IEC 62830-7:2021

IEC 62830-7 ®
Edition 1.0 2021-03
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Semiconductor devices – Semiconductor devices for energy harvesting and
generation –
Part 7: Linear sliding mode triboelectric energy harvesting

Dispositifs à semiconducteurs – Dispositifs à semiconducteurs pour
récupération et génération d’énergie –
Partie 7: Récupération d’énergie triboélectrique en mode de coulissement
linéaire
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IEC 62830-7 ®
Edition 1.0 2021-03
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Semiconductor devices – Semiconductor devices for energy harvesting and

generation –
Part 7: Linear sliding mode triboelectric energy harvesting

Dispositifs à semiconducteurs – Dispositifs à semiconducteurs pour

récupération et génération d’énergie –

Partie 7: Récupération d’énergie triboélectrique en mode de coulissement

linéaire
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 31.080.99 ISBN 978-2-8322-9469-7

– 2 – IEC 62830-7:2021 © IEC 2021
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 6
3.1 General terms . 6
3.2 Triboelectric transducer . 6
3.3 Characteristic parameters . 7
4 Essential ratings and blank specification . 10
4.1 Identification and type . 10
4.2 Limiting values and operating conditions . 10
4.3 Additional information . 10
5 Test method . 11
5.1 General . 11
5.2 Electrical characteristics . 12
5.2.1 Test procedure . 12
5.2.2 Open-circuit voltage . 13
5.2.3 Short-circuit current . 14
5.2.4 Output voltage . 14
5.2.5 Output current . 14
5.2.6 Output power . 15
5.2.7 Optimal load impedance . 15
5.3 Mechanical characteristics . 16
5.3.1 Test procedure . 16
5.3.2 Contact area . 17
5.3.3 Contact force . 17
5.3.4 Displacement . 18
5.3.5 Sliding speed . 18
5.3.6 Relative humidity range . 19
5.3.7 Temperature range . 19
6 Test report . 20
Annex A (informative) Linear sliding modes . 22
A.1 Dielectric-to-dielectric sliding . 22
A.2 Conductor-to-dielectric sliding . 22
Annex B (informative) Example of experimental setup . 23
Annex C (informative) Example of measurement for linear sliding mode triboelectric
energy harvester . 24
C.1 General . 24
C.2 Linear sliding mode triboelectric energy harvester . 24
C.2.1 Weight and dimension of tested sliding mode triboelectric energy
harvesting device. 24
C.2.2 Type, frequency, acceleration and displacement conditions of energy
harvester . 24
C.2.3 Measurement conditions and measurement results for open-circuit
voltage . 24
C.2.4 Measurement condition and measurement results for short-circuit
current . 25

C.2.5 Measurement conditions and measurement results for different
acceleration . 25
C.2.6 Measurement conditions and measurement results for different
frequency . 27
C.2.7 Measurement conditions and measurement results for different

displacement . 27
C.2.8 Measurement conditions and measurement results for output voltage
and current at different loads . 28
C.2.9 Measurement conditions and measurement results for output power. 29
Bibliography . 30

Figure 1 – Schematic of linear sliding mode triboelectric energy harvester . 7
Figure 2 – Equivalent circuit diagram of linear sliding mode triboelectric energy
harvester . 8
Figure 3 – Measurement procedure for sliding mode triboelectric energy harvester . 11
Figure 4 – Test setup for the electrical characteristics of linear sliding mode
triboelectric energy harvester . 12
Figure 5 – Instantaneous open-circuit output voltage characteristic. 13
Figure 6 – Instantaneous short-circuit output current characteristic . 14
Figure 7 – Output voltage and current at different loads . 15
Figure 8 – Output power characteristic at various external loads . 15
Figure 9 – Block diagram of a test setup for evaluating the reliability . 16
Figure 10 – Output voltage for different surface contact areas . 17
Figure 11 – Output voltage dependence on contact force . 18
Figure 12 – Output voltage for varying displacement between interfacing layers . 18
Figure 13 – Output voltage for different sliding speeds. 19
Figure 14 – Output voltage under different relative humidity . 19
Figure 15 – Output voltage at different temperature . 20
Figure A.1 – Operation modes of linear sliding mode triboelectric energy harvester . 22
Figure B.1 – Experimental setup for testing linear sliding mode triboelectric energy
harvester . 23
Figure C.1 – Photographs of the triboelectric energy harvester . 24
Figure C.2 – Instantaneous open-circuit output voltage waveform . 25
Figure C.3 – Instantaneous short-circuit output current waveform . 25
Figure C.4 – Voltage waveform at 5 Hz frequency for different accelerations . 26
Figure C.5 – Output voltage characteristic at various accelerations. 27
Figure C.6 – Output voltage characteristic at different frequencies . 27
Figure C.7 – Output voltage for varying displacements between interfacing layers at 5
Hz frequency . 28
Figure C.8 – Output voltage and current at different loads . 28
Figure C.9 – Output power characteristic at various external loads . 29

Table 1 – Specification parameters for linear sliding mode triboelectric energy

harvesters . 10
Table C.1 – Measurement conditions . 24

– 4 – IEC 62830-7:2021 © IEC 2021
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES – SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
FOR ENERGY HARVESTING AND GENERATION –

Part 7: Linear sliding mode triboelectric energy harvesting

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62830-7 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 47:
Semiconductor devices.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
47/2676/FDIS 47/2686/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in
the report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

A list of all parts in the IEC 62830 series, published under the general title Semiconductor
devices – Semiconductor devices for energy harvesting and generation, can be found on the
IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
– 6 – IEC 62830-7:2021 © IEC 2021
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES – SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
FOR ENERGY HARVESTING AND GENERATION –

Part 7: Linear sliding mode triboelectric energy harvesting

1 Scope
This part of IEC 62830 defines terms, definitions, symbols, configurations, and test methods
that can be used to evaluate and determine the performance characteristics of linear sliding
mode triboelectric energy harvesting devices for practical use. This document is applicable to
energy harvesting devices for consumer, general industries, military and aerospace
applications without any limitations on device technology and size.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
linear sliding
physical sliding of one material on another material in horizontal direction
3.1.2
sliding-based energy harvester
energy transducer that transforms physical sliding energy into electrical energy
Note 1 to entry: A linear sliding mode triboelectric energy harvester to convert linear sliding to electricity
comprises dielectric materials, a surface electrode, an external load, and a relative displacement between
dielectric materials as shown in Figure 1. The sliding makes the two dielectric material surfaces come into physical
touch, and relative displacement makes the gap between those two materials. The top and bottom electrodes on
the two dielectric materials harvest charges generated from the coupling of triboelectrification and electrostatic
induction. The triboelectric charges are generated by the charge transfer between two thin organic/inorganic films
that exhibit distinct surface electron affinity, and the potential difference results from the separation of the
triboelectric charges; under short-circuit conditions, electrons are driven to flow between two electrodes attached
on the back side of the films through the load in order to balance the potential difference resulting from mechanical
action.
3.2 Triboelectric transducer
3.2.1
triboelectric effect
type of contact electrification in which certain materials become electrically charged after they
come into frictional contact with a different material

3.2.2
triboelectric series
list that ranks various materials according to their tendency to gain or lose electrons
3.2.3
triboelectric transducer
energy converter to generate electricity from mechanical energy by means of the triboelectric
effect
Key
Configuration of energy harvester
x(t) displacement
R external load
Figure 1 – Schematic of linear sliding mode triboelectric energy harvester
Note 1 to entry: A linear sliding mode triboelectric energy harvester can be divided into parts as shown in
Figure 1. The equivalent circuit consists of capacitance C which stores charge as +Q and −Q, open-circuit voltage
source V and external load R. Considering the materials to be used as the pair of the triboelectric layers, the
oc
sliding mode triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has two types: dielectric-to-dielectric and conductor-to-dielectric.
The fundamentals of these two types are reported under Annex A.
3.3 Characteristic parameters
3.3.1
equivalent circuit
electrical circuit block diagram that has the same output voltage from relative displacement-
based linear sliding mode triboelectric energy harvester in the immediate neighborhood of the
acting force
Note 1 to entry: An equivalent circuit diagram of linear sliding mode triboelectric energy harvester is shown in
Figure 2.
– 8 – IEC 62830-7:2021 © IEC 2021

Key parameters
C capacitance
V open-circuit voltage
oc
Figure 2 – Equivalent circuit diagram of linear
sliding mode triboelectric energy harvester
3.3.2
V-Q-x relationship
relationship between the triboelectric output voltage, the amount of charge transferred
between electrodes and the separation distance between tribological material surfaces
Note 1 to entry: Owing to the electrical potential superposition principle, the total voltage difference between the
two electrodes can be given by Formula (1):
l d σ dx
V=− QV+ =− Q+ (1)
OC
C wεεlx−−lx
( ) ( )
where, d is effective dielectric thickness, w is dielectric width, ε is the permittivity of the medium, σ is the surface
0 o
charge density, l is the length of the dielectric material, x is the lateral separation distance, and other parameters
are as defined before.
3.3.3
open-circuit voltage
V
oc
electrical potential difference relative to a reference node of an energy harvester when there
is no external load connected to the terminal of the energy harvester
Note 1 to entry: The theoretical V expression for the linear sliding mode triboelectric energy harvester is given

oc
by Formula (2):
 
σ x dd
V + (2)
OC  
ε lx− εε
( )
0  rr12
where, d and d are the dielectric thickness, ε and ε are the permittivity of dielectric material 1 and 2,

1 2 r1 r2
respectively, and the other parameters are as defined before.
3.3.4
short-circuit current
I
sc
current measured through the terminals of the energy harvester from induced excitation
without external load
=
Note 1 to entry: The theoretical I expression for linear sliding mode TENG is given by Formula (3)Error!
sc
Bookmark not defined.:
dx
I σσw wv()t (3)
SC
dt
where w is the thickness of the dielectric material, v(t) is the sliding speed of the triboelectric layer, and the other
parameters are as defined before.
3.3.5
output voltage
V
electrical potential difference relative to a reference node of an energy harvester when an
external load is connected to the terminal of the energy harvester
3.3.6
output current
I
current through the external load connected to the terminal of an
energy harvester
3.3.7
output power
P
electrical power transferred to the external load connected to the terminal of an energy
harvester
Note 1 to entry: The theoretical expression for the output power of linear sliding mode TENG is given by Formula
(4):
P= VI (4)
3.3.8
optimal load impedance
R
opt
specified value of the external load for transferring the largest electrical energy from the
energy harvester
3.3.9
contact area
area of physical contact of one object with the other object
Note 1 to entry: When two objects touch, a certain portion of their surface areas will be in contact with each other.
The contact area is the fraction of this area that consists of the atoms of one object in contact with the atoms of the
other object. Because objects are never perfectly flat because of asperities, the actual contact area (on a
microscopic scale) is usually much less than the contact area apparent on a macroscopic scale. The contact area
may depend on the normal force between the two objects because of deformation.
3.3.10
contact force
applied force in the normal direction to the surface owing to friction at the interface of two
triboelectric material surfaces
3.3.11
displacement
x
moving distance of one material from its original position
==
– 10 – IEC 62830-7:2021 © IEC 2021
3.3.12
sliding speed
v
displacement per unit time of one material over another material surface while maintaining
continuous contact
3.3.13
relative humidity range
range of humidity as measured on the enclosure over which the energy harvester will not
sustain permanent damage though not necessarily functioning within certain tolerances
3.3.14
temperature range
range of temperatures as measured on the enclosure over which the energy harvester will not
sustain permanent damage though not necessarily functioning within the specified tolerances
4 Essential ratings and blank specification
4.1 Identification and type
The linear sliding mode triboelectric energy harvester shall be clearly and durably marked
with the following information, in the order given below:
a) year and week (or month) of manufacture;
b) manufacturer’s name or trademark;
c) terminal identification (optional);
d) serial number;
e) factory identification code (optional).
4.2 Limiting values and operating conditions
Characteristic parameters should be listed in as shown in Table 1. The manufacturer shall
clearly announce the operating conditions and their limitation for energy harvesting. The
limiting value is the maximum operating cycle to ensure the operation of the linear sliding
mode energy harvester for power generation without any damage.
Table 1 – Specification parameters for linear
sliding mode triboelectric energy harvesters
Parameter Symbol Min. Max. Unit Measuring
conditions
Insert name of
characteristic parameters
4.3 Additional information
Some additional information should be given, such as equivalent circuits (relative
displacement, internal impedance, output voltage, current, and power, etc.), handling
precautions, physical information (outline dimensions, terminals, etc.), accessories,
installation guide, package information, PCB interface and mounting information.

5 Test method
5.1 General
Basically, general test procedures for a linear sliding-based energy harvester are performed
as shown in Figure 3. After the linear sliding mode triboelectric energy harvester has been
mounted on a test fixture, it is measured by using an oscilloscope/electrometer and a linear
variable differential transformer (LVDT). For measuring and characterizing these devices
accurately, ultra-high-impedance meters should be used. Before connecting the triboelectric
energy harvester to the test fixture, measuring meters shall be calibrated. After calibration,
connect a test cable to the energy harvester test fixture mounted on an actuator or a force
gauge. The output voltage or current reading on the display of the meters is carefully taken,
together with induced linear displacement, which is measured by the LVDT.
After mounting the energy harvester on an actuator, the electrical characteristics are
measured by using a meter or equivalent equipment. If the electrical characteristic
measurements are satisfactory, the reliability test is performed under the relative humidity
range with thermal cycling and various excitations.

Key
Procedure Reference subclause Procedure Reference subclause
Start
Electrical characterization Mechanical characterization
Open-circuit voltage 3.3.3 and 5.2.2 Contact area 3.3.9 and 5.3.2
Short-circuit current 3.3.4 and 5.2.3 Contact force 3.3.10 and 5.3.3
Output voltage 3.3.5 and 5.2.4 Displacement 3.3.11 and 5.3.4
Output current 3.3.6 and 5.2.5 Sliding speed 3.3.12 and 5.3.5
Output power 3.3.7 and 5.2.6 Relative humidity range 3.3.13 and 5.3.6
Optimal load impedance 3.3.8 and 5.2.7 Temperature range 3.3.14 and 5.3.7

Figure 3 – Measurement procedure for sliding mode triboelectric energy harvester

– 12 – IEC 62830-7:2021 © IEC 2021
5.2 Electrical characteristics
5.2.1 Test procedure
Figure 4 shows a test setup for measuring the electrical characteristics of a linear sliding
mode triboelectric energy harvester. To measure the electrical characteristics of the energy
harvester, the device shall be mounted on a linear stage actuator as shown in Figure 4. When
a linear displacement is applied to the device, an output voltage or current across an external
load is measured. The peak-to-peak value, RMS value, and frequency information for the
instantaneous output waveform of the harvester can be obtained from the measuring
equipment.
A description of two different linear sliding modes is given in Annex A. An example of
experimental setup is described in Annex B. An example of measurement for a linear sliding
mode triboelectric energy harvester is described in Annex C.
The following test procedure is performed:
1) A specified relative sliding is induced to the energy harvester.
2) The voltage or current across the external load, which is connected to the terminals of the
energy harvester, is measured using a voltage or current meter.
3) The voltage and current are measured with various excitation by adjusting the parameters
via a computer.
4) The maximum voltage and current are derived from various external loads to find the
optimal load.
Key
Input exciter and meters to monitor
DUT: device under test energy harvester
Electrometer to detect voltage, current, amount of charge transfer and resistance
Computer to select input excitation and to get data points
Accelerometer to measure the input excitation
Linear stage actuator to apply linear motion as input in energy harvester
Controller to control linear stage actuator
Linear variable differential transformer to measure displacement between layers of energy harvesting device
Figure 4 – Test setup for the electrical characteristics of
linear sliding mode triboelectric energy harvester

5.2.2 Open-circuit voltage
The objective of this test is to evaluate the instantaneous output voltage across the terminals
of the energy harvester without external load. The input frequency, contact force, sliding
speed, displacement, contact area, and input waveform for this measurement are 1,6 Hz,
20 N, 60 mm/s, 4 cm, 4 mm , and sinusoidal wave, respectively. When measuring open-circuit
voltage, the input impedance of the voltage meter shall be recorded. Figure 5 shows the
measured instantaneous peak-peak open-circuit output voltage profiles as a function of time.
When measuring voltage, the input impedance of the meter shall be many decades higher
than the impedance of the voltage source. For example, if the meter’s input impedance is only
1 GΩ (typical of DMMs), and the source of voltage has 10 MΩ of impedance, then the meter
will introduce a 1 % error owing to its relatively low input impedance. In contrast, an
electrometer with 10 Ω input impedance will cause only a 0,000 01 % error. Therefore, an
input impedance of 10 Ω is recommended for electrical measurements. Furthermore,
parasitic capacitances in the system easily cause a long charging-discharging time constant.
For example, if the capacitance is only 10 pF, a test resistance of 1 TΩ will result in a time
constant of 10 s. Thus, a settling time of 50 s would be required for the reading to settle to
within 1 % of final value. In order to minimize settling times when measuring high resistance
values, shunt capacitance in the system shall be kept to an absolute minimum by keeping
connecting cables as short as possible. The effect of voltage leakage and parasitic
capacitance can be diminished further by shielding the cables and guarding the measurement
device. Therefore, a shielded, low noise, triax cable (model 237-ALG-2 ) with guard mode
ON on the Electrometer 6514 is recommended to be used for electrical measurements.

Figure 5 – Instantaneous open-circuit output voltage characteristic
___________
237-ALG-2 is the trademark of a product supplied by Keithley Instruments Inc. This information is given for the
convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the product named.
Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results.
Electrometer 6514 is the trademark of a product supplied by Keithley Instruments Inc. This information is given
for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of the product
named. Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results.

– 14 – IEC 62830-7:2021 © IEC 2021
5.2.3 Short-circuit current
The objective of this test is to evaluate the instantaneous output current measured through
the terminals of the energy harvester from induced excitation without external load. The input
frequency, contact force, sliding speed, displacement, contact area, and input waveform for
this measurement are 1,6 Hz, 20 N, 60 mm/s, 4 cm, 4 mm , and sinusoidal wave, respectively.
The measured instantaneous peak-peak short-circuit current profiles of the linear sliding
mode triboelectric energy harvester are shown in Figure 6. When measuring the short-circuit
current, the input impedance of the current meter shall be recorded. Minimizing voltage
burden ensures maximum accuracy for current measurement. Pico-ammeters, source
measure units, and electrometers all use the feedback ammeter circuit technology (≈ zero
internal impedance), which minimizes voltage burden, typically to a few hundred microvolts. In
comparison, a digital multimeter, which uses a shunt resistance technique to measure current,
can have voltage burdens of tenths of volts. Therefore, the use of Electrometer 6514 for
precision low-current measurement is recommended. It is also important for the current
measurement instrumentation to have a low bias current, because any current coming out of
the meter input will be forced through the source. Electrometers use active cancellation to
reduce bias current to single femtoampere level. A bias current as small as < 3 fA is
recommended for the precision low-current measurement instrument.

Figure 6 – Instantaneous short-circuit output current characteristic
5.2.4 Output voltage
The objective of this test is to evaluate the output voltage of the energy harvester under
external load resistances. The input frequency, contact force, sliding speed, displacement,
contact area, and input waveform for this measurement are 1,6 Hz, 20 N, 60 mm/s, 4 cm,
4 mm , and sinusoidal wave, respectively. Figure 7 shows the graphical plot of measured
output voltage (Y-axis on the right) as a function of the external resistive load connected to
the electric output terminals of the energy harvester.
5.2.5 Output current
The objective of this test is to evaluate the output current of the energy harvester under
external load resistances. The input frequency, contact force, sliding speed, displacement,
contact area, and input waveform for this measurement are 1,6 Hz, 20 N, 60 mm/s, 4 cm,
4 mm , and sinusoidal wave, respectively. Figure 7 also shows the graphical plot of the
measured output current (Y-axis on the left) as a function of the external resistive load
connected to the electric output terminals of the energy harvester.

Figure 7 – Output voltage and current at different loads
5.2.6 Output power
The objective of this test is to evaluate the output power from the multiplication value of the
measured output voltage and current of the energy harvester with external load. The average
power is calculated using Formula (4). Figure 8 shows the graphical shape of the calculated
average output power as a function of the external load of the energy harvester. The
maximum average power is 25 µW.
5.2.7 Optimal load impedance
The objective of this test is to evaluate the optimal load impedance which is determined as
the value of the external load when the output power of the energy harvester is maximized.
The input frequency, contact force, sliding speed, displacement, contact area, and input
waveform for this measurement are 1,6 Hz, 20 N, 60 mm/s, 4 cm, 4 mm , and sinusoidal wave,
respectively. As shown in Figure 8, the optimum/matched load impedance is 1 MΩ.

Figure 8 – Output power characteristic at various external loads

– 16 – IEC 62830-7:2021 © IEC 2021
5.3 Mechanical characteristics
5.3.1 Test procedure
Figure 9 shows a test setup for evaluating the reliability of a linear sliding mode triboelectric
energy harvester. When a relative sliding is applied between two triboelectric layers of the
device, output voltage or current is measured through an external load connected to the
device.
To test the reliability, the following test procedure is performed:
1) An external sliding is induced to the energy harvester.
2) The output voltage or current of the energy harvester is measured by the meter.

Key
Component and meters to monitor Equipment and supplies
DUT: device under energy harvester Linear stage to supply a specified speed/ force
test actuator
Voltage meter (V) to detect a voltage across the Computer to control input parameters for
external load liner motor, force gauge and
electrometer
Controller to control linear stage actuator
LVDT linear variable differential
transformer to measure
displacement
Ampere meter (A) to detect a current through the Temperature, to keep a specified temperature
external load humidity controller and humidity value of a DUT

Figure 9 – Block diagram of a test setup for evaluating the reliability

5.3.2 Contact area
The objective of this test is to evaluate the relationship between the electrical output
performance and the area of the triboelectric surfaces. The input frequency, contact force,
sliding speed, displacement, contact area, and input waveform for this measurement are
1,6 Hz, 20 N, 60 mm/s, 1 cm/2 cm/4 cm, 4 mm , and sinusoidal wave, respectively. The
measured output voltage profiles for the different triboelectric surface areas are shown in
Figure 10. It is clearly observed that increased contact area results in higher output
performance of the energy harvester.

Figure 10 – Output voltage for different surface contact areas
5.3.3 Contact force
The objective of this test is to evaluate the performance of the device with varying contact
force at the interface of two triboelectric material layers. The input frequency, contact force,
sliding speed, displacement, contact area, and input waveform for this measurement are
1,6 Hz, 5 N/10 N/20 N, 60 mm/s, 4 cm, 4 mm , and sinusoidal wave, respectively. A larger
contact force increases the triboelectric charge density and thereby results in a higher output
performance of the device. The dependence of the output voltage on the contact force is
shown in Figure 11.
– 18 – IEC 62830-7:2021 © IEC 2021

Figure 11 – Output voltage dependence on contact force
5.3.4 Displacement
The objective of this test is to evaluate the performance of the device with varying
displacement between two layers. The input frequency, contact force, sliding speed,
displacement, contact area, and input waveform for this measurement are 1,6 Hz, 20 N,
60 mm/s, 0 cm to 4 cm, 4 mm , and sinusoidal wave, respectively. The increase of
displacement betw
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