EN ISO 14505-2:2006

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-april-2007
Ergonomija toplotnega okolja – Vrednotenje toplotnega okolja v vozilih – 2. del:
Ugotavljanje ekvivalentne temperature (ISO 14505-2:2006)
Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Evaluation of thermal environments in vehicles
- Part 2: Determination of equivalent temperature (ISO 14505-2:2006)
Ergonomie der thermischen Umgebung - Beurteilung der thermischen Umgebung in
Fahrzeugen - Teil 2: Bestimmung der Äquivalenttemperatur (ISO 14505-2:2006)
Ergonomie des ambiances thermiques - Évaluation des ambiances thermiques dans les
véhicules - Partie 2: Détermination de la température équivalente (ISO 14505-2:2006)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 14505-2:2006
ICS:
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
43.020 Cestna vozila na splošno Road vehicles in general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 14505-2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
December 2006
ICS 13.180; 43.020
English Version
Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Evaluation of thermal
environments in vehicles - Part 2: Determination of equivalent
temperature (ISO 14505-2:2006)
Ergonomie des ambiances thermiques - Évaluation des Ergonomie der thermischen Umgebung - Beurteilung der
ambiances thermiques dans les véhicules - Partie 2: thermischen Umgebung in Fahrzeugen - Teil 2:
Détermination de la température équivalente (ISO 14505- Bestimmung der Äquivalenttemperatur (ISO 14505-2:2006)
2:2006)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 December 2006.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
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This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
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© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 14505-2:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Foreword
This document (EN ISO 14505-2:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159
"Ergonomics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 "Ergonomics", the secretariat
of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2007, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by June 2007.

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 14505-2:2006 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 14505-2:2006 without any
modifications.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14505-2
First edition
2006-12-15
Ergonomics of the thermal
environment — Evaluation of thermal
environments in vehicles —
Part 2:
Determination of equivalent temperature
Ergonomie des ambiances thermiques — Évaluation des ambiances
thermiques dans les véhicules —
Partie 2: Détermination de la température équivalente

Reference number
ISO 14505-2:2006(E)
©
ISO 2006
ISO 14505-2:2006(E)
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ii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

ISO 14505-2:2006(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Assessment principles. 2
4.1 General description of equivalent temperature. 2
4.2 General determination principle of equivalent temperature . 3
5 Specific equivalent temperatures . 4
5.1 General. 4
5.2 Whole body equivalent temperature. 4
5.3 Segmental equivalent temperature. 5
5.4 Directional equivalent temperature. 5
5.5 Omnidirectional equivalent temperature. 6
6 Measuring instruments . 7
7 Assessment. 7
7.1 Determination of whole body equivalent temperature. 8
7.2 Determination of local equivalent temperature . 8
Annex A (informative) Examples of measuring instruments. 9
Annex B (informative) Characteristics and specifications of measuring instruments . 12
Annex C (informative) Calibration and other determinations. 18
Annex D (informative) Interpretation of equivalent temperature. 20
Annex E (informative) Examples. 23
Bibliography . 25

ISO 14505-2:2006(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 14505-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 5,
Ergonomics of the physical environment.
ISO 14505 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomics of the thermal environment —
Evaluation of thermal environments in vehicles:
⎯ Part 1: Principles and methods for assessment of thermal stress [Technical Specification]
⎯ Part 2: Determination of equivalent temperature
⎯ Part 3: Evaluation of thermal comfort using human subjects
iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

ISO 14505-2:2006(E)
Introduction
The interaction of convective, radiative and conductive heat exchange in a vehicle compartment is very
complex. External thermal loads in combination with the internal heating and ventilation system of the vehicle
create a local climate that can vary considerably in space and time. Asymmetric thermal conditions arise and
these are often the main cause of complaints of thermal discomfort. In vehicles without or having a poor
heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system (HVAC-system), thermal stress is determined largely by the
impact of the ambient climatic conditions on the vehicle compartment. Subjective evaluation is integrative, as
the individual combines into one reaction the combined effect of several thermal stimuli. However, it is not
sufficiently detailed or accurate for repeated use. Technical measurements provide detailed and accurate
information, but require integration in order to predict the thermal effects on humans. Since several climatic
factors play a role for the final heat exchange of a person, an integrated measure of these factors,
representing their relative importance, is required.

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14505-2:2006(E)

Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Evaluation of
thermal environments in vehicles —
Part 2:
Determination of equivalent temperature
1 Scope
This part of ISO 14505 provides guidelines for the assessment of the thermal conditions inside a vehicle
compartment. It can also be applied to other confined spaces with asymmetric climatic conditions. It is
primarily intended for assessment of thermal conditions, when deviations from thermal neutrality are relatively
small. Appropriate methodology as given in this part of ISO 14505 can be chosen for inclusion in specific
performance standards for testing of HVAC-systems for vehicles and similar confined spaces.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies
ISO 13731, Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Vocabulary and symbols
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13731 and the following apply.
3.1
equivalent temperature
t
eq
temperature of a homogenous space, with mean radiant temperature equal to air temperature and zero air
velocity, in which a person exchanges the same heat loss by convection and radiation as in the actual
conditions under assessment
3.2
whole body equivalent temperature
t
eq,whole
temperature of an imaginary enclosure with the same temperature in air and on surrounding surfaces and with
air velocity equal to zero in which a full-scale, human shaped, heated sensor will exchange the same dry heat
by radiation and convection as in the actual non-uniform environment
3.3
segmental equivalent temperature
t
eq,segment
uniform temperature of an imaginary enclosure with the same temperature in air and on surrounding surfaces
and with air velocity equal to zero in which one or more selected zones of a thermal manikin will exchange the
same dry heat by radiation and convection as in the actual non-uniform environment
ISO 14505-2:2006(E)
3.4
directional equivalent temperature
t
eq,direct
uniform temperature of an imaginary enclosure with the same temperature in air and on surrounding surfaces
and with air velocity equal to zero in which a small flat heated surface will exchange the same dry heat by
radiation and convection as in the actual non-uniform environment
3.5
omnidirectional equivalent temperature
t
eq,omni
uniform temperature of an imaginary enclosure with the same temperature in air and on surrounding surfaces
and with air velocity equal to zero in which a heated ellipsoid will exchange the same dry heat by radiation and
convection as in the actual non-uniform environment
3.6
segment
part of a human-shaped sensor, normally corresponding to a real body-part, consisting of one or several
whole zones, for which a segmental equivalent temperature, t , is presented
eq, segment
3.7
zone
physical partition of a manikin, which is independently regulated and within which the surface temperature and
heat exchange is measured
3.8
HVAC-system
heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system of the vehicle and/or cabin
4 Assessment principles
The assessment principle is based on the measurement of the equivalent temperature. The equivalent
temperature provides a unified, physical measure of the climatic effects on the human dry heat exchange. On
the basis of the actual value for, and the variation in, equivalent temperature, it is possible to predict the
conditions for heat balance under conditions in or close to the thermoneutral zone. People’s thermal sensation
is primarily influenced by general and local levels and variations in skin surface heat flux. Values for the
equivalent temperature of a defined environment have been found to be closely related to how people
perceive thermal conditions when exposed to the same environment. This can be used for the interpretation of
the t value and assessment of the quality of the environment.
eq
The climate is assessed in terms of a total equivalent temperature, which describes the level of thermal
neutrality.
The climate is also assessed for local effects on defined parts of the human body surface. The local
equivalent temperatures determine to what extent the actual body parts fall within the range of acceptable
levels of heat loss (local discomfort).
4.1 General description of equivalent temperature
The equivalent temperature is a pure physical quantity, that in a physically sound way integrates the
independent effects of convection and radiation on human body heat exchange. This relationship is best
described for the overall (whole body) heat exchange. There is limited experience with relations between local
dry heat exchange and local equivalent temperature. The standardized definition of t applies only for the
eq
whole body. Therefore, the definition has to be modified for the purposes of this part of ISO 14505. t does
eq
not take into account human perception and sensation or other the subjective aspects. However, empirical
studies show that t values are well related to the subjective perception of the thermal effect.
eq
2 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

ISO 14505-2:2006(E)
4.2 General determination principle of equivalent temperature
Determination of t is based on equations for convective and radiative heat transfer for clothed persons. Heat
eq
exchange by conduction is assumed to be small and accounted for by radiation and convection.
R=−ht()t (1)
rsk r
Ch=−()t t (2)
csk a
where
R is heat exchange by radiation, in watts per square metre (W/m );
C is heat exchange by convection, in watts per square metre (W/m );
h is the radiation heat transfer coefficient, in watts per square metre (W/m );
r
h is the convection heat transfer coefficient, in watts per square metre (W/m );
c
t is the skin temperature, in degrees Celsius (°C);
sk
t is the mean radiant temperature, in degrees Celsius (°C);
r
t is the ambient air temperature, in degrees Celsius (°C).
a
In practice the equivalent temperature is determined and defined by
Q
tt=− (3)
eq s
h
cal
where
t is the surface temperature;
s
t is the temperature of the standard environment;
eq
Q is the measured convective and radiative heat loss during the actual conditions,
QR=+C (4)
h is the combined heat transfer coefficient, determined during calibration in a standard environment.
cal
The standard environment comprises homogenous, uniform thermal conditions with t = t and air velocity, v ,
a r a
< 0,1 m/s. A suitable calibration procedure is described in Annex C.
ISO 14505-2:2006(E)
5 Specific equivalent temperatures
5.1 General
As there is no method available for measurement of the true total or local t , four specific equivalent
eq
temperatures are calculated according to different principles, according to 5.2 to 5.5. Depending on different
measuring principles, they are defined as
a) whole body equivalent temperature,
b) segmental equivalent temperature,
c) directional equivalent temperature,
d) omnidirectional equivalent temperature.
5.2 Whole body equivalent temperature
5.2.1 Determination principle
The principle of determination is to measure the total heat flow from a human-sized test manikin consisting of
several zones, each with a specific measured surface temperature similar to that of a human being.
Theoretically whole body equivalent temperature can be measured with thermal manikins or a large number of
flat heated sensors attached to an unheated manikin. The accuracy of the result is depending on surface
temperature, size of body, number and division of zones, posture etc. An appropriate method to use is a
thermal manikin divided into separate, individually heated zones covering the whole body, with surface
temperatures close to that of a real human being. A human-sized manikin with only one zone will not
determine a realistic whole body t because the thermal conditions vary too much over the surface. The more
eq
zones the manikin has, the more correct value it will measure.
5.2.2 Calculation
Q
whole
tt=− (5)
eq,whole sk,whole
h
cal,whole
()tA×
∑ sk,nn
(6)
t =
sk,whole
A
∑ n
()QA×
∑ nn
Q = (7)
whole
A
n
∑
where
h is determined by calibration in a standard environment (see Annex C);
cal, whole
n is the number of zones of the body (0 < n u N).
In order to be able to compare results from other manikins, the measured t should be presented together
eq
with specifications of the manikin used, such as regulation principle, skin temperature, number of zones etc.
(see Annexes A and B).
4 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

ISO 14505-2:2006(E)
5.3 Segmental equivalent temperature
5.3.1 Determination principle
The principle of determination is to measure the total heat flow from a segment consisting of one or more
zones, each with a specific measured surface temperature similar to that of a human being.
The segmental t is based on the heat flow from a certain part of the body, i.e. a segment, such as hand,
eq
head or chest. The segmental t can only be measured with a full-sized, human-shaped heated sensor, e.g.
eq
a thermal manikin. The number of zones and the partition between them must at least be such that it
corresponds to the actual segment that the segmental t should be measured for. Some segments, e.g. thigh,
eq
need to be divided into at least two zones within the segment, because the thermal conditions are different on
the front and the rear (seat contact) side in the case of the thigh.
5.3.2 Calculation
Q
segment
tt=− (8)
eq, segment sk, segment
h
cal, segment
()tA×
∑ sk,nn
t = (9)
sk, segment
A
∑ n
()QA×
∑ nn
Q = (10)
segment
A
∑ n
where
h is determined by calibration in a standard environment (see Annex C);
cal, segment
n is the number of zones of the body (0 < n u N).
The segment can be freely chosen, but it must consist of one or more whole zones. Normally body parts like
head, hands, arms, feet, legs, chest, back and seat are chosen. To be able to compare results from other
measurements, the measured t should be presented with specifications about the segment used, such as
eq
regulation principle, surface temperature, which body part, number, size and partition of zones of the segment
(see Annexes A and B).
5.4 Directional equivalent temperature
5.4.1 Determination principle
The principle of determination is to measure the total heat flow from a small flat surface with a measured
surface temperature. The directional t can be described as a normal vector to the measuring plane in every
eq
point, defined by magnitude and direction. It refers to the heat exchange within the half-sphere in front of the
infinitesimal plane. The directional t can only be measured with a flat sensor, which might or might not be
eq
attached to an unheated manikin or other positioning device. Several sensors can be used simultaneously to
determine directional t at other locations or in other directions, provided that they are positioned so that they
eq
do not influence each other.
5.4.2 Calculation
Q
direct
tt=− (11)
eq, direct sk, direct
h
cal, direct
ISO 14505-2:2006(E)
where
t is the surface temperature of the sensor;
sk,direct
Q is the heat flow from the sensor;
direct
h is determined by calibration of the sensor in a standard environment (see Annex C).
cal,direct
A local equivalent temperature, t , can be calculated as an average value from several measurements at
eq, local
the same location but in different directions. It can be calculated as an arithmetic mean value without weighing
factors or with weighing to simulate a certain body posture.
t
eq, direct,n
∑
t = (12)
eq, local
n
where n is the number of directions.
tt=×()A
eq, local eq, direct,nn
∑
(13)
where n is the number of locations, with Σ(A ) = 1.
n
A total equivalent temperature can be calculated as a weighted mean value of local equivalent temperatures.
tt=×()A
eq, local ∑ eq, local,nn
(14)
where n is the number of measurements, with Σ(A ) = 1, and A represents body postures.
n
In order to be able to compare results from other measurements, the measured t should be presented with
eq
specifications about the sensor used, such as regulation principle, surface temperature, size and also location
and direction of the sensor (see Annexes A and B). Whole body t and total t is not the same. In an
eq eq
asymmetric climate and with seat contact the difference between them will be considerable.
5.5 Omnidirectional equivalent temperature
5.5.1 Determination principle
The principle of determination is to measure the total heat flow from the surface of an ellipsoid with a
measured surface temperature. The omnidirectional t can be described as the weighted mean value of the
eq
directional t in all directions. The weighing factors for the different directions are dependent of the form
eq
of the ellipsoid. It refers to the heat exchange in all directions. The omnidirectional t can only be measured
eq
with an ellipsoid sensor with uniform heat flow over the surface. One or more sensors can be used
simultaneously. If more than one sensor is used, it must be pointed out that the sensors will influence each
other as hot surfaces in the sphere that is measured.
5.5.2 Calculation
Q
omni
tt=−
(15)
eq, omni sk, omni
h
cal, omni
where
t is the surface temperature of the sensor;
sk,omni
Q is the heat flow from the sensor;
omni
h is determined by calibration of the sensor in a standard environment (see Annex C).
cal,omni
6 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

ISO 14505-2:2006(E)
Omnidirectional t determined with one ellipsoid sensor in an asymmetric climate is a local t . A total t can
eq eq eq
be calculated as an arithmetic mean value from sensors at different locations with weighing factors for
different body parts according to SAE J 2234.
tt=×()A (16)
eq, total ∑ eq, local,nn
where n is the number of locations, with Σ(A ) = 1.
n
In order to be able to compare results from other measurements, the measured t should be presented with
eq
specifications about the sensor used, such as regulation principle, surface temperature, size and also location
and direction of the sensor (see Annexes A and B).
6 Measuring instruments
Several measurement methods and instruments, representing different measuring principles, are given in
Annexes A and B. Depending on needs, a method as given in Annex A should be selected.
Measurement values obtained with principally different methods are not comparable with each other. They
represent different levels in terms of
⎯ reliability,
⎯ relevance,
⎯ validity,
⎯ repeatability,
⎯ accuracy,
⎯ integration,
⎯ complexity
⎯ cost, and
⎯ availability
Performance and requirements of the specific methods are given in Annex B. Requirements for calibration
procedures are given in Annex C.
7 Assessment
The equivalent temperature represents a quantitative assessment of the conditions for physical heat
exchange. The numeric value of t is a temperature level that can come close to “normal” expected room
eq
temperatures. Higher t values indicate lower heat losses (“warmer”), while lower t values indicate higher
eq eq
heat losses (“colder”).
The interpretation of equivalent temperature in terms of anticipated perceived thermal sensation is based on
series of experiments with subjects in which the different types of equivalent temperature have been
measured. Examples of interpretation are given in Annex C. For some types of equivalent temperature, data
are not available for comparison with human responses. Nevertheless, these kinds of measurement can be
used for differential measurements of thermal conditions.
ISO 14505-2:2006(E)
7.1 Determination of whole body equivalent temperature
Determination of whole body equivalent temperature should preferably be done with measurements using a
thermal manikin or by integration of discrete measurements using omnidirectional sensors placed at defined
positions in the vehicle cabin.
7.1.1 Determination with omnidirectional sensors
Omnidirectional sensors are described in Annexes A and B. Sensors are placed on a stand simulating a
person and placed in a seat of the vehicle. At least six sensors are placed in relevant positions and
measurements are made when steady state is achieved. Whole body equivalent temperature is determined as
the area-weighted average of the individual sensors. Interpretation of values should be made according to
Annex D.
7.1.2 Determination with a thermal manikin
Requirements for the manikin and procedures are described in Annexes A and B. The manikin is placed in a
seat in the vehicle and whole body heat loss is measured when steady state conditions are achieved. Whole
body heat loss is the area-weighted average of the independent segments of the manikin. Interpretation of
values should be made according Annex D.
7.2 Determination of local equivalent temperature
Determination of whole body equivalent temperature should preferably be done with measurements using a
thermal manikin or by the integration of discrete measurements using omnidirectional sensors.
7.2.1 Determination with omnidirectional sensors or flat, heated sensors
Omnidirectional sensors are described in Annex A. Sensors are placed on a stand simulating a person and
placed in a seat of the vehicle or at defined spots on the surface of the clothing of a person or a manikin.
Measurements are made when steady state is achieved. Local equivalent temperature is determined as the
value of the individual sensor. The more sensors located in the space, the better resolution of the variation in
the thermal field around the human body.
7.2.2 Determination with a thermal manikin
Requirements for the manikin and procedures are described in Annexes A and B. The manikin is placed in a
seat in the vehicle and heat loss is measured from a local segment of the manikin when steady state
conditions are achieved. Local equivalent temperature is determined by the measured value of the individual
segment and represent that particular segment only. Interpretation of values should be made according to
Annex D.
8 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

ISO 14505-2:2006(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Examples of measuring instruments
A.1 Thermal manikins
A thermal manikin comprises a human-sized and -shaped sensor with its surface covered with numerous,
individually controlled, heated zones. It is suitable for measurement of whole body as well as local t . The
eq
independent zones of the manikin are heated to a controlled and measured temperature. Low-voltage power
is pulsed to each zone at a rate that allows the maintenance of a chosen constant or variable surface
temperature. It is also possible to maintain a constant power supply to the surface.
The power consumption under steady-state conditions is a measure of the convective, radiative and
conductive heat losses (dry heat loss). Measurements and regulation are made with a computer system.
Typically, the quantity measured for each zone is the power consumption or heat loss, Q (W/m ), and the
surface temperature, t (°C). The direct measurement of Q and t eliminates the need for determining the other
s s
components. By normalization to a climate according the definition of equivalent temperature, the heat loss
can be converted to an equivalent temperature. The technical data of two manikens are presented in
Figure A.1 and Table A.1. More details of the measurement and regulation system can be found in the
Bibliography.
Manikin 1 Manikin 2
33 zones 16 zones
Figure A.1 — Schematic pictures of two heated manikins and their division into different zones
ISO 14505-2:2006(E)
Table A.1 — Technical data for the two examples of thermal manikins
Manikin Male Female
Clothing size C50
Length Sitting (fixed position) 166 cm
Weight 16 kg 31 kg
Number of zones 33 + 3 t 16
a
Regulation principle (see Annex B) Constant t Constant t
sk sk
Constant Q Constant Q
Comfort equation Comfort equation
Clothing 0,6 clo Nude + 0,51 clo

A.2 Discrete, heat integrating sensors
A.2.1 Flat, heated sensors
Flat, heated sensor elements of various design and shape can be used for determination of directional t .
eq
One type of sensor is made of a heated, single element. It consists of a small flat platinum surface, which is
electrically heated to different settings, according to the activity level of the person (in most at a constant rate
of 85 W/m ). The artificial skin measures directional t . To avoid unintended heat flows, eight counter heaters
eq
and nine back counter heaters are installed. The value measured is the Resultant Surface Temperature (RST),
which can be calculated from the measured electrical resistance and a calibration curve. The t can be
eq
calculated from the RST by a linear function. Several sensors can be attached to the surface of a body
shaped dummy or incorporated in standard dress worn by the dummy or by a real person, as shown in
Figure A.2.
Example 1 Example 2
Flat, heated sensors on human-shaped dummy Flat, hot film sensors on human-shaped dummy
Figure A.2 — Examples of set-up for measurement of t using several, discrete heated sensors
eq
mounted on a human-shaped dummy or a real person

10 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

ISO 14505-2:2006(E)
Another type of sensor is based on two hot-film elements heated via the Joule effect at two power levels. The
sensors are small and have a flat surface, which implies that they measure directional t . A linear model is
eq
used to calculate the equivalent temperature. Several sensors are installed on the body surface of a seated
manikin with a female body shape. The maniken is made of polyurethane on a metal core. The electronic
control unit is integrated in the body of the manikin (Figure A.2, Example 2).
With both types of sensors, whole body t as well as local t values can be determined.
eq eq
A.2.2 Discrete, spherical, heated sensors
Spherical sensors that are heated all over the surface can be used for measurement of omni-directional t
eq
One type of sensor forms an ellipsoid of the size 200 mm × 50 mm in size. The sensor is heated and
temperature controlled by a separate unit. The size and the shape of the transducer have been chosen so that
the ratio between the heat loss by radiation and by convection is similar to that of a person. By changing the
position of the transducer between vertical and horizontal, the transducer can simulate a person in different
situations. To simulate a seated person, the sensor should be directed 30 from vertical. The sensor consists
of only one zone. It cannot distinguish different climate in different directions, e.g. radiant heat load on one
side and draft on another can take out each other. When several sensors are used, they will influence each
other. The sensor is not designed to measure with seat contact. The measured data are used to calculate the
omni-directional t .
eq
Several sensors can be mounted on a separate man-shaped rig to simulate a seated person. In this way both
local and whole body t values can be determined (see Figure A.3).
eq
Ellipsoid sensors mounted on a rig
Figure A.3 — Example of measuring set-up with several ellipsoid sensors
mounted on rig simulating a seated person
ISO 14505-2:2006(E)
Annex B
(informative)
Characteristics and specifications of measuring instruments
B.1 Introduction
In Tables B.1 to B.3, factors that have an impact on the results when measuring the different types of t are
eq
listed. Typical values or variations for the factors are proposed. A value for the factor to get reasonable
accuracy are recommended.
B.2 Instruments for determining whole body and segmental t
eq
Table B.1 — Specification of factors related to whole body and segmental t
eq
Factor Typical values/variations Specification
Size and posture The definition of both whole body and segmental t relates to a Size: C50
eq
human being in two different conditions. Therefore, the posture Posture: driving position
should be the same in both cases, normal driving position. Also,
the size should be “normal”, which can vary.
Number of zones and The number of zones can vary. With too few zones the result Minimum:
partition for will lack resolution. The zones should be partitioned where the 16 zones (see Note 1)
regulation thermal condition changes (e.g. seat contact or shadow). This
Goal:
will require a minimum number of zones or the result will be less
41 zones (see Note 1) or
representative because of temperature variations over the
more
surface. There should be more zones on the manikin than
Partition:
segments for which the results are presented.
where the heat exchange
change abruptly
(see Notes 1 and 2)
Number of segments The number of segments for presentation of results is not Normally 16 segments
and partition for necessary the same as the number of zones for regulation. (see Table 1)
presentation Normally segments like foot, chest, etc. are used. If the manikin
In some cases more
has many zones, and a segment consists of more than one
(if possible)
zone, it is possible to study thermal impact on smaller parts,
e.g. part of the chest or seat.

12 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

ISO 14505-2:2006(E)
Table B.1 (continued)
Factor Typical values/variations Specification
Regulating principle There are basically three different regulating principles: Constant temperature mode
with 34 °C uniform surface
Constant temperature mode: t constant and uniform or non-
sk
temperature
uniform over the body. It is fast, but can be unstable.
Reasonably realistic surface temperature. Smallest range with Comfort equation mode if the
actively heated surface. response time could be
shortened
Constant heat flux mode: Q constant and uniform or non-
uniform over the body. It is stable but slower than constant t .
sk
The surface temperatures can differ considerably from realistic
levels.
Comfort equation mode: t depends on Q and is controlled by
sk
an equation. It is stable but slower than constant t . The
sk
surface temperatures are more realistic than for the other
modes.
Realistic range
Mode Stability Speed Surf. temp. Q > 0 W/m
Consant t − + + − −
sk
Consant Q + − − +
Comfort equation + − + + −
Clothing A manikin can be used nude or with clothing. Clothes with “tight fit”: short
underwear, light socks, long-
A nude manikin does not determine the same t as a clothed
eq
sleeved shirt, long trousers
one. A driver normally wears clothes that are covering the body
and light shoes (0,6 to 0,8 clo
except hands and head. Therefore, the heat flow and the
or 1,3 clo total)
temperature of the exposed surface will be more representative
with a dressed manikin. The repeatability will be better with a
nude manikin.
Clothing can vary both regarding fit and Clo value (insulation).
The Clo value should be realistic for the situation. Since the
purpose of the HVAC is comfort, normal indoor wear can be
used. To minimize errors, the clothing should be “tight fit”.
Recovery time The recovery time depends on several factors: regulating Recovery time < 20 min
principle, the thermal capacity of the thermal manikin, the
insulation etc.
Acceptable recovery time depends on the situation. Short
recovery time can have a negative impact on the stability.
Accuracy Accuracy refers to the ability to determine the t in a known Acceptable accuracy:
eq
uniform environment. < ± 1 °C t
eq
Accuracy depends on several factors: e.g. surface temperature,
clothing, size, posture, number of zones.
Repeatability Repeatability refers to the largest difference between two Acceptable repeatability:
determinations carried out in exactly the same uniform or non- < ± 0,5 °C
uniform environment with the same instrument and the same
operator.
Reproducibility Reproducibility refers to the largest difference between Acceptable reproducibility:
determinations when the measurement is reproduced. < ± 1,0 °C
Resolution The resolution depends on the specifications of the components Acceptable resolution:
in the regulation and measurement system of the instrument. < 0,1 °C
The accuracy is not directly dependent of the resolution.

ISO 14505-2:2006(E)
Table B.1 (continued)
Factor Typical values/variations Specification
Ranges The primary purpose of thermal manikins is to assess the
thermal climate within or close to thermal comfort. However,
conditions in a vehicle cabin can be well outside the comfort
range and still be of interest to measure.
Two types of ranges can be distinguished:
measuring range within which the results have correlation Measuring range at least
with human thermal perception; 0 °C < t < 40 °C
eq
safety range within which the instrument can be used Safety or storage range at
without disturbing the calibration or risk of damage. least 0 °C < t < 50 °C
eq
NOTE 1 Proposed minimum number and partition of zones.
Minimum (16 zones + total)
0 Total 6 Left hand 12 Right thigh
1 Face 7 Right hand 13 Left leg
2 Scalp 8 Chest 14 Right leg
3 Shoulders 9 Back 15 Left foot
4 Left arm 10 Seat (+ rear thighs) 16 Right foot
5 Right arm 11 Left thigh
NOTE 2 Proposed number and partition of zones for good regulation.
Goal (> 41 zones + total)
0 Total 14 Right upper arm inside 28 Left thigh inner
1 Face left 15 Right upper arm outside 29 Left thigh outer
2 Face right 16 Right lower arm upside 30 Left thigh rear
3 Eyes 17 Right lower arm downside 31 Right thigh inner
4 Scalp 18 Right hand outside 32 Right thigh outer
5 Neck 19 Right hand inside 33 Right thigh rear
6 Shoulders front 20 Chest front 34 Left leg front
7 Shoulders back 21 Chest left 35 Left leg back
8 Left upper arm inside 22 Chest right 36 Right leg front
9 Left upper arm outside 23 Stomach 37 Right leg back
10 Left lower arm upside 24 Crutch 38 Left foot upside
11 Left lower arm downside 25 Upper back 39 Left foot downside
12 Left hand outside 26 Lower back 40 Right foot upside
13 Left hand inside 27 Seat 41 Right foot downside

B.3 Instruments for determining directional t
eq
Table B.2 — Specification factors related to directional t
eq
Factor Typical values/variations Specification
Size of surface The heated surface of an instrument used to determine Less than 5 × 5 cm
directional t is normally small: a few square centimetres. The
eq
measured t is influenced by the size of the surface because
eq
the heat transfer coefficient for convection is dependent on it
while the radiant heat transfer coefficient is not.
Number of sensors The sensor can be attached to a human shaped unheated Size of the manikin: C50
and position manikin or other positioning device. The use of the manikin
Posture: driving
...