IEC 63150-2:2025

IEC 63150-2 ®
Edition 1.0 2025-10
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Semiconductor devices - Measurement and evaluation methods of kinetic
energy harvesting devices under practical vibration environment -
Part 2: Human arm swing motion
ICS 31.080.99  ISBN 978-2-8327-0790-6

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CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 3
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
4 Characteristics of kinetic energy harvesting devices . 5
5 Test system. 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Swing motion exciter . 6
5.3 Mounting fixture . 7
5.4 Arm . 7
5.5 Motion sensor . 7
5.6 Read-out circuit . 7
5.7 Data recorder . 7
6 Device under testing . 8
6.1 General . 8
6.2 Evaluation of vibration condition . 8
6.3 Evaluation of electrical noise . 8
7 Test conditions . 8
7.1 External load . 8
7.2 Testing time . 8
7.3 Test environment . 8
7.4 Measurement conditions . 8
8 Measurement procedures . 9
8.1 General . 9
8.2 Swing motion at the upper arm . 9
8.3 Swing motion at the wrist . 9
9 Test report . 10
9.1 Mandatory . 10
9.2 Optional . 10
Annex A (informative) Trajectory of wrist during arm swing . 11
A.1 Two-link model of human arm swing . 11
A.2 Recommended values for the parameters in the two-link model . 12
A.3 Offset pendulum for mimicking the two-link model . 13
Annex B (informative) Swing motion exciter for arm motion . 15
B.1 Multi-link robot . 15
B.2 Motorized pendulum . 15
Annex C (informative) Example of test . 17
Bibliography . 21

Figure 1 – Testing setup for kinetic energy harvesting devices based on human arm swing
motion . 6
Figure 2 – Read-out circuit . 7
Figure A.1 – Two-link model of for human arm swing . 12
Figure A.2 – Distributions of arm swing data in AIST Gait Database
(Kobayashi et al., 2019) . 13
Figure A.3 – Offset pendulum for mimicking the arm swing motion . 14
Figure B.1 – Swing motion exciter for arm motion using a multi-link robot . 15
Figure B.2 – Swing motion exciter for arm motion using a motorized pendulum . 16
Figure C.1 – Rotational electret energy harvester. 17
Figure C.2 – Circuit diagram of readout circuit using a current-to-voltage converter . 17
Figure C.3 – Waveforms of accelerations and angular velocity for a 0,3 m long pendulum
motion . 18
Figure C.4 – Output voltage waveforms of the rotational electret energy harvester with the
external load of 10 MΩ . 19
Figure C.5 – Mean output power of the rotational energy harvester for different arm swing
frequencies and amplitudes . 19
Figure C.6 – Mean output power of the wrist-worn rotational energy harvester versus the
walking speed . 20

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
Semiconductor devices -
Measurement and evaluation methods of kinetic energy
harvesting devices under practical vibration environment -
Part 2: Human arm swing motion

FOREWORD
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IEC 63150-2 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 47: Semiconductor devices. It is an
International Standard.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
47/2949/FDIS 47/2965/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in the
above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available at
www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are described
in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.
A list of all parts in the IEC 63150 series, published under the general title Semiconductor devices
- Measurement and evaluation methods of kinetic energy harvesting devices under practical
vibration environment, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the specific
document. At this date, the document will be
– reconfirmed,
– withdrawn, or
– revised.
1 Scope
This part of IEC 63150 specifies terms and definitions, and test methods that can be used to
evaluate and determine the performance characteristics of kinetic energy harvesting devices for
human arm swing motion. Such kinetic energy harvesting devices often have a rotor with eccentric
mass to efficiently capture kinetic energy at very low frequency range, but this document is not
limited to rotational energy harvesters. These have different power generation mechanisms (such
as electromagnetic, piezoelectric, electrostatic, triboelectric, etc.) with different working principles,
and their performance is evaluated with motions relevant to human arm swing, in which large-
amplitude low-frequency external mechanical excitations prevail.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
– IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
– ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
kinetic energy harvesting device
device to generate electrical energy from kinetic energy
[SOURCE: IEC 63150-1:2019, 3.1]
3.2
arm swing
arm motion during human walking, jogging or running in the two-dimensional vertical plane parallel
to the locomotion direction
3.3
sinusoidal motion
motion with a sinusoidal angle change with a given frequency
3.4
effective arm length
length from the shoulder joint to the position of the device for a device equipped on the upper arm,
while, for a device equipped on the wrist
Note 1 to entry: Length is determined by the procedure shown in Clause A.3.
4 Characteristics of kinetic energy harvesting devices
Characteristics of kinetic energy harvesting devices depend on the transduction mechanism (e.g.
electromagnetic, piezoelectric, electrostatic, triboelectric), the device design, and the method for
capturing low-frequency large-amplitude vibration (e.g. rotor with eccentric mass, magnetic spring,
frequency up conversion). Output voltage and power of those energy harvesting devices are
characterized through measurements under low-frequency large-amplitude vibrations, which are
relevant to human arm swing. Theoretical consideration of arm swing motion is given in Annex A.
Examples of swing motion exciters are given in Annex B.
5 Test system
5.1 General
Figure 1 provides a fundamental configuration with functional blocks or components for the swing
motion testing equipment for kinetic energy harvesting devices. Details of the functional blocks or
components named as the keys are provided in 5.2 to 5.7.

Key
1 DUT: device under test
2 swing motion exciter
3 mounting fixture
4 arm
5 motion sensor
6 external load/read-out circuit
7 data recorder
Figure 1 – Testing setup for kinetic energy harvesting devices
based on human arm swing motion
5.2 Swing motion exciter
The swing motion exciter shall generate vibration and rotation with a prescribed trajectory, which
mimics the arm swing during walking, jogging, or running in the vertical plane parallel to the
locomotion direction. In addition, the amplitude of the DUT vibration velocity and angular velocity
perpendicular to the plane of motion should be small enough. Recommended values for their
amplitudes are smaller than 5 % of the amplitudes in the direction of motion. The vibration
acceleration or rotation control can be performed by either of the following methods:
a) acceleration or rotation amplitude control: a device such as a robot arm is employed to regulate
the vibration and angular velocities, by detecting and controlling the amplitudes of the DUT
vibration and angular velocity to mimic arm swing motions in the vertical plane with given
vibration modes;
b) trajectory control: a device such as a motorized pendulum is employed to realize the back-and-
forth swing motion within a prescribed time period, which mimics the trajectory of arm swing
motions in the vertical plane. For a device equipped on the upper arm, the arm length,
amplitude of the swing motion, and offset angle are the same as the physical values. For a
device equipped on the wrist, because of the action of the elbow joint, the arm length, amplitude
of the swing motion, and offset angle are not the same as the physical values, but should be
determined by the procedure shown in Clause A.3.
5.3 Mounting fixture
The mounting fixture shall fix the device under testing to the arm of swing motion exciter so that
the generated vibration can drive the test device correctly.
5.4 Arm
The arm shall be fixed onto a swing motion exciter on one side, and equipped the mounting fixture
the other side.
5.5 Motion sensor
The motion sensor shall measure the three-dimensional vibration accelerations and the three-axis
angular velocities of the mounting fixture or the DUT. When the motion of the mounting fixture can
be geometrically given by the motion of swing motion exciter and the arm length, it is not mandatory
to have a motion sensor.
5.6 Read-out circuit
The read-out circuit shown in Figure 2 shall measure the voltage across the external load and the
output power of the kinetic energy harvesting d
...