ISO 37183:2023

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 37183
First edition
2023-10
Smart community infrastructures —
Smart transportation by facial
recognition payment (f-payment)
Reference number
© ISO 2023
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Concept of smart transportation by f-payment . 1
4.1 Background . 1
4.2 F-payment application in transportation and its related services . 2
4.3 Target city issues . 3
4.4 Expected effectiveness . . 3
4.4.1 General . 3
4.4.2 Customers who will benefit from f-payment . 3
4.4.3 F-payment effectiveness in the service sector. 4
4.4.4 F-payment effectiveness in other situations . 4
4.5 Satisfying the UN Sustainable Development Goals . 4
5 Facial recognition procedures in smart transportation by f-payment.4
5.1 General . 4
5.2 Facial recognition procedure . . 5
5.2.1 General . 5
5.2.2 Facial image acquisition . 5
5.2.3 Benchmark images . 5
5.2.4 Facial feature extraction . 5
5.2.5 Facial comparison. 5
5.2.6 Pictograms, icons and symbols . 5
5.2.7 Databases for f-payment . 5
5.2.8 Personal privacy protection . 5
5.2.9 Privacy risk management . 6
6 Organization of smart transportation by f-payment . 6
6.1 General . 6
6.2 Facial recognition management . 7
6.2.1 Facial image registration . 7
6.2.2 Facial detection . . 7
6.2.3 Facial image re-registration . 7
6.2.4 Withdrawal from f-payment services . 7
6.3 Security for facial recognition attacks . 7
6.3.1 Types of facial recognition attacks . 7
6.3.2 Facial duplication protection. 8
6.4 Security for f-payment money transfer . 8
6.5 Privacy protection . 9
7 Maintenance of the quality of smart transportation by f-payment .9
7.1 General . 9
7.2 Parameters to be observed. 9
7.3 Modification of smart transportation services . 9
Bibliography .10
iii
Foreword
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iv
Introduction
Transportation services receive an extremely large number of customers going to a variety of
destinations at different times and places in the service networks. Conventional means of payment
do not necessarily sufficiently satisfy the customer's individual purpose and preference when using
transportation in their respective travel manner. Whenever customers use transportation and its
related services, they have to complete payment procedures for the service costs. Formerly, the payment
was made in cash in person between the customer and transportation operator. More recently, credit
cards have been used. Also, d-payment has been developed and applied as a practical means of payment.
This was introduced in ISO 37165. In d-payment, QR-codes are often used for payer identification and
payment authorization. However, this application works only when QR-codes are prepared in advance
and indicated. In this sense, d-payment applied with QR-codes is not a perfect payment manner. Now,
thanks to biometric recognition technology development, the face can be used for identification and
authorization in some fields through improved facial image resolution. Such improvement encourages
facial recognition applications even in services where high security should be ensured, such as money
transfers to/from bank accounts. Introducing digitally processed payments (d-payment) applied
with facial recognition payment (f-payment) in transportation and its related services makes travel
procedures easy because f-payment does not require the use of hands to make the payment.
Facial recognition is a biometric recognition technology that identifies persons by digitally viewing
their faces, processing collected digital images, recognising the person and authorizing their action
after identification. A typical application of facial recognition is passport holder identification in
immigration inspection in international airports, ports and stations. This application does not allow
the substitution of the faces for the facial image in the passport, but it provides immigration officers
with another means to identify the traveller. After completing the identification, the traveller's entry
into the country is authorized. This helps in effectively ensuring entry inspection security.
In passenger services, customers are requested to pay the fare and fees by purchasing tickets in
advance of the transportation or paying cash directly to transportation operators when or after
boarding. Cash payment has been replaced with credit card payment. Digital cards by smartphone
and QR-codes indicated in paper tickets and smartphones have also become available. However, these
means of payment require customers to bring, hold and show such cards and devices to transportation
agents upon payment.
Facial recognition, where identification is determined by digitally collecting the customer's facial images
as samples and comparing with benchmark images stored as references in a database in advance, has
been applied as an identification and authorization tool for payment transactions. On the premise of
ensuring privacy, users that allow and agree with the use of their biometric data to authorize payment
of transport services, can benefit from a faster dispatch by the transportation operators. F-payment can
be a supplement to other payment methods (e.g. cash, credit cards and digital payment). This document
describes the concept of f-payment and how to apply it in transportation and its related services.
v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 37183:2023(E)
Smart community infrastructures — Smart transportation
by facial recognition payment (f-payment)
1 Scope
This document describes the concept of smart transportation by facial recognition payment (f-payment)
and how this means of payment improves the transportation experience for city inhabitants and
visitors who agree to use their biometric data.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1
facial recognition
biometric recognition of the face
Note 1 to entry: Biometric recognition is defined in ISO/IEC 2382-37:2022, 3.1.3.
3.2
facial recognition payment
f-payment
payment processed digitally where facial recognition is applied to identify the payer and authorize
their action in the payment process
Note 1 to entry: Digitally processed payment is defined in ISO 37165:2020, 3.2.
3.3
smart transportation by facial recognition payment
smart transportation by f-payment
transportation and its related services in which payment is processed by f-payment
4 Concept of smart transportation by f-payment
4.1 Background
Digitally processed payment (d-payment) has been used as a practical payment method since it was
developed in the 2010s. This means of payment is characterized by:
— the equivalent d-payment exchangeable for reserve currencies (e.g. US dollars, Euros and Chinese
Yuan), that are further exchangeable to local currencies;
— quick payment through decentralization or point-to-point direct transactions;
— free exchange of local currencies with the d-payment equivalent of reserve currencies and vice
versa;
— no specific machine-required transaction supported by mobile terminals (e.g. mobile phones and
smartphones, tablets, PCs) and through telecommunication or internet services.
F-payment, which is a d-payment option, also has such characteristics, except for the addition of facial
image acquisition equipment, which is used to protect the f-payment from facial recognition attacks as
designated in 6.3.
However, in a d-payment, at least two things have to be verified for the authorization of the money
transfer:
— a digitally readable item such as a credit card, QR code-indicated paper (e.g. ticket, coupon) and
display (e.g. smartphone, PC);
— a PIN code.
Thus, whenever using d-payment, customers are requested to show digital materials or devices by
holding and then inputting a PIN code by typing. This procedure forces customers to use their hands
even while the hands are occupied, regardless of the physical conditions of customers, especially
the elderly and people living with a disability. This requirement takes time for a customer to finish
d-payment procedures even though a d-payment transaction is completed in less than 200 ms. This is
time consuming for the customer before the transaction process starts as well as for the service agents
who have to manage many customers lining up for payment.
As described in ISO 37165:2020, 5.1.3, d-payment can improve the quality of the operator's internal
management. D-payment can prevent employee fraud because no cash is dealt with and every
transaction is traceable by transparent processes that provide information on the time and people
making the transactions, the number of transactions made and security algorithm changes. The
operator's ID can also be associated with their biometric data (facial image) to improve the auditing
quality process of fee payment management.
F-payment enhances customer convenience and operator management quality. In addition to the
benefits of the d-payment, f-payment has the following benefits:
— hands-free procedure;
— negligible response time during the payment process.
NOTE The response time of facial recognition is less than 1 s, which is shorter than the payment agreement
procedures carried out by customers (e.g. PIN code input, signing) in a d-payment.
4.2 F-payment application in transportation and its related services
F-payment is applicable at least in transportation and its related services as described in ISO 37154:2017,
5.2.6 and 6.3.4. Smart transportation by f-payment can be used in the following cases:
a) Ticket purchase and seat/bed reservations
As mentioned in 4.1, by applying f-payment in ticket offices and vending machines, the time consumed
by customers can be saved, which is taken up by showing their credit cards, smartphone displays and
other digital devices to the agent and machine and agreeing on the payment to the transportation
operator by entering PIN codes or signing. The facial recognition process, using the face which is already
ready for image acquisition, takes 1 s for identification and authorization, but the time is negligible
compared to the entire f-payment procedure including the money transfer transaction, the procedure
of which is the same as for d-payment.
b) Fare/fee direct payment on services
When paying for fare and fees on transportation services, f-payment customers only have to show their
faces to transportation agents (e.g. train conductors, bus drivers, ferry crew). This means of payment
saves time taken by customers to prepare cash, hold tickets, pre-paid cards or QR codes and show or
touch such items to a reader, a driver or a conductor. Customers can simply show their faces to facial
image acquisition equipment even while both hands are occupied. If customers are disabled, especially
with the hands, f-payment is helpful and encourages use of transportation.
This means of fare/fee payment is beneficial to both customers and transportation operators, especially
for ticketing for train, bus and ferry services where payment should be simple and quickly completed
without
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