ISO 8098:2023

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8098
Fourth edition
2023-01
Cycles — Safety requirements for
bicycles for young children
Cycles — Exigences de sécurité pour les bicyclettes pour jeunes
enfants
Reference number
© ISO 2023
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Requirements and test methods . 3
4.1 Brake tests and strength tests — Special requirements . 3
4.1.1 Brake tests to which special requirements apply . 3
4.1.2 Strength tests to which special requirements apply . 3
4.1.3 Numbers and condition of specimens for the strength tests. 3
4.1.4 Tolerances . 4
4.1.5 Fatigue test . 4
4.1.6 Plastic material test ambient temperature . 4
4.1.7 Impact test . 4
4.2 Toxicity . 4
4.3 Sharp edges . 5
4.4 Security and strength of safety-related fasteners . 5
4.4.1 Security of screws . 5
4.4.2 Minimum failure torque . 5
4.4.3 Quick-release devices . 5
4.4.4 Foot location devices . 5
4.4.5 Folding bicycle mechanism . 5
4.5 Crack detection methods . 5
4.6 Exposed protrusions . 5
4.7 Brakes . 6
4.7.1 Braking-systems . 6
4.7.2 Hand-operated brakes . . 6
4.7.3 Attachment of brake assembly and cable requirements . 8
4.7.4 Brake-block and brake-pad assemblies — Security test . 9
4.7.5 Brake adjustment . 9
4.7.6 Back-pedal brake . 9
4.7.7 Braking-system — Strength tests . 9
4.7.8 Braking performance . 10
4.8 Steering .12
4.8.1 Handlebar — Dimensions and end fittings.12
4.8.2 Handlebar grips and end plugs .12
4.8.3 Handlebar-stem — Insertion depth mark or positive stop . 14
4.8.4 Steering stability . 14
4.8.5 Steering assembly — Static strength and security tests . 14
4.8.6 Handlebar and stem assembly — Fatigue test . 18
4.9 Frames . 20
4.9.1 Frame and front fork assembly — Impact test (falling mass).20
4.9.2 Frame and front fork assembly — impact test (falling frame) . 21
4.10 Front fork . 22
4.10.1 General .22
4.10.2 Front fork — Bending fatigue test . 22
4.11 Wheel and tyre assembly . 23
4.11.1 Wheel and tyre assembly — Rotational accuracy .23
4.11.2 Wheel and tyre assembly — Clearance . 24
4.11.3 Wheel and tyre assembly — Static strength test . 25
4.11.4 Wheels — Wheel retention . 25
4.11.5 Tyre inflation pressure . 26
4.11.6 Wheel and tyre assembly —Overpressure test . 26
iii
4.12 Pedals and pedal/crank drive system . 26
4.12.1 Pedal tread .26
4.12.2 Pedal clearance . 27
4.12.3 Pedal — Impact test . 27
4.12.4 Pedal/pedal-spindle — Dynamic durability test.28
4.12.5 Drive system static strength test .29
4.12.6 Crank assembly — Fatigue tests .30
4.13 Saddles and seat-posts . 31
4.13.1 Limiting dimensions . 31
4.13.2 Seat-post — Insertion-depth mark or positive stop . 31
4.13.3 Saddle and seat-post security test . 32
4.13.4 Saddle — Static strength test . 32
4.13.5 Saddle and seat-post assembly fatigue test . 33
4.14 Chain-wheel and belt-drive protective device .34
4.15 Stabilizers . 35
4.15.1 Mounting and dismounting. 35
4.15.2 Dimensions . 35
4.15.3 Vertical load test .36
4.15.4 Longitudinal load test .36
4.16 Luggage carriers . 37
4.17 Lighting systems and reflectors . 37
4.17.1 Front and rear light . 37
4.17.2 Reflectors . 37
4.17.3 Wiring harness .38
4.18 Warning device .38
5 Instructions .38
6 Marking . .39
6.1 Requirement . 39
6.2 Durability test .40
6.2.1 Requirement .40
6.2.2 Test method .40
Annex A (informative) Steering geometry .41
Annex B (informative) Verification of free fall velocity .42
Bibliography .43
iv
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 149, Cycles, Subcommittee SC 1, Cycles
and major sub-assemblies, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
Technical Committee CEN/TC 333, Cycles, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation
between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 8098:2014), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— addition of the terms "3.3 conventional brake-lever", "3.4 parallel brake-lever", and "3.19 wheel and
tyre assembly";
— improvement of 4.4.2 Minimum failure torque;
— addition of 4.7.2.3.2 Parallel brake-lever;
— improvement of 4.8.1 Handlebar — Dimensions and end fittings;
— improvement of 4.8.2 Handlebar grips;
— "Wheels" and "Rims, tyres and tubes" are merged as "4.11 Wheels and tyre assembly";
— improvement of 4.11.2 Wheel and tyre assembly — Clearance;
— improvement of 4.12.6 Crank assembly — Fatigue tests;
— improvement of 4.14 Chain-wheel and belt-drive protective device.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
Introduction
This document has been developed in response to demand throughout the world, and the aim has been
to ensure that bicycles manufactured in conformity with it will be as safe as is practically possible.
The tests have been designed to ensure the strength and durability of individual parts as well as of the
bicycle as a whole, demanding high quality throughout and consideration of safety aspects from the
design stage onwards.
The scope has been limited to safety considerations and has specifically avoided standardization of
components.
If the bicycle is used on public roads, national regulations apply.
For safety requirements for toy bicycles intended for very young children see national regulations and
standards.
vi
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8098:2023(E)
Cycles — Safety requirements for bicycles for young
children
1 Scope
This document specifies safety and performance requirements and test methods for the design,
assembly and testing of fully assembled bicycles and sub-assemblies for young children. It also provides
guidelines for instructions on the use and care of the bicycles.
This document is applicable to bicycles with a maximum saddle height of more than 435 mm and less
than 635 mm, propelled by a transmitted drive to the rear wheel.
It is not applicable to special bicycles intended for performing stunts (e.g. BMX bicycles).
NOTE For bicycles with a maximum saddle height of 435 mm or less, see national regulations for ride-on
[5]-[13]
toys, and with a maximum saddle height of 635 mm or more, see ISO 4210-1 to ISO 4210-9 .
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1101, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Geometrical tolerancing — Tolerances of form,
orientation, location and run-out
ISO 6742-2, Cycles — Lighting and retro-reflective devices — Part 2: Retro-reflective devices
ISO 8124-1:2018, Safety of toys — Part 1: Safety aspects related to mechanical and physical properties
ISO 11243, Cycles — Luggage carriers for bicycles — Requirements and test methods
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
bicycle
two-wheeled vehicle that is propelled solely or mainly by the muscular energy of the person on that
vehicle, in particular by means of pedals
[SOURCE: ISO 4210-1:2023, 3.1.1]
3.2
brake-lever
lever that operates a braking device
[SOURCE: ISO 4210-1:2023, 3.4.2]
3.3
conventional brake-lever
brake-lever (3.2) with a rotational axis perpendicular to the handlebar
3.4
parallel brake-lever
brake-lever (3.2) with rotational axis parallel to the handlebar
3.5
braking force
tangential rearward force between the tyre and the ground or the tyre and the drum or belt of the test
machine
[SOURCE: ISO 4210-1:2023, 3.4.4]
3.6
crank assembly
assembly consisting of the drive side and the non-drive side crank arm the bottom-bracket spindle or
crank spindle, and all component of the drive system that are affixed to the crankset
[SOURCE: ISO 4210-1:2023, 3.8.2, modified — EXAMPLE has been removed.]
3.7
exposed protrusion
protrusion which through its location and rigidity could present a hazard to the rider either through
heavy contact with it in normal use or should the rider fall onto it in an accident
[SOURCE: ISO 4210-1:2023, 3.2.3]
3.8
fracture
unintentional separation into two or more parts
[SOURCE: ISO 4210-1:2023, 3.2.4]
3.9
highest gear
gear ratio which gives the greatest distance travelled for one rotation of the cranks
[SOURCE: ISO 4210-1:2023, 3.8.4]
3.10
lowest gear
gear ratio which gives the shortest distance travelled for one rotation of the cranks
[SOURCE: ISO 4210-1:2023, 3.8.5]
3.11
maximum inflation pressure
maximum tyre pressure recommended by the tyre or rim manufacturer for a safe and efficient
performance, and if the maximum rim pressure was marked on both the tyre and rim, maximum tyre
pressure according to the lower marked maximum inflation pressure on the rim or tyre
[SOURCE: ISO 4210-1:2023, 3.7.3, modified — Note 1 to entry has been removed.]
3.12
maximum saddle height
vertical distance from the ground to the point where the top of the seat surface is intersected by
the seat-post axis, measured with the seat in a horizontal position and with the seat-post set to the
minimum insertion-depth mark
[SOURCE: ISO 4210-1:2023, 3.2.6]
3.13
tread surface
surface of a pedal that is presented to the underside of the foot
[SOURCE: ISO 4210-1:2023, 3.8.6]
3.14
quick-release devices
lever actuated mechanism that connects, retains, or secures a wheel or any other component
[SOURCE: ISO 4210-1:2023, 3.2.8]
3.15
stabilizers
removable auxiliary wheels fitted to enable the rider to balance
3.16
toe-clip
device attached to the pedal to grip the toe end of the rider's shoe but permitting withdrawal of the
shoe
[SOURCE: ISO 4210-1:2023, 3.8.8]
3.17
toe-strap
device to securely locate a rider's shoe on a pedal
3.18
visible crack
crack which results from a test where that crack is visible to the naked eye
[SOURCE: ISO 4210-1:2023, 3.2.11]
3.19
wheel and tyre assembly
assembled wheel fitted with tyre and wheel include all necessary parts for its intended use
[SOURCE: ISO 4210-1:2023, 3.7.7]
4 Requirements and test methods
4.1 Brake tests and strength tests — Special requirements
4.1.1 Brake tests to which special requirements apply
Brake tests to which maximum permissible error requirements apply, as in 4.1.4, are those specified in
4.7.2.3 to 4.7.8.4 inclusive.
4.1.2 Strength tests to which special requirements apply
Strength tests to which maximum permissible error requirements apply, as in 4.1.4, are those involving
static, impact or fatigue loading as specified in 4.8 to 4.13 inclusive and 4.15.
4.1.3 Numbers and condition of specimens for the strength tests
In general, for static, impact and fatigue tests, each test shall be conducted on a new test sample, but
if only one sample is available, it is permissible to conduct all of the tests on the same sample with the
sequence of testing being fatigue, static and impact.
When more than one test is conducted on the same sample, the test sequence shall be clearly recorded
in the test report or record of testing.
If more than one test is conducted on the same sample, earlier tests can influence the results of
subsequent tests. Also, if a sample fails when it has been subjected to more than one test, a direct
comparison with single testing is not possible.
In all strength tests, specimens shall be in the fully finished condition.
It is permitted to carry out tests with dummy assemblies such as a fork or handlebar when carrying out
frame or handlebar stem tests.
4.1.4 Tolerances
Unless stated otherwise, maximum permissible error tolerances based on the nominal values shall be
as follows:
— Forces and torques:        0/+5 %
— Masses and weights:       ±1 %
— Dimensions:               ±1 mm
— Angles:                    ±1°
— Time duration:             ±5 s
— Temperatures:             ±2 °C
— Pressures:                 ±5 %
4.1.5 Fatigue test
The force for fatigue tests shall be applied and released progressively, and not exceed 10 Hz. The
tightness of fasteners according to manufacturer's recommended torque can be re-checked not later
than 1 000 test cycles to allow for the initial settling of the component assembly. (This is considered
applicable to all components, where fasteners are present for clamping.) The test bench shall be
qualified to meet dynamic requirements of 4.1.4.
NOTE Examples of suitable methods are listed in Reference [14].
4.1.6 Plastic material test ambient temperature
All strength tests involving any plastic materials shall be pre-conditioned for two hours and tested at
an ambient temperature of 23 °C ± 5 °C.
4.1.7 Impact test
For all vertical impact test, the striker shall be guided in such a way that the efficiency will allow a
value of at least 95 % of the free velocity.
NOTE See Annex B.
4.2 Toxicity
Any items which come into intimate contact with the rider (i.e. causing any hazard due to sucking or
licking) shall comply with national regulations specific to children's products.
4.3 Sharp edges
Exposed edges that could come into contact with the rider's hands, legs etc., during normal riding or
normal handling and normal maintenance shall not be sharp, e.g. deburred, broken, rolled or processed
with comparable techniques.
4.4 Security and strength of safety-related fasteners
4.4.1 Security of screws
Any screws used in the assembly of suspension systems, bracket attached electric generators, brake-
mechanisms and mud-guards to the frame or fork, shall be provided with suitable locking devices to
prevent unintentional loosening, e.g. lock-washers, lock-nuts, thread locking compound or stiff nuts.
Screws used to attach hub-generator are not included.
Fasteners used to assemble hub and disc brakes should have heat-resistant locking devices.
4.4.2 Minimum failure torque
The minimum failure torque of bolted joints for the fastening of handlebars, handlebar-stems, bar-ends,
saddles and seat-posts shall be at least 20 % greater than the manufacturer's maximum recommended
tightening torque.
4.4.3 Quick-release devices
Quick-release devices shall not be fitted. This requirement does not apply to the seat-tube clamp.
4.4.4 Foot location devices
Toe-straps and toe-clips shall not be fitted.
4.4.5 Folding bicycle mechanism
If folding bicycles mechanism is provided, it shall be designed so that the bicycle can be locked for use in
a simple, stable, safe way and when folded no damage shall occur to any cables. No locking mechanism
shall contact the wheels or tyres during riding, and it shall be impossible to unintentionally loosen or
unlock the folding mechanisms during riding.
4.5 Crack detection methods
Standardised methods should be used to emphasize the presence of cracks where visible cracks are
specified as criteria of failure in tests specified in this document.
[1][2][3][4]
NOTE For example, suitable dye-penetrant methods are specified in ISO 3452-1 to ISO 3452-4 .
4.6 Exposed protrusions
These requirements are intended to address the hazards associated with the users of bicycles falling on
projections or rigid components (e.g. handlebars, levers) on a bicycle possibly causing internal injury or
skin puncture.
Tubes and rigid components in the form of projections which constitute a puncture hazard to the user
should be protected. The size and shape of the end protection has not been stipulated, but an adequate
shape shall be given to avoid puncturing of the body. Screw threads which constitute a puncture
hazard shall be limited to a protrusion length of one major diameter of the screw beyond the internally
threaded mating part.
4.7 Brakes
4.7.1 Braking-systems
Bicycles, whether or not fitted with a fixed transmitted drive, shall be equipped with at least two
independently actuated braking systems, one system operating on the front wheel and one on the rear.
The decision on whether the rear braking system is operated by the rider’s hand or foot should be made
in accordance with the legislation, custom or preference of the country to which the bicycle has to be
supplied.
Brake-blocks containing asbestos shall not be permitted.
4.7.2 Hand-operated brakes
4.7.2.1 Brake-lever position
The brake-levers for front and rear brakes shall be positioned according to the legislation or custom
and practice of the country in which the bicycle is to be sold, and the bicycle manufacturer shall state in
the users instruction manual which lever operates the front brake and which operates the rear brake,
see also Clause 5 b).
4.7.2.2 Brake-lever grip dimensions
4.7.2.2.1 Requirement
The maximum grip dimension, d, measured between the outer surfaces of the brake-lever and the
handlebar, or the handlebar-grip or any other covering where present, shall not exceed 75 mm over a
distance of 40 mm as shown in Figure 1. For dimension a, see 4.7.2.2.2.
The brake-lever may be adjusted to permit these dimensions to be obtained.
Key
a distance between the last part of the lever intended for contact with the rider's fingers and the end of the lever
d brake-lever grip dimension - non activated
Figure 1 — Brake-lever grip dimensions
4.7.2.2.2 Test method
Fit the gauge illustrated in Figure 2 over the handlebar and handlebar-grip and the brake-lever as
shown in Figure 3 so that the face A is in contact with the handlebar grip and the side of the brake-lever.
Ensure that the face B is in uninterrupted contact with the part of the brake-lever which is intended
for contact with the rider's fingers and that the gauge does not cause any movement of the brake-lever
towards the handlebar or handlebar-grip. Measure the distance a, the distance between the last part of
the lever intended for contact with the rider's fingers and the end of the lever (see 4.7.2.2.1 and 4.7.2.3).
Dimension in millimetres
Key
1 face A
2 face B
3 rod
Figure 2 — Brake-lever grip dimension gauge
Figure 3 — Method of fitting the gauge to the brake-lever and handlebar
4.7.2.3 Brake-levers — Position of applied force
4.7.2.3.1 Conventional brake-lever
For the purposes of all braking tests in this document, the test force shall be applied at a distance, b,
which is equal to either dimension a as determined in 4.7.2.2.2 or 25 mm from the free end of the brake-
lever, whichever is the greater (see Figure 4).
Key
F applied force
b ≥25 mm
Figure 4 — Position of applied force on brake-lever
4.7.2.3.2 Parallel brake-lever
For the purposes of all braking tests in this document, the test force shall be applied at mid-distance of
the lever grip length (see Figure 5).
a)  Isometric view b)  Lateral view
Key
F applied force
Figure 5 — Position of applied force on parallel brake-lever
4.7.3 Attachment of brake assembly and cable requirements
Cable pinch-bolts shall not sever any of the cable strands when assembled to the manufacturer's
instructions. In the event of a cable failing, no part of the brake mechanism shall inadvertently inhibit
the rotation of the wheel.
The cable end shall either be protected with a cap that shall withstand a removal force of 20 N or be
otherwise treated to prevent unravelling.
NOTE See 4.4 in relation to fasteners.
4.7.4 Brake-block and brake-pad assemblies — Security test
4.7.4.1 Requirement
The friction material shall be securely attached to the holder, backing-plate, or shoe and there shall be
no failure of the assembly when tested by the method specified in 4.7.4.2. The brake system shall be
capable of meeting the strength test specified in 4.7.7 and the braking performance specified in 4.7.8.
4.7.4.2 Test method
Conduct the test on a fully assembled bicycle with the brakes adjusted to a correct position with a rider
or equivalent mass on the saddle. The combined mass of the bicycle and rider (or equivalent mass) shall
be 30 kg.
Actuate each brake-lever with a force of 130 N applied at the point as specified in 4.7.2.3 or a force
sufficient to bring the brake-lever into contact with the handlebar grip, whichever is the lesser. Maintain
this force while subjecting the bicycle to five forward and five rearward movements, each of which is
not less than 75 mm distance.
4.7.5 Brake adjustment
Each brake shall be capable of adjustment with or without the use of a tool to an efficient operating
position until the friction material has worn to the point of requiring replacement as recommended in
the manufacturer's instructions.
Also, when correctly adjusted, the friction material shall not contact anything other than the intended
braking surface.
If brake adjustment can be achieved without the use of a tool, the adjuster shall be designed to prevent
for incorrect use or incorrect operation.
4.7.6 Back-pedal brake
Back-pedal brakes shall be actuated by the rider's foot pedalling in the opposite direction to the drive
force. The brake mechanism shall function independently of any drive gear positions or adjustments.
The differential between the drive and brake positions of the crank shall not exceed 60°.
The measurement shall be taken with the crank held against each position with a pedal force of at least
140 N. The force shall be maintained for 1 min in each position.
4.7.7 Braking-system — Strength tests
4.7.7.1 Hand-operated brake — Requirement
When tested by the method described in 4.7.7.2, there shall be no failure of the braking-system or of any
component thereof.
4.7.7.2 Hand-operated brake — Test method
Conduct the test on a fully assembled bicycle. After it has been ensured that the braking system is
adjusted according to the recommendations in the manufacturer's instructions, apply a force at the
point specified in 4.7.2.3 and normal to the axis of handlebar in the grip area in the plane of travel of the
lever, as shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5. The force shall be 300 N, or a lesser force required to bring:
a) a cable-brake lever into contact with the handlebar grip or the handlebar where the manufacturer
does not fit a grip, or
b) a rod-operated brake lever level with the upper handlebar grip surface.
Repeat the test for a total of 10 times on each brake-lever.
4.7.7.3 Back-pedal brake — Requirement
When tested by the method described in 4.7.7.4, there shall be no failure of the back pedal braking
system or any component thereof.
4.7.7.4 Back-pedal brake — Test method
Conduct this test on a fully assembled bicycle. Ensure that the braking system is adjusted according
to the recommendations in the manufacturer's instructions, and that a pedal crank is in a horizontal
position (see Figure 6). Gradually apply a vertical force of 600 N to the centre of the pedal axe, and
maintain for 1 min.
Repeat the test 5 times.
Key
1 force measuring device
2 suitable webbing wrapped around wheel and tyre assembly circumference
F applied force on wheel and tyre assembly (braking force)
a
Direction of applied force on pedal (see 4.7.7.4 and 4.7.8.4).
Figure 6 — Measurement of braking force from back-pedal brake
4.7.8 Braking performance
4.7.8.1 Hand-operated brake performance test — Requirement
When tested in accordance with 4.7.8.2, the average braking force of hand operated braking systems
shall increase progressively as the lever force is increased in steps of 10 N from 40 N to 80 N.
For front brakes, with the appropriate lever forces, the minimum and maximum braking forces shall
conform to Table 1.
For rear brakes, with the appropriate lever forces, the minimum braking forces shall conform to Table 1.
Table 1 — Brake lever input forces and braking forces at the tyre
Brake lever input force Braking force at the tyre
N N
min. max. (front brake only)
40 40 100
60 50 140
80 60 180
4.7.8.2 Hand-operated brake performance test — Test method
Conduct the hand-operated brake performance test on a bicycle fully assembled, and with the brake
correctly adjusted (the saddle and seat-post may be removed).
Secure the bicycle and attach a braking force measuring device to the appropriate wheel and tyre
assembly, as shown in Figure 7.
Apply forces of 40 N, 50 N, 60 N, 70 N and 80 N progressively to the appropriate brake lever at a point
specified in 4.7.2.3 and normal to the handlebar grip in the plane of travel of the lever (see Figure 4 and
Figure 5).
For each brake lever input force, apply a steady pulling force to the wheel and tyre assembly through
the force measuring device, tangentially to the circumference of the tyre and in the forward-travel
direction of rotation.
After one half-revolution of the wheel, record the average braking force as the wheel rotates through a
further revolution at a steady linear tyre surface speed of between 0,5 m/s and 2,0 m/s.
For each force on the lever, take the average of three readings.
Key
1 force measuring device
2 suitable webbing around wheel and tyre assembly circumference
3 fixture
F applied force
a
Lever force.
Figure 7 — Measurement of braking force from hand-operated brake (typical arrangement)
4.7.8.3 Back-pedal brake performance test — Requirement
When tested in accordance with 4.7.8.4, the average braking force of back-pedal braking systems
transmitted to the rear wheel shall increase progressively as the pedal force is increased in steps of
20 N from 20 N to 100 N. The ratio of pedal force to braking force shall not exceed 2.
4.7.8.4 Back-pedal brake performance test — Test method
Conduct the back-pedal brake performance test on a fully assembled bicycle with the brake correctly
adjusted.
Secure the bicycle and attach a braking force measuring device to the rear wheel and tyre assembly as
shown in Figure 6.
Apply forces of 20 N, 40 N, 60 N, 80 N and 100 N to the pedal at right angles to the crank and in the
braking direction.
Apply a steady pulling force to the wheel through the force measuring device tangentially to the
circumference of the tyre and in the forward-travel direction of rotation.
After one half-revolution of the wheel and tyre assembly, record the average braking force as the wheel
rotates through a further revolution at a steady linear tyre surface speed of between 0,5 m/s and
2,0 m/s.
For each force on the pedal, take the average of three readings.
4.8 Steering
4.8.1 Handlebar — Dimensions and end fittings
The handlebar shall have an overall width between 350 mm and 550 mm unless national regulations
dictate otherwise. The vertical distance between the top of the handlebar grips, when assembled to
the highest riding position according to the manufacturer’s instructions and the saddle surface of the
saddle at its lowest position shall not exceed 400 mm. Handlebar end profiles shall be designed to have
a flat end surface with no chamfer.
4.8.2 Handlebar grips and end plugs
4.8.2.1 Requirement
End plugs conforming with 4.8.2.4 shall be fitted to each handlebar end.
Handlebar grips which withstand removal when tested in accordance with 4.8.2.2 and 4.8.2.3 shall
additionally be fitted to each handlebar end. Handlebar grips shall be of resilient material and shall
have an enlarged and covered end not less than 40 mm in diameter. Handlebar grips shall not obstruct
the operation of brake levers.
NOTE Regarding material see also 4.2.
4.8.2.2 Freezing test
Immerse the handlebar, with handlebar grips fitted, in water at room temperature for one hour and
then place the handlebar in a freezing cabinet until the handlebar is at a temperature lower than –5 °C.
Remove the handlebar from the freezing cabinet and allow the temperature of the handlebar to reach
–5 °C, and then apply a force of 70 N in the loosening direction as shown in Figure 8. Maintain the force
until the temperature of the handlebar has reached +5 °C.
Key
1 handlebar grip
2 handlebar
3 drawing attachment
4 hooking ring (can be divided)
5 clearance
F applied force
Figure 8 — Handlebar grip drawing attachment
4.8.2.3 Hot water test
Immerse the handlebar, with handlebar grips fitted, in hot water of +60 °C ± 2 °
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