CEN/TC 122/WG 11 - Ergonomics of the Physical Environment

This document describes a model [the predicted heat strain (PHS) model] for the analytical determination and interpretation of the thermal stress (in terms of water loss and rectal temperature) experienced by an average person in a hot environment and determines the maximum allowable exposure times within which the physiological strain is acceptable for 95 % of the exposed population (the maximum tolerable rectal temperature and the maximum tolerable water loss are not exceeded by 95 % of the exposed people).
The various terms used in this prediction model and, in particular, in the heat balance, show the influence of the different physical parameters of the environment on the thermal stress experienced by the average person. In this way, this document makes it possible to determine which parameter or group of parameters can be changed, and to what extent, in order to reduce the risk of excessive physiological strain.
In its present form, this method of assessment is not applicable to cases where special protective clothing (e.g. fully reflective clothing, active cooling and ventilation, impermeable coveralls) is worn.
This document does not predict the physiological response of an individual person, but only considers average persons in good health and fit for the work they perform. It is therefore intended to be used by, among others, ergonomists and industrial hygienists, as the outcomes can require expert interpretations. Recommendations about how and when to use this model are given in ISO 8025.

This document specifies different methods for the determination of metabolic rate in the context of ergonomics of the thermal working environment. It can also be used for other applications, e.g. the assessment of working practices, the energetic cost of specific jobs or sport activities and the total energy cost of an activity. The methods are classified in four levels of increasing accuracy: level 1, Screening, with a table giving examples of activities with low, moderate and high metabolic rates; level 2, Observation, where the metabolic rate is estimated by a time and motion study; level 3, Analysis, where the metabolic rate is estimated from heart rate recordings or accelerometers measurements; and level 4, Expertise, where more sophisticated techniques are described. The procedure to put into practice these methods is presented and the uncertainties are discussed.

This document specifies ergonomic requirements and recommendations for consumer product spoken instructions that are provided to guide users in the operation of a product and/or as a means of providing feedback to users about the status/state of a product. Such instructions can be used by persons with or without visual impairments, and are useful for users who have difficulty reading and/or cognitive impairments.
The applicability of the requirements and recommendations described in this document does not depend on the language of the instructions or whether the instructions are provided via recorded human speech or synthesized speech from text.
The requirements and recommendations in this document are applicable to conventional, stand-alone consumer products in general, whose function is limited by characteristics that prevent a user from attaching, installing or using assistive technology in order to use the product. They are not applicable to machines and equipment used for professional work.
This document does not apply to products for which the instructional content and/or the means of presentation are specified in other standards (e.g. medical devices, fire alarms). It also does not provide recommendations or requirements for spoken instructions of Interactive Voice Response (IVR) systems or digital assistants on personal computers or similar devices.
NOTE    ISO 9241‑154 provides recommendations or requirements for IVR systems.
This document does not specify voice sounds of text-to-speech systems or narrative speech used in place of printed instruction manuals and independently from the product.

This document specifies design requirements and recommendations for indicator lights, mainly LED sourced, on consumer products for use by older people and people with visual disabilities. It does not consider the needs of persons who are blind.
Indicator lights include those that inform users visually about the conditions, changes in functional status and settings, and malfunction of products. They convey information by light on/off, time-modulated intensity, blinking, colour, luminance level, and layout.
This document addresses household and home appliances. It excludes electronic displays presenting characters and graphics, machinery, and appliances in special use for professional, technical, and industrial applications.

This document presents principles and examples of practical application for the construction of appropriate subjective scales for use in the assessment and evaluation of the physical environment. It does not standardize particular scales.
It considers scales of perception, comfort, preference, acceptability, expression form and tolerance, and environmental components such as thermal, visual, air quality, acoustic and vibration.
It does not consider other scales such as:
—         scales related to the effects of the environment on the ability to read displays or signs, on manual performance or on psychological conditions such as mood, etc.;
—         scales related to pain or scales related to stimuli that can lead to injury.
This document does not present principles of surveys (see Note) or questionnaire design. However, the scales that are developed using this document can be incorporated into surveys or questionnaires.
NOTE       Environmental surveys are described in ISO 28802. ISO 28802 includes scales that are complementary to, and based upon, the principles of scale construction that are described in this document.

ISO 7243:2017 presents a screening method for evaluating the heat stress to which a person is exposed and for establishing the presence or absence of heat stress.
It applies to the evaluation of the effect of heat on a person during his or her total exposure over the working day (up to 8 h).
It does not apply for very short exposures to heat.
It applies to the assessment of indoor and outdoor occupational environments as well as to other types of environment, and to male and female adults who are fit for work.

ISO 24504:2014 specifies methods to determine an appropriate sound pressure level range for spoken announcements in environments where ambient noise is less than 80 dB. The specified methods follow the concepts of ISO/IEC Guide 71 and includes consideration of older persons with decreased hearing ability to determine sound pressure levels of spoken announcements. The spoken speech levels specified are for products and public-address systems.
ISO 24504:2014 is applicable when a loudspeaker producing a spoken announcement is located a short distance from the user in an environment where the sound pressure level with a standard frequency weighting A of ambient noise does not exceed 80 dB. It is applicable to spoken announcements that are audible to persons with normal hearing for their age when presented by a target product under quiet and anechoic conditions, and for both recorded voice and synthetic speech announcements.
It is not applicable to products providing private information such as automated teller machines in public spaces, nor to spoken announcements heard through headphones or earphones, or with the ear close to the speech sound source such as ear speakers. It does not specify the sound pressure levels of spoken announcements for systems with automatic sound pressure level control to compensate for fluctuating ambient noise levels, nor those presented in emergency situations such as signals for fire alarms, gas leakage and crime prevention (covered in ISO 7240‑16 and ISO 7240‑19), or in automobiles (covered in ISO 15006). It considers only the audibility of speech and not the process of speech understanding.

This International Standard describes how International Standards concerned with the ergonomics of the
physical environment can be applied for people with special requirements, who would otherwise be considered
to be beyond the scope of those standards. It has been produced according to the principles of accessible
design provided in ISO/IEC Guide 71 and using the data provided in ISO/TR 22411.
It is not restricted to any specific environment but provides the general principles that allow assessment and
evaluation, and can contribute to the development of standards concerned with specific environments. It is
applicable to built environments as well as to other indoor, vehicle and outdoor environments. Nor is it restricted
to specific environmental components; it includes assessment of acoustic environments, thermal environments,
lighting, air quality and other environmental factors that could be considered to influence the health, comfort
and performance of people with special requirements in an environment.
It is applicable to all occupants of such environments who can be considered to have special requirements.
NOTE This will depend upon context and can, for example, include babies, infants, men or women, people with
disabilities, older or ill people. A person could have a special requirement in one type of environment but not in another.

This International Standard provides an environmental survey method for the assessment of the comfort and
well-being of occupants of indoor and outdoor environments. It is not restricted to any particular environment,
but provides the general principles that allow assessment and evaluation.
It presents the principles for conducting an environmental survey to assess the comfort and well-being of people
in environments. It gives guidance on the design of the survey, as well as on the environmental measurements
used to quantify the environment and the subjective assessment methods used to quantify the occupants'
responses to that environment. It does not provide guidance on the design of subjective scales.
It is applicable to built as well as other environments, including vehicle and outdoor environments, and to all
the occupants of those environments who can be considered as providing valid responses to an environmental
survey. There may be specific features of certain types of environment that have to be taken into account;
however, the general principles it outlines will apply.
This International Standard is not restricted to specific environmental components. It includes assessment of
thermal environments, the acoustic environment, the visual and lit environment, air quality and other environmental
factors that could be considered to influence the comfort and well-being of the occupants of an environment.
It is a basic ergonomics standard which can contribute to the development of standards concerned with specific
environments such as those found in buildings. It is intended to be used by people involved in the general
assessment and evaluation of physical environments, including general ergonomics practitioners as well as
those who develop standards and guidelines for specific applications.
NOTE The results of the environmental survey produced by the application of this International Standard may identify
specific problems that require expert advice.

ISO 24501:2010 specifies methods for determining the sound pressure level range of auditory signals so that the users of consumer products, including people with age-related hearing loss, can hear the signal properly in the presence of interfering sounds.
Auditory signals, in ISO 24501:2010, refer to sounds with a fixed frequency (also called beep sounds) and do not include variable frequency sounds, melodic sounds, or voice guides.
ISO 24501:2010 is applicable to auditory signals which are heard at an approximate maximum distance of 4 m from the product, as long as no physical barrier exists between the product and the user. It is not applicable to auditory signals heard through a head receiver or earphones, or to those heard with the ear located very near to the sound source because of the interference of the head with sound propagation.
ISO 24501:2010 does not specify the sound pressure level of auditory signals regulated by other statutes, such as those for fire alarms, gas leakages and crime prevention, nor does it specify auditory signals particular to a communication tool such as telephones.
ISO 24501:2010 does not specify auditory danger signals for public or work areas which are covered in ISO 7731, ISO 8201, and ISO 11429.

ISO 24502:2010 specifies the age-related luminance contrast of any two lights of different colour seen by a person at any age, by taking into account the age-related change of spectral luminous efficiency of the eye.
ISO 24502:2010 provides a basic method of calculation that can be applied to the design of lighting, visual signs and displays. It applies to light, self-luminous or reflected, in visual signs and displays seen under moderately bright conditions called photopic vision and whose spectral radiance is known or measurable. It does not apply to light seen under darker conditions called mesopic or scotopic vision.
ISO 24502:2010 specifies the luminance contrast for people aged from 10 to 79 years who have had no medical treatment or surgery on their eyes that may affect their spectral luminous efficiency.
ISO 24502:2010 does not apply to visual signs and displays seen by people with colour defects whose spectral luminous efficiency is different from those with normal colour vision, nor those seen by people with low vision.

ISO 24500:2010 specifies the auditory signals used as a means of feedback for operations or conditions of consumer products when used by a person with or without visual or auditory impairment. It is intended to be applied as appropriate to such products depending on the product type and its conditions of use.
It is applicable to auditory signals of a fixed frequency used in general applications (also called “beep sounds”), but not to variable frequency or melodic sounds.
It does not specify fire or gas leak alarm sounds or crime prevention alarm sounds (determined by other laws and regulations), electronic chimes, voice guides or other sounds particular to communication instruments such as telephones; nor is it applicable to auditory danger signals for public or work areas (covered in ISO 7731, ISO 8201, and ISO 11429).
It is not applicable to machines and equipment used for professional work; nor does it specify the sound pressure levels of auditory signals from the consumer products (for the determination of these levels, taking into consideration accessible design, see ISO 24501).

ISO 9920:2007 specifies methods for estimating the thermal characteristics (resistance to dry heat loss and evaporative heat loss) in steady-state conditions for a clothing ensemble based on values for known garments, ensembles and textiles. It examines the influence of body movement and air penetration on the thermal insulation and water vapour resistance. It does not deal with other effects of clothing, such as adsorption of water, buffering or tactile comfort, take into account the influence of rain and snow on the thermal characteristics, consider special protective clothing (water-cooled suits, ventilated suits, heated clothing), or deal with the separate insulation on different parts of the body and discomfort due to the asymmetry of a clothing ensemble.

ISO 7731:2003 specifies the physical principles of design, ergonomic requirements and the corresponding test methods for danger signals for public and work areas in the signal reception area and gives guidelines for the design of the signals. It may also be applied to other appropriate situations.
ISO 7731:2003 does not apply to verbal danger warnings (e.g. shouts, loudspeaker announcements). ISO 9921 covers verbal danger signals.
Special regulations such as those for a public disaster and public transport are not affected by this International Standard.

To reduce risks associated with misinterpretation of visual and auditory danger signals, a system of danger and information signals is specified taking into account the different degrees of urgency.
This European Standard is applicable to all danger and information signals which have to be clearly perceived and differentiated as specified in 5.3 of EN 292-2:1991, by other requirements or by the work situation, and to all degrees of urgency – from extreme urgency to an ALL CLEAR situation. Where visual signals are to be complementary to sound signals, the signal character is specified for both.
This European Standard does not apply to certain fields covered by specific standards or other conventions in force (international or national); in particular, fire alarms, medical alarms, alarms used in the field of public transport, navigation signals and signals for special fields of activity (for example, military). When new signals are being planned, however, this European Standard should be considered in order to avoid inconsistency.
For auditory signals, the system of signal character is a guideline for a signal language based on message categories which are classified according to urgency. Certain characters are specified for purposes which require safe and rapid recognition. Certain categories allow possibilities for variants, e.g. control and warning signals at workplaces where the signalling is intended for personnel with specific training.
For visual signals, the established meanings of the safety colours are not affected by this European Standard. For different needs, complementary meanings have been assigned to the signals by timed patterns, and in a very few cases by alternating colours.

This European Standard describes criteria for the perception of visual danger signals in the area that people are intended to perceive and to react to such a signal. It specifies the safety and ergonomic requirements and the corresponding physical measurements and subjective visual check. It also provides guidance for the design of the signals to be clearly perceived and differentiated as described in 5.3 of EN 292-2:1991.
This European Standard does not apply to danger indicators:
-   Presented in either written or pictorial form;
-   Transmitted by data display units.
This European Standard does not apply to special regulations such as those for public disaster and public transport.

ISO 13732-3:2005 provides methods for the assessment of the risk of cold injury and other adverse effects when a cold surface is touched by bare-hand/finger skin. It provides ergonomics data for establishing temperature limit values for cold solid surfaces. The values established can be used in the development of special standards, where surface temperature limit values are required. Its data are applicable to all fields where cold solid surfaces cause a risk of acute effects: pain, numbness and frostbite, and are not limited to the hands but can be applied in general to the healthy human skin of male and female adults.

ISO 15536-1:2006 provides temperature threshold values for burns that occur when human skin is in contact with a hot solid surface. It also describes methods for the assessment of the risks of burning, when humans could or might touch hot surfaces with their unprotected skin.
In addition, ISO 13732-1:2006 gives guidance for cases where it is necessary to specify temperature limit values for hot surfaces, but does not set surface temperature limit values.
ISO 13732-1:2006 deals with contact periods of 0,5 s and longer.
It is applicable to contact when the surface temperature is essentially maintained during the contact.
It is not applicable if a large area of the skin (approximately 10 % or more of the skin of the whole body) can be in contact with the hot surface. Neither does it apply to skin contact of more than 10 % of the head or contact which could result in burns of vital areas of the face.
ISO 13732-1:2006 is applicable to the hot surfaces of all kind of objects: equipment, products, buildings, natural objects, etc. It is applicable to hot surfaces of products that may be touched by healthy adults, children, elderly people and also by people with physical disabilities. For the purposes of simplification, it mentions only products; nevertheless, it applies to all other objects as well. It is applicable to products used in any environment, e.g. in the workplace, in the home.
It does not provide data for the protection against discomfort or pain.

ISO - Taking over of an ISO Technical Corrigendum

ISO 15743:2008 presents a strategy and practical tools for assessing and managing cold risk in the workplace, and includes: models and methods for cold risk assessment and management; a checklist for identifying cold-related problems at work; a model, method and questionnaire intended for use by occupational health care professionals in identifying those individuals with symptoms that increase their cold sensitivity and, with the aid of such identification, offering optimal guidance and instructions for individual cold protection; guidelines on how to apply thermal standards and other validated scientific methods when assessing cold‑related risks; a practical example from cold work.
It is applicable to both indoor and outdoor work situations — indoor work includes work done inside vehicles, outdoor work both inland and offshore work — but is not applicable to diving situations or other types of work performed underwater.

ISO 11079:2007specifies methods and strategies for assessing the thermal stress associated with exposure to cold environments. These methods apply to continuous, intermittent as well as occasional exposure and type of work, indoors and outdoors. They are not applicable to specific effects associated with certain meteorological phenomena (e.g. precipitation), which are assessed by other methods.

ISO 14505-2:2006 provides guidelines for the assessment of the thermal conditions inside a vehicle compartment. It can also be applied to other confined spaces with asymmetric climatic conditions. It is primarily intended for assessment of thermal conditions, when deviations from thermal neutrality are relatively small. Appropriate methodology as given in ISO 14505-2:2006 can be chosen for inclusion in specific performance standards for testing of HVAC-systems for vehicles and similar confined spaces.

ISO 14505-3:2006 gives guidelines and specifies a standard test method for the assessment, using human subjects, of thermal comfort in vehicles. It is not restricted to any particular vehicle but provides the general principles that allow assessment and evaluation. The method can be used to determine a measure of the performance of a vehicle for conditions of interest, in terms of whether it provides thermal comfort to people or not. This can be used in vehicle development and evaluation.
ISO 14505-3:2006 is applicable to all types of vehicles, including cars, buses, trucks, off-road vehicles, trains, aircraft, ships, submarines, and to the cabins of cranes and similar spaces. It applies where people are enclosed in a vehicle and when they are exposed to outside conditions. For those exposed to outside conditions, such as riders of bicycles or motorcycles, drivers of open sports cars and operators of fork lift trucks without cabins, vehicle speed and weather conditions can dominate responses. The principles of assessment, however, will still apply.
ISO 14505-3:2006 applies to both passengers and operators of vehicles where its application does not interfere with the safe operation of the vehicle.

ISO 7730:2005 presents methods for predicting the general thermal sensation and degree of discomfort (thermal dissatisfaction) of people exposed to moderate thermal environments. It enables the analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of PMV (predicted mean vote) and PPD (predicted percentage of dissatisfied) and local thermal comfort, giving the environmental conditions considered acceptable for general thermal comfort as well as those representing local discomfort.

ISO 15265:2004 describes a strategy for assessing and interpreting the risk of physiological constraints, or of discomfort, while working in a given climatic environment.
It is applicable in any working situation with steady or varying conditions of the climate, metabolic rate or clothing.
ISO 15265:2004 does not describe a single procedure, but a strategy in three stages that can be used successively to gain deeper insight in the working conditions, as it is needed to draw the most appropriate conclusions about the risk involved and identify the best control and prevention measures.
It is definitely oriented towards the prevention and/or control of these working problems in the heat or cold. The risk of heat or cold disorders and/or discomfort is therefore assessed only to the extent that it is required to reach this goal.

ISO 9886:2004 describes methods for measuring and interpreting the following physiological parameters: body core temperature; skin temperatures; heart rate; body-mass loss.

ISO 9921:2003 specifies the requirements for the performance of speech communication for verbal alert and danger signals, information messages, and speech communication in general. Methods to predict and to assess the performance in practical applications are described and examples are given.

This International Standard specifies the minimum characteristics of instruments for measuring physical quantities characterizing an environment as well as the methods for measuring the physical quantities of this environment. It does not aim to define an overall index of comfort or thermal stress but simply to standardize the process of recording information to the determination of such indices. Other International Standards give details of the methods making use of the information obtained in accordance with this standard.

This Standard defines physical quantities in the field of the ergonomics of the thermal environment. The corresponding symbols and units are also listed. The aim of this standard is: - to give vocabulary and symbols for the quantities used in standards on ergonomics of the thermal environment; - to provide a reference of vocabulary and symbols to be used in writing future standards or other publications on the ergonomics of the thermal environment.

This International Standard provides guidance to those concerned with the safety of human exposures to extreme hot or cold thermal environments, about the medical fitness assessment and health monitoring which may be appropriate prior to and during such exposures. It is intended to assist those with responsibility for such exposures to reach decisions about the appropriate level of medical supervision in different situations. The standard presents guidance which should be read and used in the context of other guidance and legislation applying to each particular situation.

Purpose is to specify information which will allow the correct, effective and practical use of International Standards concerned with the ergonomics of the thermal environment. Describes the underlying principles concerning the ergonomics of the thermal environment.

ISO 7730:2005 presents methods for predicting the general thermal sensation and degree of discomfort (thermal dissatisfaction) of people exposed to moderate thermal environments. It enables the analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of PMV (predicted mean vote) and PPD (predicted percentage of dissatisfied) and local thermal comfort, giving the environmental conditions considered acceptable for general thermal comfort as well as those representing local discomfort.

ISO 24505:2016 provides a method for creating conspicuous colour combinations for use in visual signs and displays taking into account viewer age. It is based on the perceived similarity of colours at photopic and mesopic lighting conditions.
ISO 24505:2016 applies to the design of visual signs and displays in which multiple colours are used so that the colours are conspicuous to people of any age, including older people who do not have deficient colour vision. The method and data in this International Standard are not applicable to the design of visual signs and displays for people with colour deficiencies or medical disorders affecting vision.
Basically, this International Standard applies to the reflective or object mode colours, but may apply to self-luminous mode colours if the colour coordinates are appropriately transferred to those of the object mode colours.

ISO 7933:2004 specifies a method for the analytical evaluation and interpretation of the thermal stress experienced by a subject in a hot environment. It describes a method for predicting the sweat rate and the internal core temperature that the human body will develop in response to the working conditions.
The various terms used in this prediction model, and in particular in the heat balance, show the influence of the different physical parameters of the environment on the thermal stress experienced by the subject. In this way, this International Standard makes it possible to determine which parameter or group of parameters should be modified, and to what extent, in order to reduce the risk of physiological strains.
The main objectives of ISO 7933:2004 are the following:
the evaluation of the thermal stress in conditions likely to lead to excessive core temperature increase or water loss for the standard subject;the determination of exposure times with which the physiological strain is acceptable (no physical damage is to be expected). In the context of this prediction mode, these exposure times are called "maximum allowable exposure times".
ISO 7933:2004 does not predict the physiological response of individual subjects, but only considers standard subjects in good health and fit for the work they perform. It is therefore intended to be used by ergonomists, industrial hygienists, etc., to evaluate working conditions.

The metabolic rate, as a conversion of chemical into mechanical and thermal energy, measures the energetic cost of muscular load and gives a numerical index of activity. Metabolic rate is an important determinant of the comfort or the strain resulting from exposure to a thermal environment. In particular, in hot climates, the high levels of metabolic heat production associated with muscular work aggravate heat stress, as large amounts of heat need to be dissipated, mostly by sweat evaporation.
ISO 8996:2004 specifies different methods for the determination of metabolic rate in the context of ergonomics of the climatic working environment. It can also be used for other applications -- for example, the assessment of working practices, the energetic cost of specific jobs or sport activities, the total cost of an activity, etc.

Covers the construction and use of judgement scales for use in providing reliable and comparative data on the subjective aspects of thermal comfort or thermal stress.

Gives a method, which can easily be used in an industrial environment for evaluating the stresses on a individual. It applies to the evaluation of the mean effect of heat on man during a period representative of his activity but it does not apply to very short periods, nor to zones of comfort.

This International Standard specifies methods for estimating the thermal characteristics (resistance to dry heat loss and evaporative heat loss) in steady-state conditions for a clothing ensemble based on values for known garments, ensembles and textiles. It examines the influence of body movement and air penetration on the thermal insulation and water vapour resistance . This International Standard does not deal with other effects of clothing, such as adsorption of water, buffering or tactile comfort, take into account the influence of rain and snow on the thermal characteristics, consider special protective clothing (water-cooled suits, ventilated suits, heated clothing), or deal with the separate insulation on different parts of the body and discomfort due to the asymmetry of a clothing ensemble.

This International Standard specifies the physical principles of  design, ergonomic requirements and the corresponding test  methods for danger signals for public and work areas in the  signal reception area and gives guidelines for the design of the  signals. It may also be applied to other appropriate situations.  The relevance given in the definitions as to the difference  between an auditory emergency signal, auditory emergency  evacuation signal and an auditory warning signal should be  noted. The emergency evacuation signal is covered in ISO  8201. This International Standard does not apply to verbal  danger warnings (e.g. shouts, loudspeaker announcements).  ISO 9921 covers verbal danger signals. Special regulations  such as those for a public disaster and public transport are not  affected by this International Standard.

To reduce risks associated with misinterpretation of visual and auditory danger signals, a system of danger and information signals is specified taking into account the different degrees of urgency.   This European Standard is applicable to all danger and information signals which have to be clearly perceived and differentiated as specified in [clause] 5.3 of EN 292-2 : 1991, by other requirements or by the work situation, and to all degrees of urgency - from extreme urgency to an ALL CLEAR situation. Where visual signals are to be complementary to sound signals, the signal character is specified for both.  This European Standard does not apply to certain fields covered by specific standards or other conventions in force (international or national); in particular, fire alarms, medical alarms, alarms used in the field of public transport, navigation signals and signals for special fields of activity (for example, military). When new signals are being planned, however, this European Standard should be considered in order to avoid inconsistency.  For auditory signals, the system of signal character is a guideline for a signal language based on message categories which are classified according to urgency. Certain characters are specified for purposes which require safe and rapid recognition. Certain categories allow possibilities for variants, e.g., control and warning signals at workplaces where the signalling is intended for personnel with specific training.  For visual signals, the established meanings of the safety colours are not affected by this European Standard. For different needs, complementary meanings have been assigned to the signals by timed patterns, and in a very few cases by alternating colours.

This European Standard describes criteria for the perception of visual danger signals in the area that people are intended to perceive and to react to such a signal. It specifies the safety and ergonomic requirements and the corresponding physical measurements and subjective visual check. It also provides guidance for the design of the signals to be clearly perceived and differentiated as described in 5.3 of EN 292-2:1991.   This European Standard does not apply to danger indicators:   - presented either in written or pictorial form;  - transmitted by data display units.   This European Standard does not apply to special regulations such as those for public disaster and public transport.

This standard provides temperature threshold values for the occurrence of burns when the human skin is in contact with a hot solid surface.
This standard also describes methods for the assessment of the risks of burning, when humans can or may touch hot surfaces with the unprotected skin.
This standard also gives guidance when it is necessary to specify temperature limit values for hot surfaces. This standard gives guidance but does not set surface temperature limit values.
NOTE 1   Such temperature limit values may be specified in specific product standards or in regulations in order to prevent human beings to sustain burns when in contact with the hot surface of  a product.
This standard applies to contact periods of 0,5 s and longer.
This standard is not applicable if a large area of the skin (approximately 10 % or more of the skin of the whole body) can be in contact with the hot surface. This standard is also not applicable to skin contact of more than 10 % of the head or contact which could result in burns of vital areas of the face.
NOTE 2   In some cases the results of contact with a hot surface may be more serious for the individual, e.g.:
· burns resulting in the restriction of airways;
· large burn (more than 10 % of the body surface) may impair the circulation by fluid loss;
· heating of a large proportion of the head or whole body may lead to unacceptable heat strain even in the absence of burning.
This standard applies to hot surfaces of all kind of objects: equipment, products, buildings, natural objects, etc. In order to simplify the standard only products are mentioned herein, but it applies to all other objects, too.
This standard applies to products used in any environment, e.g. workplaces, the home etc..
This standard applies to hot surfaces of products which may be touched by healthy adults, children, elderly people and also by people with physical disabilities.

This European Standard describes methods for the assessment of the risk of cold injury and other adverse effects when a cold surface is touched by bare hand/finger skin.
This standard provides ergonomics data to establish temperature limit values for cold solid surfaces. The values established can be used in the development of special standards, where surface temperature limit values are required.
The data of this standard will be applicable to all fields where cold solid surfaces cause a risk of acute effects: pain, numbness and frostbite.
The data are not limited to the hands but apply to human skin in general.
The standard is applicable to the healthy skin of adults (females and males). Considerations on the extension of applications are given in Annex B.

Migrated from Progress Sheet (TC Comment) (2000-07-10): The scope mentioned in the draft BP will be added at the deadline of the PQ : ++ 1999-05-05 (TA/981211) ++ New stage 49 in BP (bli 991222)

This standard specifies methods for the assessment of the risk of burning when a hot surface is touched by unprotected skin. This document also describes how surface temperature limit values can be established in product standards with the aid of EN 563. The guidance is for establishing temperature limit values in all fields, where surface temperature limit values are required. Its field of application is not restricted to the safety of machinery. It is applicable for all kinds of products where hot surfaces cause a risk of burning. It applies as well for electrically powered products as for all other products.

This standard establishes ergonomic data and their use in establishing temperature limit values for hot surfaces and in the assessment of the risks of burning.   This standard is applicable within the field of application of EN 292 to hot surfaces of machinery that are or can be touched during normal use.   This standard provides data concerning circumstances under which contact between bare skin and a hot surface does or may lead to burns. These data allow the assessment of risks of burning.  This standard also provides data to be used to establish temperature limit values for hot surfaces to protect against skin burns. These data can be used in the development of standards for specific machinery where as a result of a risk assessment temperature limits are required.  The data of this standard are applicable to surfaces of objects with relatively high thermal capacity compared with that of the skin of the human body.

This European Standard specifies the safety and ergonomic requirements and the corresponding test methods for auditory danger signals and gives guidelines for the design of the signal to be clearly perceived and differentiated as required in 5.3 of EN 292-2.  This European Standard does not apply to verbal danger warnings (e.g. shouts, loudspeaker announcements).  Special regulations such as those for a public disaster and public transport are not effected by this European Standard.