ISO 16165:2001

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16165
First edition
2001-04-01
Ships and marine technology — Marine
environment protection — Terminology
relating to oil spill response
Navires et technologie maritime — Protection de l'environnement marin —
Terminologie relative à la réponse aux déversements de pétrole
Reference number
ISO 16165:2001(E)
©
ISO 2001

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ISO 16165:2001(E)
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ISO 16165:2001(E)
Contents Page
Foreword.iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope .1
2 Terms and definitions .1
2.1 Oil/oil slick properties .1
2.2 Oil classification .2
2.3 Environmental conditions.3
2.4 Assessment techniques.4
2.5 Sampling.4
2.6 Containment (based on ASTM F 818-93) .5
2.7 Recovery.9
2.8 Dispersant use .11
2.9 Removal by in situ burning.12
2.10 Shoreline cleanup.13
2.11 Disposal .17
2.12 Spill management .17
Bibliography.23
Index .25
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ISO 16165:2001(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 16165 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 8, Ships and marine technology,
Subcommittee SC 2, Marine environment protection.
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ISO 16165:2001(E)
Introduction
Communication is important in the implementation of an effective spill response and this communication will be the
most effective if there is a common understanding of the terms used.
Many of the terms and definitions listed here have been widely used for many years, while others are the results of
recent experience. The gradual evolution of our understanding of oil spill behaviour and response and response
measures means that oil spill terminology will continue to develop.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16165:2001(E)
Ships and marine technology — Marine environment protection —
Terminology relating to oil spill response
1 Scope
This International Standard contains terms and definitions relating to oil spills and their control. The objective of this
International Standard is to provide standardized terminology relating to oil spill response, defined as the broad
range of activities related to spill cleanup, including surveillance and assessment, containment, recovery,
dispersant-use, in-situ burning, shoreline cleanup and disposal.
2 Terms and definitions
2.1 Oil/oil slick properties
2.1.1
crude oil
naturally occurring form of petroleum, mainly occurring in a porous underground formation such as sandstone
[ISO 1998-99:2000]
2.1.2
emulsification
process in which microscopic droplets of water are mixed into the oil or are dispersed throughout the water
2.1.3
emulsion
mixture of oil and water in which droplets of water are dispersed throughout the oil or vice versa, formed when
fluids are mixed by mechanical action
NOTE Emulsions are more precisely referred to as water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions. Water-in-oil emulsions are
occasionally referred to as "mousse" or "chocolate mousse".
2.1.4
environmental fate
form and location of a material resulting from transport and transformation
[ASTM E 943-95]
2.1.5
heavy shoreline oiling
pooled deposits or a layer of surface oil
[AURIS 1994]
2.1.6
moderate/light shoreline oiling
sheen or film of surface oil
[AURIS1994]
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ISO 16165:2001(E)
2.1.7
petroleum oil
material consisting of, or derived from, a mixture of liquid or semi-solid organic compounds, principally
hydrocarbons
[ISO 1998]
2.1.8
relative viscosity
measured viscosity of an emulsion (in any convenient unit) at a given shear rate divided by the measured viscosity
of the oil at the same shear rate
NOTE 1 It is important to report the shear rate used in the viscosity measurements of the emulsion and the water free oil.
NOTE 2 Adapted from ASTM F 873-84 (88).
2.1.9
pour point
lowest temperature at which a sample of petroleum product will continue to flow when it is cooled under specified
standard conditions
[ISO 3016:1994]
2.1.10
sheen
very thin oil slicks with a silvery or rainbow-coloured appearance and with a thickness of less than 0,001 mm
2.1.11
specific gravity
ratio of the mass of a given volume of liquid at 15 °C to the mass of an equal volume of fresh water at the same
temperature
[ASTM D 4410-95]
2.1.12
viscosity
measure of the resistance to flow or deformation of a liquid
[ISO 3104:1994]
2.1.13
windrows
narrow bands of oil, generally aligned with the wind direction, typical of an oil slick after several hours of exposure
(or days for very large spills)
2.2 Oil classification
2.2.1
group I oil
non-persistent oil
petroleum-based oil that consists of hydrocarbon fractions, at least 50 per cent of which distill at a temperature of
340 °C and at least 95 per cent of which distill at a temperature of 370 °C
2.2.2
group II oil
persistent oil with a specific gravity of less than 0,85
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ISO 16165:2001(E)
2.2.3
group III oil
persistent oil with a specific gravity equal to or greater than 0,85 and less than 0,95
2.2.4
group IV oil
persistent oil with a specific gravity greater than 1,00
2.2.5
group V oil
persistent oil with a specific gravity greater than 1,00
2.2.6
persistent oil
petroleum-based oil that does not meet the distillation criteria for a group I oil
2.3 Environmental conditions
2.3.1
air temperature
average or point temperature of the air measured at or near the ground or water surface (°C)
[ASTM F 625-94]
2.3.2
current
average water speed and direction (i.e. velocity) relative to a fixed reference point (m/s)
[ASTM F 625-94]
2.3.3
debris
solid or semisolid substance that could interfere with the operation of a spill control system
[ASTM F 625-94]
2.3.4
significant wave height
average height, measured crest to trough, of the one-third highest waves, considering only short-period waves (i.e.
period less than 10 seconds) (m)
[ASTM F 625-94]
2.3.5
significant wave period
average period of the one-third highest waves, measured in seconds as the elapsed time between crests of
succeeding waves past a fixed point(s)
[ASTM F 625-94]
2.3.6
water temperature
average or point temperature of a water body as measured within the top 300 mm (°C)
[ASTM F 625-94]
2.3.7
wind direction
direction from which the wind is blowing
[ASTM F 625-94]
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ISO 16165:2001(E)
2.4 Assessment techniques
2.4.1
ladder search
aerial surveillance to find and delineate oil slicks, carried out in a direction perpendicular to the wind in order to
increase the probability of locating slicks and windrows
2.4.2
oil spill modelling
mathematical prediction of the environmental fate and/or behaviour of an oil spill
2.4.3
remote sensing
use of sensors to find delineate oil slicks, mounted on a variety of platforms such as ships, aircraft and satellites
2.4.4
surveillance
response activities with the purpose of detecting a spill, determining the extent and behaviour of a spill, optimizing
countermeasures and/or predicting spill movements and effects
2.5 Sampling
2.5.1
chain-of-custody documentation
chronological evidence defining the history of an item, such as a sample, and identifying an individual responsible
for custody of the item at each point in time
[ASTM D 4840-95]
2.5.2
custody
physical possession or control
NOTE 1 A sample is under custody if it is in an individual's possession or under the immediate control of an individual to
prevent altercation of characteristics.
NOTE 2 Adapted from ASTM D 4840-95.
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ISO 16165:2001(E)
2.6 Containment (based on ASTM F 818-93)
2.6.1 Floating boom equipment terminology
Key
1 Boom end connector
2 Boom segment
3 Boom section
4 Water line
5 Freeboard
6 Draught
7 Flotation chamber
h Overall height
Figure 1 — Containment boom equipment
2.6.1.1
anchor point
structural point on the end connector or along the length of a boom section designed for the attachment of anchor
or mooring lines
2.6.1.2
barrier
method of controlling the movement of oil or other substances on the water surface or in the water column
2.6.1.3
boom
floating mechanical barrier used to control the movement of substances that float
2.6.1.4
boom section
length of boom between two end connectors
2.6.1.5
boom segment
repetitive and similar portion of the boom section
2.6.1.6
bridle
device attached to a boom to distribute the load exerted by towing or anchoring the boom
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ISO 16165:2001(E)
2.6.1.7
curtain type boom
boom consisting of a flexible skirt supported by vertical centreline flotation
2.6.1.8
end connector
device attached to the boom used for joining boom sections to one another or to other accessory devices
2.6.1.9
"fence type" boom
boom consisting of a self-supporting or stiffened membrane supported by floating devices
2.6.1.10
fire resistant boom
boom intended for containment of burning oil slicks
2.6.1.11
inflatable boom
boom that uses inflatable chambers, self-inflatable or manually, as the flotation device
2.6.1.12
shore seal boom
boom that, when grounded, seals against the shoreline
2.6.1.13
sorbent boom
material contained or arranged in the form of a boom that has absorptive or adsorptive capabilities
2.6.1.14
special purpose boom
boom that departs from the general characteristics of "fence type" and "curtain type" booms, either in design or
intended use
2.6.2 Engineering terminology
2.6.2.1
buoyancy chamber
enclosed compartment of air or other buoyant material providing flotation for the boom
2.6.2.2
gross buoyancy
weight of fresh water displaced by an entire boom section when totally submerged
2.6.2.3
gross buoyancy to weight ratio
gross buoyancy divided by boom weight
2.6.2.4
operational draft
minimum vertical depth of the boom below the water-line
2.6.2.5
operational freeboard
minimum vertical height of the boom above the water-line
2.6.2.6
operational height
sum of operational draft and operational freeboard
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ISO 16165:2001(E)
2.6.2.7
overall height
maximum vertical dimension of boom
2.6.2.8
reserve buoyancy
gross buoyancy minus boom weight
2.6.3 Operational terminology
2.6.3.1
boom planing
heeling over of a boom and a loss of draught
2.6.3.2
boom submergence
containment failure due to loss of freeboard
2.6.3.3
bridging failure
portions of a boom emerging from the water due to poor wave conformance, with resulting containment failure
2.6.3.4
cascading booms
booming configuration formed by positioning two or more booms in a deflection mode such that successive booms
progressively move oil into the desired area
2.6.3.5
catenary configuration
booming configuration formed by towing or anchoring each end of a length of boom resulting in a characteristic "J"
or “U” shape
2.6.3.6
catenary drag force
longitudinal load imposed on a boom, deployed in a catenary configuration, resulting from towing, current and/or
wind forces
2.6.3.7
diversion mode
placement of a boom to redirect the movement of a floating substance
2.6.3.8
drainage loss
oil lost due to the accumulation or pooling against the boom skirt and escaping with the flow of the water down and
along the skirt
NOTE Accumulated oil is the cause for loss rather than water flow.
2.6.3.9
entrainment loss
oil released from the underside of an oil slick at the boom by the flow of water (e.g. high current conditions)
2.6.3.10
exclusion booming
placement of a boom to protect an area from the entry of a floating substance
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ISO 16165:2001(E)
2.6.3.11
first-loss tow
current velocity
minimum tow/current velocity measured perpendicular to the boom at which oil escapes past a boom
2.6.3.12
gap ratio
sweep width divided by boom length
2.6.3.13
loss rate
3
rate at which oil is lost past a boom (m /h)
2.6.3.14
splash-over
oil passing over the top of the boom
2.6.3.15
straight line drag force
longitudinal drag force that results from towing a boom from one end
2.6.3.16
structural failure
failure that occurs when any external force acting on the boom exceeds the tensile strength of the boom
2.6.3.17
sweep width
width intercepted by a boom in collection mode, the projected distance perpendicular to the direction of travel or
current between the ends of a boom deployed in a "U", "V" or "J" configuration
2.6.3.18
tear resistance
force required to separate boom parts
NOTE Tear resistance is relevant for attachments to the fabric and is also an important measure of boom fabric strength.
2.6.3.19
tensile strength
force required to stretch boom material to the point where it fails and tears apart
2.6.3.20
vortex loss
oil escaping past a boom due to drainage vortices produced at the boom
2.6.3.21
“J” configuration
catenary configuration
boom positioned in a "J" shape
2.6.3.22
"U" configuration
boom positioned in a "U" shape
2.6.3.23
"V" configuration
boom positioned in a "V" shape
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ISO 16165:2001(E)
2.7 Recovery
2.7.1 Equipment terminology
2.7.1.1
dedicated response equipment
spill response equipment dedicated to an area, port, facility or any other designated place or organization
2.7.1.2
skimmers
mechanical devices used to remove oil from the water surface
[API 1995]
2.7.1.3
sorbent
material used to recover fluids through the mechanism of absorption or adsorption or both
[ASTM F 1127-88]
2.7.1.4
vessel-of-opportunity
watercraft which normally have duties other than spill response, but are pressed into service as available
2.7.2 Performance terminology
2.7.2.1
derating factor
reduction factor, applied to nameplate recovery rates, to account for less than optimum performance due to less
than ideal oil slick and environmental conditions
2.7.2.2
fluid recovery rate
3
total volume of fluid recovered by the skimmer per unit time (m /h)
2.7.2.3
nameplate recovery rate
3
maximum volume of fluid that can be recovered by a skimmer per unit time, as stated by the manufacturer (m /h)
2.7.2.4
oil recovery rate
3
volume of water-free oil removed from the water surface by the skimmer, per unit time (m /h)
[ASTM F 808-83 (88)]
2.7.2.5
oil slick
oilyfluidfloatingonthesurfaceof the water
2.7.2.6
oil slick encounter rate
volume of oil slick per unit time actively encountered by the oil spill response system, and therefore available for
3
containment and recovery (m /h)
[ASTM F 1688-96]
2.7.2.7
oil slick recovery efficiency
ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the oil slick recovery rate to the total volumetric rate of fluids recovered
[ASTM F 808-83 (88)]
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ISO 16165:2001(E)
2.7.2.8
oil slick recovery rate
3
volume of oil slick removed from the water surface by the skimmer, per unit time (m /h)
[ASTM F 808-83 (88)]
2.7.2.9
oil spill recovery system
combination of devices that operate together to recover spilled oil
NOTE 1 The system would include, but is not limited to, some or all of the following components:
a) floating boom;
b) skimmer;
c) support vessels to deploy and operate the boom and skimmer;
d) discharge/transfer pumps;
e) oil/water separator;
f) temporary storage devices;
g) shore based storage/disposal.
NOTE 2 Adapted from ASTM F 1688-96.
2.7.2.10
recovery efficiency
ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the volume of oil recovered to the volume of total fluids recovered
[ASTM F 631-93]
2.7.2.11
response time
time interval between the time of notification of a spill incident and the start of cleanup operations
2.7.2.12
throughput efficiency
ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the volume of oil recovered to the volume of oil encountered
[ASTM F 631-93]
2.7.3 Storage terminology
2.7.3.1
temporary storage device
receptacle used to hold recovered fluids until they can be disposed of permanently
[ASTM F 1599-95]
2.7.3.2
open pool
open-topped container used to store recovered fluids
[ASTM F 1599-95]
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ISO 16165:2001(E)
2.7.3.3
pillow tank
closed, generally rectangular or round coated fabric receptacle
[ASTM F 1599-95]
NOTE Pillow tanks can be floated and/or land based.
2.7.3.4
towable flexible tank
receptacle that is characterized by flexibility along its length
[ASTM F 1599-95]
2.7.3.5
towable open tank
open, inflatable, barge-type vessel that resembles a large inflatable boat, characterized by a portion of the top
surface being open to atmosphere
[ASTM F 1599-95]
2.8 Dispersant use
2.8.1
application rate
3
volume of dispersant applied per unit area (m /km)
2.8.2
application efficiency
proportion of the volume of dispersant applied that is deposited on the target slick
2.8.3
approved dispersant
dispersant accepted and listed for use by authorized regulatory agencies
2.8.4
dispersant
surface-active agent used to decrease the interfacial tension between oil and water and to enhance the dispersion
of the oil into fine droplets into the water column
[CONCAWE 1981]
2.8.5
dispersant effectiveness
for a given oil slick or area, the percentage of oil that is dispersed into the water column
2.8.6
dispersant exclusion zone
areas in which dispersant is not permitted due to possible detrimental environmental effects or other factors
2.8.7
dosage ratio
volume of dispersant applied per volume of oil
2.8.8
effects monitoring
measurement of effects on specified target species resulting from dispersant application
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ISO 16165:2001(E)
2.8.9
effectiveness monitoring
visual or other observations to determine the effectiveness of the dispersant application
2.8.10
emulsion breakers
chemicals used to break emulsions
2.8.11
herding
collection of floating oil into a smaller surface area caused by increasing surface tension exerted by the dispersing
applied chemical
[Exxon 1994]
2.8.12
pre-approved zones
areas that have received pre-approval (perhaps with specified conditions) for the use of dispersants,
bioremediation agents, in-situ burning or other response techniques on marine oil spills, having met certain criteria
for possible environmental effects
2.8.13
spray drift
movement of airborne spray particles from the intended application (target) area
[ASTM E 609-81(91)]
2.9 Removal by in situ burning
2.9.1
burn rate
3 2
rate at which an oil slick is combusted per unit area (m /m /h)
2.9.2
combustion promoter
substance added to an oil slick to increase the efficiency of in situ burning
NOTE These substances typically act as either a wicking agent or an insulator between the water substrate, or a
combination of the two.
2.9.3
controlled burning
in situ burning application that is started and can be stopped by human intervention
2.9.4
igniter
deviceor system usedtoinitiatean in situ burn
2.9.5
ignition promoter
substance added to an oil slick to increase the ignitability of the slick or to promote spreading of flame over the
surface of un-ignited oil
2.9.6
in situ burning
burning of marine oil spills "in place" on the water surface
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ISO 16165:2001(E)
2.9.7
in situ burning efficiency
ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the volume of oil that was removed by burning compared to the total volume of
oil that was originally ignited
NOTE This value is calculated as the initial volume of oil less the volume remaining as residue, divided by the initial
volume.
2.9.8
in situ burn residue
the material remaining after an in situ burn
2.9.9
overall burning removal rate
3
volume of oil burned per unit time for a given burn application (m /h)
2.10 Shoreline cleanup
2.10.1 Shoreline terminology
2.10.1.1
asphalt pavement
naturally formed cohesive mixture of weathered oil and sediments
NOTE 1 Sediments in the mixture are usually in the sand/granule/pebble size range. In appearance, natural asphalt
pavement may resemble the mixture artificially created to surface roads.
NOTE 2 Adapted from ASTM F 1687-96.
2.10.1.2
ecological recovery
progressive change of an ecosystem towards the natural range of dominance, diversity, abundance and zonation
characteristics of the local unaffected ecosystems
NOTE 1 A shore is in a "recovered" condition when the natural biota has been established and is within the range and
diversity and abundance expected for the habitat.
NOTE 2 Adapted from AURIS 1994.
2.10.1.3
ecosystem
combination of populations of different species that live together and interact with each other and the physical and
chemical factors making up its environment
2.10.1.4
environmental sensitivity
susceptibility of a local environment or area to any disturbance which might decrease its stability or result in either
short or long-term adverse effects
NOTE 1 Environmental sensitivity generally includes physical, biological and socio-economic parameters.
NOTE 2 Adapted from BASICS 1979.
2.10.1.5
sediment sizes
2.10.1.5.1
boulder
component of a sediment with a diameter > 256 mm
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ISO 16165:2001(E)
2.10.1.5.2
cobble
component of a sediment with a diameter of 64 mm to 256 mm
2.10.1.5.3
pebble
component of a sediment with a diameter of 4 mm to 64 mm
2.10.1.5.4
granule
component of a sediment with a diameter of 2 mm to 4 mm
2.10.1.5.5
sand
component of a sediment with a diameter of 0,06 mm to 2 mm
2.10.1.5.6
mud
component of a sediment with a diameter < 0,06 mm
2.10.1.5.7
silt
component of a sediment with a diameter < 0,06 mm
2.10.1.5.8
clay
component of a sediment with a diameter < 0,06 mm
2.10.1.6
special use habitat
area of critical concern due to the presence of marine mammals, birds or endangered species
NOTE 1 Its designation may be seasonal.
NOTE 2 Adapted from API 1995.
2.10.1.7
shore zones
2.10.1.7.1
foreshore zone
area below mean low tide
2.10.1.7.2
intertidal zone
shoreline between the low tide mark and the high tide mark which is covered by water at some time during the tide
cycle
NOTE 1 The size of the intertidal zone varies with the tidal characteristics of a given region as well as the shoreline
characteristics.
NOTE 2 Adapted from BASICS 1979.
2.10.1.7.3
supratidal zone
area above the mean high tide that experiences wave activity occasionally
NOTE 1 Also known as backshore zone.
NOTE 2 Adapted from ASTM F 1687-96.
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ISO 16165:2001(E)
2.10.1.8
weathered oil
oil that has had an alteration of physical or chemical properties, or both, through a natural process such as
evaporation, dissolution, oxidation, emulsification and biodegradation
2.10.2 Cleanup methods terminology
2.10.2.1
bioaugmentation
addition of microorganisms (predominantly bacteria) to increase the biodegradation rate of target pollutants
[ASTM F 1600-95a]
2.10.2.2
biodegradation
chemical alteration and breakdown of a substance to usually smaller products caused by microorganisms or their
enzymes
[ASTM F 1481-94]
2.10.2.3
bioremediation
enhancement of biodegradation
[ASTM F 1600-95a]
2.10.2.4
bioremediation agents
inorganic and organic compounds and microorganisms that enhance biological degradation processes,
predominantly by micro-organisms decomposition
[ASTM F 1481-94]
2.10.2.5
cleaning stage 1
initial phase in a shoreline treatment operation involving the removal of bulks of oil and oiled beach sediments
2.10.2.6
cleaning stage 2
intermediate phase in a shoreline treatment operation involving the removal of the majority of oil beach sediments
and floating oil
2.10.2.7
cleaning stage 3
final or cosmetic treatment phase in a shoreline treatment operation
2.10.2.8
cleaning level 1
shoreline condition that results from a decision not to clean
2.10.2.9
cleaning level 2
shoreline condition that results from a decision to clean to a minimum level
NOTE Removal of floating and bulk of oil is an example of cleaning to a minimum level.
2.10.2.10
cleaning level 3
shoreline condition that results from a decision to clean to full restoration
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ISO 16165:2001(E)
2.10.2.11
cleaning level 4
shoreline condition that results from a decision to clean to a pristine level
NOTE This is cleaning beyond the existing background concent
...