kSIST FprEN IEC 63341-1:2025

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN IEC 63341-1:2024
01-maj-2024
Železniške naprave - Vozna sredstva- Sistemi gorivnih celic za vozna sredstva - 1.
del: Sistemi gorivnih celic
Railway applications - Rolling stock - Fuel cell systems for propulsion - Part 1: Fuel cell
system
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN IEC 63341-1:2024
ICS:
27.070 Gorilne celice Fuel cells
45.060.01 Železniška vozila na splošno Railway rolling stock in
general
oSIST prEN IEC 63341-1:2024 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

oSIST prEN IEC 63341-1:2024
oSIST prEN IEC 63341-1:2024
9/3049/CDV
COMMITTEE DRAFT FOR VOTE (CDV)
PROJECT NUMBER:
IEC 63341-1 ED1
DATE OF CIRCULATION: CLOSING DATE FOR VOTING:
2024-03-08 2024-05-31
SUPERSEDES DOCUMENTS:
9/2914/CD, 9/2956A/CC
IEC TC 9 : ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS FOR RAILWAYS
SECRETARIAT: SECRETARY:
France Mr Denis MIGLIANICO
OF INTEREST TO THE FOLLOWING COMMITTEES: PROPOSED HORIZONTAL STANDARD:

TC 105
Other TC/SCs are requested to indicate their interest, if any, in
this CDV to the secretary.
FUNCTIONS CONCERNED:
EMC ENVIRONMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE SAFETY
SUBMITTED FOR CENELEC PARALLEL VOTING NOT SUBMITTED FOR CENELEC PARALLEL VOTING
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(SEE AC/22/2007 OR NEW GUIDANCE DOC).

TITLE:
Railway applications – Hydrogen and fuel cell systems for rolling stock – Part 1: Fuel cell power system

PROPOSED STABILITY DATE: 2028
NOTE FROM TC/SC OFFICERS:
electronic file, to make a copy and to print out the content for the sole purpose of preparing National Committee positions.
You may not copy or "mirror" the file or printed version of the document, or any part of it, for any other purpose without
permission in writing from IEC.

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CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 6
INTRODUCTION . 8
1 Scope . 10
2 Normative references . 11
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 13
3.1 Defintions . 13
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 23
4 Configuration of the fuel cell power system . 24
4.1 Fuel cell power system definition . 24
4.2 Subsystems of the fuel cell power system . 26
4.3 PEM Fuel Cell . 26
5 Environmental requirements . 27
5.1 General . 27
5.2 Specific use case . 28
5.2.1 Rooftop installation . 28
5.2.2 Tunnel . 28
5.2.3 Performance limitation at low and high ambient temperature . 28
5.2.4 Performance limitation at high altitude . 28
6 Interface requirements . 30
6.1 General . 30
6.2 Fluidic Interfaces . 30
6.2.1 Fuel supply . 30
6.2.2 Oxidant Supply . 30
6.2.3 Coolant . 31
6.2.4 Air inlets . 31
6.2.5 Exhaust . 31
6.3 Electrical interfaces . 32
6.3.1 General . 32
6.3.2 Main Power interface . 32
6.3.3 Auxiliary supply and communication interfaces . 33
7 Performance requirements. 34
7.1 General . 34
7.2 Fuel cell power system sizing. 34
7.3 Load Profile . 34
7.4 Operational requirements . 35
7.4.1 Normal mode requirements . 35
Degraded mode requirements . 35
7.5 Electric efficiency and hydrogen consumption calculations . 35
7.6 Lifetime requirements . 35
7.7 End of life performance . 36
7.8 Voltage stability . 36
8 Design Requirements . 37
8.1 General . 37
8.2 FMS Requirements . 37
8.2.1 Design requirement . 37
8.2.2 Functional requirement . 38

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8.3 OMS requirements . 39
8.3.1 Design requirement . 39
8.4 TMS Requirements . 39
8.4.1 Design requirements . 39
8.4.2 Functional requirements . 41
8.5 ExMS requirements . 41
8.5.1 Hydrogen release . 41
8.5.2 Waste Water . 41
8.6 EPMS requirements . 42
8.6.1 General . 42
8.6.2 Cabling . 42
8.6.3 Ripple current . 42
8.6.4 Electric power input . 42
8.6.5 Auxiliary motors . 42
8.6.6 Light maintenance operation . 43
8.7 MCS requirements . 43
8.7.1 Hardware . 43
8.7.2 Software . 43
8.8 Mechanical requirements . 43
8.8.1 Mechanical integration . 43
8.8.2 Mechanical design . 44
8.8.3 Bolted assemblies . 44
8.8.4 Degree of protection . 44
8.8.5 Shock & vibration. 44
8.9 Recyclability requirements . 45
8.10 Documentation . 45
8.11 Other . 46
8.11.1 Noise Emission requirements . 46
8.11.2 EMC requirements . 46
9 Safety, reliability and protection requirements . 48
9.1 Reliability . 48
9.2 Safety . 48
9.2.1 Safety analysis . 48
9.2.2 Hazard Identification . 49
9.2.3 Prevention for maintenance operation and storage . 49
9.2.4 Hydrogen risk management . 50
9.2.5 Fire, smoke, flammability . 52
9.2.6 Electrical shock . 52
9.2.7 Software . 52
10 Marking and labelling . 53
10.1 Safety signs . 53
10.1.1 FCPS enclosure. 53
10.1.2 Other places inside the FCPS enclosure . 53
10.2 Nameplate . 53
10.2.1 FCPS enclosure. 53
10.2.2 Nameplates on sub-assemblies inside the box . 53
11 Installation and Maintenance . 55
11.1 General . 55
11.2 Installation . 55

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11.3 Maintenance . 55
11.3.1 General . 55
11.3.2 Maintenance accessibility . 55
11.3.3 Technical documentation . 55
12 FCPS storage and transportation conditions . 57
12.1 General . 57
12.2 Transportation . 57
12.3 Storage . 57
13 Testing . 58
13.1 General . 58
13.2 Parameter measurements . 58
13.3 Parameter measurement tolerances . 58
13.4 Reference test conditions. 58
13.4.1 Laboratory conditions . 58
13.4.2 Installation and operating conditions of the system . 59
13.4.3 Quality of hydrogen . 59
13.4.4 Quality of power input . 59
13.5 Type test . 59
13.5.1 General . 59
13.5.2 Tests on sub-assemblies . 59
13.5.3 Visual checks . 59
13.5.4 Weight . 60
13.5.5 Communication network test . 60
13.5.6 Dielectric voltage strength test . 60
13.5.7 Insulation impedance (optional) . 60
13.5.8 Sub-equipment functional tests (optional) . 60
13.5.9 Operating test for stabilized operations . 60
13.5.10 Operating test for dynamic operations . 61
13.5.11 Polarization curve Test . 61
13.5.12 Output power characteristics test . 61
13.5.13 Load Profile Test . 61
13.5.14 Hydrogen leakage test . 61
13.5.15 Ultimate Strength Pressure test . 61
13.5.16 Flammable concentration test . 62
13.5.17 Thermal rising test . 62
13.5.18 Endurance test (optional) . 62
13.5.19 Safety Test in abnormal conditions . 62
13.5.20 Hydrogen Emissions . 62
13.5.21 Environmental tests . 62
13.5.22 Acoustic noise emissions . 64
13.5.23 EMC test . 64
13.6 Routine test . 64
13.6.1 Visual checks . 64
13.6.2 Communication network test . 64
13.6.3 Dielectric test . 64
13.6.4 Insulation impedance test (optional) . 64
13.6.5 normal operation test . 64
13.6.6 Hydrogen leakage test . 65
13.6.7 Overpressure test . 65

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Annex A (informative): Datasheet Template Proposal . 66
Annex B (Informative): Informative Bibliography . 69
1 IEC optional standard list: . 69
2 Local laws, regulations and standards applicable . 70
2.1 Europe . 70
2.2 Japan. 70
2.3 China . 71

Figure 1: Hierarchy of standards related to IEC 63341 . 9
Figure 2: FCPS Power distribution . 18
Figure 3: Typical state diagram for the FCPS . 20
Figure 4: Example of the main block diagrams for a fuel cell power system for railway
applications . 26

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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
RAILWAY APPLICATIONS –
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL SYSTEMS FOR ROLLING STOCK

Part 1: Fuel Cell Power System

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
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rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62XXX has been prepared by IEC technical committee 9: Electrical
equipment and systems for railways.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
9/XX/FDIS 9/XX/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in the
report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

oSIST prEN IEC 63341-1:2024
IEC CD 63341-1 © IEC 2024 – 7 – 9/3049/CDV
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
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withdrawn,
replaced by a revised edition, or
amended.
The National Committees are requested to note that for this document the stability date
is 20XX.
THIS TEXT IS INCLUDED FOR THE INFORMATION OF THE NATIONAL COMMITTEES AND WILL BE DELETED
AT THE PUBLICATION STAGE.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.

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1 INTRODUCTION
2 This standard considers general requirements for all fuel cell power systems installed onboard
3 rolling stock for railway applications.
4 TC105 decided to start work on generic fuel cell technologies covering different industrial
5 sectors:
6 • IEC 62282 series: Fuel Cell Technologies:
7 o IEC 62282-2-series: Fuel Cell Modules
8 o IEC 62282-3-series: Stationary fuel cell power systems
9 o IEC 62282-4-series: fuel cell power systems for electrically powered industrial
10 trucks
11 These standards are often generic and do not cover the specific requirements for railway
12 applications.
13 Therefore, this standard is developed for specifying the requirements for railway applications.
14 In addition, TC 9 has developed the following standards for the subsystems, which are related
15 or have interfaces to the fuel cell power system.:
16 • IEC 62864-1:2016, Railway applications – Rolling Stock – Power Supply with onboard
17 energy storage system – Part: 1 Series hybrid system
18 • IEC 61287-1, Railway applications – Power converters installed onboard rolling stock-
19 Part 1: Characteristics and test methods
20 • IEC 60349 series, Electrical traction – rotating electrical machines for rail and road
21 vehicles
22 • IEC 62928, Railway applications – rolling stock equipment – onboard lithium-ion traction
23 batteries
24 IEC 62864-1:2016 specifies the general requirements for the onboard energy storage system
25 as a system level. The hierarchy of standards is shown in
27 Figure 1.
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30 Figure 1: Hierarchy of standards related to IEC 63341
32 The standards listed in
34 Figure 1 are not exhaustive.
36 IEC 63341 series consists of the following parts:
37 Part 1: Fuel Cell Power System (FCPS)
38 Part 2: Hydrogen Fuel System (HFS)
39 Part 3: Performance requirements and test methods for fuel cell power system
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43 RAILWAY APPLICATIONS –
44 HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL SYSTEMS FOR ROLLING STOCK
46 Part 1: Fuel Cell Power System
50 1 Scope
51 This standard applies to fuel cell power system installed onboard rolling stock for railway
52 applications (e.g. light rail vehicles, tramways, streetcars, metros, commuter trains, regional
53 trains, high speed trains, locomotives). Fuel cell power systems specified in this standard are
54 used for the traction power and the auxiliary supply of railway vehicles such as hybrid vehicles
55 as defined in IEC 62864-1:2016, and in case of use as an auxiliary onboard power source.
56 This standard applies to the fuel cell technology called PEMFC: Proton Exchange Membrane
57 Fuel Cell, with the use of hydrogen as fuel source and the use of air as oxidant source.
58 This standard is linked to IEC 63341-3 part defined as “Railway applications - Hydrogen and
59 Fuel cell systems for rolling stock - Part 3: Performance requirements and tests methods for
60 fuel cell power system”. IEC 63341-3 describes the performance test method to validate the
61 FCPS performance.
62 Hydrogen fuel system described in IEC 63341-2 is not considered as a part of the fuel cell
63 power system.
64 Power conversion equipment is described in IEC 61287-1 and will be not considered in this
65 document.
66 This standard focuses on:
67 – the scope of supply and the description of the interfaces (fluidic, electrical, thermal and
68 mechanical) of the fuel cell power system,
69 – the description of the environmental conditions,
70 – the specification and description of all the requirements to ensure the fuel cell power system
71 compliancy with a railway application,
72 – the process to validate the fuel cell power system sizing required for a specific load profile,
73 – the safety, reliability and protection requirements to design the fuel cell power system for
74 railway application,
75 – the marking and labelling requirements,
76 – the requirements related to storage, transportation, installation and maintenance,
77 – the tests (type, routine and investigation) required to validate the fuel cell power system
78 This standard with the other parts is used in conjunction with other related IEC standards for
79 auxiliary equipment used for railway rolling stock applications.
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81 2 Normative references
82 The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their
83 content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited
84 applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
85 amendments) applies.
87 IEC 62498-1:2010, Railway applications – Environmental conditions for equipment – Part 1:
88 Equipment on board rolling stock - Edition 1.0
90 IEC 61373: Railway applications – Rolling stock equipment – Shock and vibration tests - Edition 2.0;
91 Incorporates Corrigendum 10/2011
93 IEC 60077-1: Railway applications - Electric equipment for rolling stock - Part 1: General service
94 conditions and general rules - Edition 2.0
96 IEC 60529: Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures (IP Code) - Edition 2.0
98 IEC 62236-3-2: Railway applications – Electromagnetic compatibility – Part 3-2: Rolling stock –
99 Apparatus
101 IEC 60617, Database : Graphical symbols for diagrams
103 IEC 61991: Railway applications – Rolling stock – Protective provisions against electrical hazards -
104 Edition 2.0
106 IEC 60571: Railway applications – Electronic equipment used on Rolling stock Rolling stock –
107 Electronic equipment
109 IEC 60349-2: 2010, Electric traction – Rotating electrical machines for rail and road vehicles – Part 2:
110 Electronic converter-fed alternating current motors - Edition 3.0
112 IEC 60349-4:
113 IEC 60751: Industrial platinum resistance thermometers and platinum temperature sensors - Edition
114 2.0
116 IEC 62497-1: Railway applications – Insulation coordination – Part 1: Basic requirements –
117 Clearances and creepage distances for all electrical and electronic equipment - Edition 1.1;
119 IEC 62635 - Guidelines for end-of-life information provided by manufacturers and recyclers and for
120 recyclability rate calculation of electrical and electronic equipment
122 ISO 21106 - Railway applications — Recyclability and recoverability calculation method for rolling
123 stock
125 ISO 14687: 2019, Hydrogen fuel quality – Product specification
127 ISO 9227: Corrosion tests in artificial atmospheres — Salt spray tests
128 IEC 60034-14: Rotating electrical machines - Part 14: Mechanical vibration of certain machines with
129 shaft heights 56 mm and higher - Measurement, evaluation and limits of vibration severity - Edition 4.0
131 IEC 62282-2-100: 2020, Fuel cell technologies - Part 2-100: Fuel cell modules – Safety
133 IEC 62282-3-100: 2019, Fuel cell technologies – Part 3-100: Stationary fuel cell power systems –
134 Safety - Edition 2.0
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136 IEC 62282-4-101:2022, Fuel cell technologies – Part 4-101: Fuel cell power systems for propulsion
137 other than road vehicles and auxiliary power units (APU) – Safety of electrically powered industrial
138 trucks - Edition 1.0
140 ISO 7010: 2019 Graphical symbols – Safety colours and safety signs – Registered safety signs (ISO
141 7010:2019)
143 ISO 3744: 2010, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise
144 sources using sound pressure — Engineering methods for an essentially free field over a reflecting
145 plane
147 ISO 3746: 2011, Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise
148 sources using sound pressure - Survey method using an enveloping measurement surface over a
149 reflecting plane
151 IEC 61709: 2019, Electric components – Reliability – Reference conditions fo failure rates and stress
152 models for conversion - Edition 3.0
154 ISO 9223: 2012, Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres - Classification,
155 determination and estimation
157 Railway applications – Electromagnetic compatibility – Part 3-2: Rolling stock – Apparatus

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158 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
159 For the purpose of this standard IEC 63341-1, the following terms and definitions apply.
160 ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following
161 addresses:
162  • IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
163  • ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
164 3.1 Defintions
166 3.1.1
167 fuel cell power system
168 FCPS
169 generator system that uses one or more fuel cell power modules to generate electric power and heat
171 Note 1 to entry: This system typically contains the following subsystems: fuel cell power module, oxidant
172 management system, fuel management system, thermal management system, exhaust management
173 system, electrical and power management system, and their monitoring & control system.
175 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-485:2020, 485-09-01 modified – “fuel cell modules” has been replaced with “fuel
176 cell power modules”. The note 1 to entry has been added.]
178 3.1.2
179 fuel cell stack
180 FCS
181 equipment assembly of two or more cells, separators, cooling plates, manifolds and a support structure
182 that electrochemically converts, typically, hydrogen rich gas and air reactants to electric power, heat and
183 other reactant bi-products
185 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-485:2020 485-06-01, modified – “equipment”,“two or more”, “bi” have been
186 added. “supporting” has been replaced with “support”. “hydrogen-rich” has been replaced with
187 “hydrogen rich”. “DC”has been replaced with “electric”.“reaction” has been replaced with
188 “reactant”.]”]
190 3.1.3
191 fuel cell
192 FC
193 electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidant to electrical energy
194 (DC power), heat and reaction products
196 Note 1 to entry: The fuel and oxidant are typically stored outside of the fuel cell and transferred into the
197 fuel cell as they are consumed.
199 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-485:2020, 485-08-01, modified – “electric” has been replaced with “electrical”.
200 Definition adapted for the context of fuel cell technologies and note to entry added]
202 3.1.4
203 fuel cell power module
204 fuel cell module
205 FCPM
206 assembly incorporating one or more fuel cell stacks and other main and, if applicable, additional
207 components, which is intended to be integrated into a power system
209 Note 1 to entry: A fuel cell module can contain the following equipment: its control system and
210 in option, the cell voltage monitoring device, the fuel recirculation device, the humidification
211 device for reactants, sensors, valves and actuators. This subsystem is a part of the fuel cell
212 power system.
214 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-485:2020, 485-09-03, modified : “fuel cell power module” has been added as the

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215 preferred term and the term “fuel cell module” has become synonymous. “other main and” has been
216 added. “that” has been replaced with “which”. ”or a vehicle” has been removed. The note 1 to entry has
217 been modified]
219 3.1.5
220 oxidant management system
221 OMS
222 system including filtering and pressuring equipment (and in option humidifying equipment), sensor and
223 valve, able to manage the incoming oxidant such as air from the environment (as an example) to supply
224 the FCPM (or fuel cell stack).
226 Note 1 to entry : This subsystem is a part of the fuel cell power system
228 3.1.6
229 fuel management system
230 FMS
231 system including filtering and depressuring equipment, sensor and valve able to manage the incoming
232 fuel from the hydrogen fuel system to supply the FCPM (or fuel cell stack).
234 Note 1 to entry : This subsystem is a part of the fuel cell power system.
236 3.1.7
237 thermal management system
238 TMS
239 thermal loop including pump, heat exchanger, fan, heater, sensors and valves, (and in option ion
240 removal device) able to manage the temperature of the fuel cell power system and coolant for cooling
241 purpose and heating purpose.
243 Note 1 to entry : This subsystem is a part of the fuel cell power system
245 3.1.8
246 exhaust management system
247 ExMS
248 fluidic circuit able to manage the gas exhaust from the fuel cell power system to the environment.
250 Note 1 to entry : This subsystem is a part of the fuel cell power system
252 3.1.9
253 electrical and power management system
254 EPMS
255 electrical distribution able to supply power for the auxiliary equipment within the fuel cell power system
256 and to deliver the power to the power converter.
258 Note 1 to entry : This subsystem is a part of the fuel cell power system
260 3.1.10
261 monitoring and control system
262 MCS
263 system including the monitoring device, the control and communication units to manage the different
264 subsystems of the FCPS (FMS, OMS, FCPM, TMS, EPMS, ExMS) and to communicate with the
265 external systems and vehicle control.
267 Note 1 to entry : This subsystem is a part of the fuel cell power system
269 3.1.11
270 hydrogen fuel system
271 HFS
272 system designed to store Hydrogen and to process it to supply the fuel cell power system.
274 Note 1 to entry : It includes the refuelling on-board devices, fuel lines and the associated monitoring &
275 control & safety devices
276 3.1.12
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277 energy storage unit
278 ESU
279 physical equipment which is comprised of energy storage technologies such as batteries, EDLC,
280 Flywheel,
282 [SOURCE: IEC 62864-1:2016, 3.1.20]
284 3.1.13
285 energy storage system
286 ESS
287 physical equipment which consists of one or more ESUs and the other equipment required to connect
288 to the DC link such as converters, control and monitoring systems, inductors, protection devices, cooling
289 systems.
291 [SOURCE: IEC 62864-1:2016, 3.1.22]
293 3.1.14
294 power converter
295 operative unit for electronic power conversion, comprising one or more electronic valve devices,
296 transformers and filters if necessary and auxiliaries if any
298 Note 1 to entry: It can be DC/DC converter (insulated type) or chopper (non insulated type).
300 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-551:1998, 551-12-01 modified – The note 1 to entry has been modified]
302 3.1.15
303 hybrid vehicles
304 vehicle that can store energy in an onboard ESS and is driven by using the stored energy as well as
305 electric power from a generator or overhead lines / third rail
307 [SOURCE: IEC 62864-1:2016, 3.1.14 modified]
309 3.1.16
310 purge - gas purge <*in fuel cells>
311 protective operation to remove gases and/or liquids, such as hydrogen, air or water, from
312 a fuel cell power system
314 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-485:2020, 485-09-10, modified – “or liquids, or both” has been replaced with
315 “and/or liquids”.
317 3.1.17
318 continuous grade of release
319 release which is continuous or is expected to occur frequently or for long periods
321 Note 1 to entry: Both “frequently” and “long” are the terms which are intended to describe a
322 very high likelihood of a potential release. In that respect, those terms do not necessarily need
323 to be quantified.
325 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-426:2020, 426-03-10, modified – The note 1 to entry has been added.]
327 3.1.18
328 secondary grade of release
329 release which is not expected to occur in normal operation and, if it does occur, is likely to do
330 so only infrequently and for short periods
332 [SOURCE: IEC 60079-10-1:2015, 3.4.4]
334 3.1.19
335 explosive atmosphere
336 mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable substances in the form of gas or
337 vapour, which, after ignition, permits self-sustaining flame propagation
oSIST prEN IEC 63341-1:2024
9/3049/CDV – 16 – IEC CD 63341-1 © IEC 2024
339 [SOURCE: IEC 60079-10-1:2015, 3.2]
342 3.1.20
343 pressure relief device
344 PRD
345 pressure activated device used to prevent the pressure from rising above a predetermined maximum
346 and thereby prevent failure of a pressurized part or system
348 [SOURCE: 62282-4-101:2014, 3.19]
350 3.1.21
351 safety critical component
352 component, device, circuit, software or similar part whose failure wo
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