in determining coal blend proportions, and recognition of features present in the coke that can be responsible for coke quality or production problems such as reduced coke strength or difficulty in removing coke from commercial coke ovens, or both. The study of coke textures is also useful in promoting a better understanding of coke reactivity, and the relationship between coal petrography and its conversion to coke.5
5.2 This test method is used in scientific and industrial research, but not for compliance or referee tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the equipment and procedures used for determining the types and amounts of coke carbon forms and associated recognizable coal- and process-derived textural components in metallurgical coke in terms of volume percent. This test method does not include coke structural components such as coke pores, coke wall dimensions, or other structural associations.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Absolute and comparative methods provide a means for sorting large quantities of ferrous parts of stock with regard to composition, condition, structure, or processing, or a combination thereof.
5.2 The comparative or two-coil method is used when high-sensitivity testing is required. The advantage of this method is that it almost completely suppresses all internal or external disturbances such as temperature variations or stray magnetic fields, provided both the coils and both the reference parts are exposed to the same conditions which are not of relevance.
5.3 The ability to accomplish satisfactorily these types of separations is dependent upon the relation of the magnetic characteristics of the ferromagnetic parts to their physical condition.
5.4 These methods may be used for high-speed sorting in a fully automated setup where the speed of testing may approach ten specimens per second depending on their size and shape.
5.5 The success of sorting ferromagnetic material depends mainly on the proper selection of magnetic field strength and frequency of signal in the test coil, fill factor, and variables present in the sample.
5.6 The degree of accuracy of a sort will be affected greatly by the coupling between the test coil field and the test specimen and the accuracy with which the specimen is held in the test coil field during the measuring period. Testing with harmonics can, to a large extent, reduce the sensitivity to accuracy of location.
5.7 When high currents are used in the test coil, a means should be provided to maintain a constant temperature of the reference standard in order to minimize measurement drift.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for sorting ferrous metals using the electromagnetic (eddy current/magnetic induction) method. The procedure relates to instruments using absolute or comparator-type coils for distinguishing variations in mass, shape, conductivity, permeability, and other variables such as hardness and alloy that affect the electromagnetic or magnetic properties of the material. The selection of reference standards to determine sorting feasibility and to establish standards is also included.2
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This European Standard provides a harmonized methodology for calculating GHG emissions and GHG performance in the steel industry.
This European Standard applies to facilities producing any of the multiple products of the steel value chain. It is supported by a set of worksheets [1].
This European Standard deals with the specific aspects for the determination of GHG emissions from steel production and the assessment of emission performance. This standard is to be used in conjunction with EN 19694-1, which contains overall requirements, definitions and rules applicable to the determination of GHG emissions for energy-intensive sectors, thereby providing a common methodological approach.
EN 19694-1 and EN 19694-2 provide a harmonized method for:
a) measuring, testing and quantifying methods for the determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions;
b) assessing the level of GHG emissions performance of production processes over time, at production sites;
c) the establishment and provision of reliable and accurate information of proper quality for reporting and verification purposes.
In addition, this standard provides a stepwise approach for the determination of CO2 emissions and the assessment of CO2 performance of steel facilities, providing a set of methodologies allowing for a fair and reliable assessment of the CO2 performance of each individual process along the steel production value chain.
It can be seen as a toolbox which enables the determination of CO2 emissions and the assessment of CO2 performance of steel production facilities at various levels of disaggregation, establishing a sound system for:
- the evaluation of the global CO2 performance of a steel production facility taking its production structure into account;
- setting a reliable basis for evaluation of the CO2 reduction potential in a facility and the contributing processes;
- setting a basis for accurate evaluation of new technologies.
Next to the determination of the direct and indirect CO2 emissions of a steel facility, this standard has a strong focus on performance assessment which it strives to address through the following aspects:
- assessment of CO2 impact, including process emissions: this methodology evaluates the total CO2 emission of a steel facility, with the carbon content of the waste gases burdened as CO2 to the processes giving rise to them;
- assessment of the actual CO2 impact: this methodology evaluates the total CO2 emissions released by a steel facility, but considers waste gases exported or used in a power plant as equal to natural gas in terms of CO2 emissions;
- carbon input CO2 performance at facility level: this methodology delivers an indicator comparing the facility performance with best practice, on the basis of the carbon input to the system;
- CO2 performance assessment at process level: this methodology delivers a set of indicators comparing process performance with best practice at unit level. These indicators are then combined as a consolidated figure for the whole facility. This methodology also provides a theoretical assessment of the CO2 saving potential up to best practice.
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This European Standard describes techniques for the manual, pulse-echo, ultrasonic testing of forgings manufactured from austenitic and austenitic-ferritic stainless steels. Mechanized scanning techniques, such as immersion testing, may be used but should be agreed between the purchaser and supplier (see Clause 4).
This part of EN 10228 applies to four types of forgings, classified according to their shape and method of production. Types 1, 2 and 3 are essentially simple shapes. Type 4 covers complex shapes.
This part of EN 10228 does not apply to:
- closed die forgings;
- turbine rotor and generator forgings.
Ultrasonic testing of ferritic and martensitic steel forgings is the subject of Part 3 of this European Standard.
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This part of ISO 197 defines terms relating to methods of processing and heat treatment such as hot and cold working, strain hardening, annealing and partial annealing, temper, homogenizing, solution heat treatment, natural ageing and artificial ageing, quenching, and stress relieving.
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No scope available
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No scope available
- Standardization document11 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
IWA 19:2017 provides a global framework for the sustainable management of secondary metals. The framework includes sustainability and traceability requirements for metals recovered. IWA 19:2017 guides economic operators of secondary metals value chains, including those engaged in the informal sector, in the efficient and credible implementation of improved recycling practices, in particular in emerging and developing economies.
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- Standardization document51 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This part of ISO 3134 defines terms relating to methods of processing and heat treatment such as hot and cold working, strain hardening, annealing and partial annealing, temper, homogenizing, natural ageing, solution heated and artifically aged, precipitation heat treatment, quenching, solution heat treatment, stabilizing.
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