IEC/IEEE TR 63572:2026

IEC/IEEE TR 63572 ®
Edition 1.0 2026-03
TECHNICAL
REPORT
Evaluation of absorbed power density related to human exposure to radio
frequency fields from wireless communication devices operating between 6 GHz
and 300 GHz
ICS 17.220.20  ISBN 978-2-8327-1099-9

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CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 7
INTRODUCTION . 9
1 Scope . 10
2 Normative references . 10
3 Terms and definitions . 10
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 14
4.1 Physical quantities . 14
4.2 Constants . 14
4.3 Abbreviated terms . 14
5 Absorbed power density (epithelial power density). 16
5.1 General . 16
5.2 Specification of the spatial-average absorbed power density . 16
5.3 Alternative definitions . 18
6 Fundamentals of evaluating APD . 19
6.1 General . 19
6.2 Relevant characteristics of the human body . 19
6.3 Evaluation of the APD . 20
7 Measurement and computational phantoms and body models . 20
7.1 Measurement phantom . 20
7.2 Computational phantom models . 22
7.3 Anatomical models of the human body . 22
8 Measurement methods . 22
8.1 General . 22
8.2 Measurement evaluation procedures . 23
8.3 DUT position and testing configurations . 23
8.4 System check and validation . 23
8.4.1 System check . 23
8.4.2 System validation . 23
9 Computational methods . 23
9.1 General . 23
9.2 Model validation . 24
9.3 Evaluation of the averaged APD . 25
9.3.1 Planar surfaces . 25
9.3.2 Non-planar surfaces . 26
10 Uncertainty evaluation . 26
10.1 Measurement uncertainty . 26
10.1.1 General . 26
10.1.2 Calibration uncertainty . 27
10.1.3 Probe/scanning uncertainty . 28
10.1.4 Phantom uncertainty . 28
10.1.5 Postprocessing uncertainty . 28
10.1.6 DUT uncertainty. 29
10.2 Computational uncertainty . 29
10.2.1 General . 29
10.2.2 Uncertainty contributions due to the computational parameters . 30
10.2.3 Uncertainty contribution of the computational representation of the DUT
model . 31
10.2.4 Uncertainty contribution of the computational representation of the
phantom model . 32
10.2.5 Uncertainty of the maximum exposure evaluation . 33
10.2.6 Uncertainty budget . 33
10.3 Combined measurement and computational uncertainty . 34
11 Reporting . 35
11.1 General . 35
11.2 Items to be recorded in measurement exposure evaluation reports . 35
11.3 Items recorded in computational exposure evaluation reports . 36
Annex A (informative) Human skin from EMF exposure perspective . 37
A.1 Structure of the human skin from the perspective of EMF exposure . 37
A.2 Dielectric properties of the skin tissues . 37
A.3 Tissue-equivalent and reflectivity-based human models . 37
Annex B (informative) Exposure in terms of the absorbed power density. 40
B.1 Previous work . 40
B.1.1 Incident and transmitted power density in one-dimensional skin models . 40
B.1.2 Three-dimensional modelling of the absorbed power density . 40
B.1.3 Heating factor . 41
B.1.4 Measurement studies. 42
B.2 Relationship with incident power density . 42
Annex C (informative) Review of the metrics relevant to the absorbed power density . 43
C.1 General . 43
C.2 Physical metrics . 43
C.2.1 Absorbed power . 43
C.2.2 Transmitted power . 44
C.2.3 Reflected power. 44
C.2.4 Temperature . 47
C.3 Averaging metrics . 48
C.3.1 Evaluation surface . 48
C.3.2 Spatial averaging . 48
C.3.3 Temporal averaging . 50
Annex D (informative) Absorbed power density for modulated signals . 51
Annex E (informative) APD assessment using conventional SAR measurement
systems . 54
Annex F (informative) APD assessment using E-field probes and band-limited
phantoms . 55
F.1 General . 55
F.2 Phantom design . 55
F.3 Probe design . 58
F.4 Probe calibration . 59
F.5 Induced E-field scanning and APD reconstruction . 60
F.6 Uncertainty . 60
F.7 Validation. 62
Annex G (informative) APD evaluation based on free-space E-field measurement and
reflectivity-based phantom . 64
G.1 General . 64
G.2 Reflectivity-based phantoms with enhanced transmission . 65
G.3 Reconstruction of APD from the measured E-field . 66
G.4 Measurement system . 68
G.5 Validation using reference antennas . 68
G.6 Uncertainty . 72
Annex H (informative) APD evaluation from infrared-based temperature
measurements using reflectivity-based phantoms . 74
H.1 General . 74
H.2 Infrared imaging . 75
H.3 Reflectivity-based phantoms optimised for infrared measurements . 75
H.4 Reconstruction of APD from thermal measurements . 76
H.5 Measurement system . 79
H.6 Application examples . 80
H.7 Validation using reference antennas . 81
H.8 Uncertainty . 84
Annex I (informative) APD assessment by backward transformation from the
measured E-field behind the low-loss phantom . 86
I.1 General . 86
I.2 Low-loss phantom . 86
I.3 Reconstruction of the APD by backward transformation . 86
Annex J (informative) APD assessment using hybrid electromagnetic and thermal
measurements . 88
Annex K (informative) Probe technologies . 89
K.1 General . 89
K.2 Temperature-based probes . 89
K.3 Radio-frequency electromagnetic probes . 89
Annex L (informative) APD assessment using measurements of incident electric field
with source and phantom modelling . 90
L.1 Methodology . 90
L.2 Validation of OTAA for incident power density measurements . 91
L.3 Validation of the OTAA for APD measurements . 93
L.4 Practical use case application . 94
L.5 Measurement of devices using digitally modulated signals . 98
Annex M (informative) Validation of the measurement methods . 99
M.1 General . 99
M.2 Validation sources and target values . 99
M.2.1 Cavity-fed dipole arrays . 99
M.2.2 Pyramidal horns with slot arrays . 100
Annex N (informative) Computational algorithms for the calculation of the APD . 101
N.1 FDTD . 101
N.2 FEM . 101
Annex O (informative) Code verification . 102
Bibliography . 103

Figure 1 – Minimum size of the planar APD evaluation surface . 22
Figure A.1 – Reflection and transmission of an electromagnetic wave from the human
body and phantoms above 6 GHz . 38
Figure C.1 – Incident power density as a function of separation distance d and an
antenna input power of 23 dBm. 45
Figure C.2 – Absorbed power density as a function of separation distance d and an
antenna input power of 23 dBm. 46
Figure C.3 – Distribution of the psAPD at a separation distance d = 10 mm . 46
Figure C.4 – Power transmission coefficients as a function of antenna to skin
separation distance d . 47
Figure D.1 – Measurement results in time domain and converted to frequency domain . 51
Figure D.2 – Sine wave associated with a waveform CW vs modulated signal . 52
Figure D.3 – Waveform power density integrated over the bandwidth . 52
Figure D.4 – Signal-to-noise ratio for same waveform with different measurement
settings: 40 dB (top), 20 dB (centre), and 10 dB (bottom) . 53
Figure F.1 – Cross-section of the phantom for assessing APD in the skin and skin

model . 56
Figure F.2 – Comparison of the APD in the phantom and the layered skin surface using
plane-waves versus normalized x component of wave vector (k /k where k is the free
x 0 0
space wave vector) . 57
Figure F.3 – psAPD in dB (0 dB [1,0 times] corresponding to 1 W/m ) averaged over
1 cm of the skin surface as well as in the phantom as a function of the separation
between the dipole antenna and the phantom surface . 58
Figure F.4 – Measurement validation of the APD probe axial receiving pattern . 59
Figure F.5 – Calibration setup using an open-ended waveguide radiating into the TSL . 59
Figure F.6 – Decay of the APD probe signal inside the calibration setup matched to the
computational and analytical target by the probe sensitivity factor; the sensitivity limit
(noise floor) of the APD probe is also shown . 60
Figure F.7 – Cosine similarity of the reflection coefficient of a standard gain horn
computed and measured at varied distances in front of the APD phantom . 63
Figure F.8 – Comparison of the measured and computationally determined APD of a
standard gain horn at 30 GHz in touch against the APD phantom . 63
Figure G.1 – Schematic representation of the APD assessment method based on free-
space E-field vector measurement, using a reflectivity-based phantom . 64
Figure G.2 – Reflectivity-based phantom characteristics vs incidence angle at 60 GHz
for TM and TE polarizations . 65
Figure G.3 – Schematic representation of the measurement setup . 68
Figure G.4 – Reference antennas (see IEC/IEEE 63195-1) used for validation . 69
Figure G.5 – Dielectric loading of DUT by reflectivity-based phantom and skin . 69
Figure G.6 – APD distribution for the reference slotted horn antenna at 60 GHz . 70
Figure G.7 – APD as a function of the evaluation distance d for the horn antenna . 71
Figure H.1 – Schematic representation of the APD assessment method based on
IR-based heat dynamics measurement of a phantom of thickness w at distance d . 75
Figure H.2 – The power reflection coefficient of the phantom for TM and TE
polarizations at 60 GHz. 76
Figure H.3 – Schematic representation of the measurement setup . 80
Figure H.4 – Example of APD spatial distributions at z = 0 plane retrieved from IR
measurements for a 2 × 2 patch antenna array . 81
Figure H.5 – Example of spatial distributions of APD in the z = 0 mm plane retrieved
from IR measurements for a conical horn antenna . 81
Figure H.6 – APD distribution for the horn antenna at 60 GHz; the accepted power is
20 mW . 83
Figure H.7 – APD as a function of d for the reference horn antenna: The results are
normalized to the antenna input power of 10 mW . 84
Figure L.1 – Flowchart of the procedure for measurements of the absorbed power
density by means of an OTA augmented approach . 91
Figure L.2 – OTA spherical scanning measurement setups used in [85] . 92
Figure L.3 – Comparison of the psAPD for the cavity-fed dipole array
(IEC/IEEE 63195-1) at 30 GHz obtained by means of the OTAA approach compared
with full-wave computations . 94
Figure L.4 – Comparison of the psAPD for the slotted-horn array (IEC/IEEE 63195-1)
at 30 GHz obtained by means of the OTAA approach compared with full-wave
computations . 94
Figure L.5 – Model of a portable millimetre-wave device and example of far-field
directivity . 95
Figure L.6 – Comparison of the psAPD for a mmW portable device obtained by means
of the OTAA approach compared to full-wave computations . 96
Figure L.7 – Comparison of the psAPD for a mmW portable device obtained by means
of the OTAA approach compared to full-wave computations . 97
Figure L.8 – Comparison of the spatial averaged absorbed power density distribution
(1 cm ) on the phantom surface for the portable device at 1,25 mm distance . 97

Table 1 – An example of budget of the uncertainty contributions of measurement
evaluations . 27
Table 2 – Budget of the uncertainty contributions of the computational algorithm for the
validation setup or testing setup . 30
Table 3 – Budget of the uncertainty of the developed model of the setup . 33
Table 4 – Computational uncertainty budget . 34
Table 5 – Example of uncertainty budget of the exposure assessment combining
measurements and computational methods . 35
Table D.1 – 5G bands . 52
Table F.1 – Thickness and dielectric properties (30 GHz) of the skin tissue layer model
used to estimate APD in the skin . 56
Table F.2 – Properties of the optimized dosimetric phantom emulating the APD in the
human skin from 24 GHz to 33 GHz . 57
Table F.3 – Changes in the mean value of the ratio of APD in the phantom and the
layered skin model for all angles of incidence . 58
Table F.4 – APD bandlimited phantom uncertainty budget . 61
Table G.1 – ∆ (i) [%] for free space E-field method . 72
j
Table G.2 – APD uncertainty budget for free-space E-field method . 73
Table H.1 – ∆ (i) [%] for infrared-based temperature method . 84
j
Table H.2 – APD uncertainty budget for infrared-based temperature method . 85
Table L.1 – psIPD values for the 30 GHz HSA as defined in IEC/IEEE 63195-1 . 92
Table L.2 – psIPD values for the 60 GHz HSA as defined in IEC/IEEE 63195-1 . 93
Table L.3 – psIPD values for the 30 GHz CDA as defined in IEC/IEEE 63195-1 . 93
Table L.4 – psIPD values for the 60 GHz CDA as defined in IEC/IEEE 63195-1 . 93
Table L.5 – Dielectric phantom parameters for the evaluation of the absorbed power
density with the OTA augmented approach . 93
Table L.6 – Comparison psIPD values obtained for the portable device mock-up based
on full-wave computations and OTA augmented approach . 95
Table M.1 – Target values for the cavity-fed dipole array at 10 GHz, 30 GHz, 60 GHz,
and 90 GHz computed at a distance of 2 mm in front of the reference skin model
normalized to a TRP of 0 dBm . 99
Table M.2 – Target values for the pyramidal horns with slot arrays at 10 GHz, 30 GHz,
60 GHz and 90 GHz computed at a distance of 2 mm in front of the reference skin
model normalized to a TRP of 0 dBm . 100

Evaluation of absorbed power density related to human exposure
to radio frequency fields from wireless communication
devices operating between 6 GHz and 300 GHz

FOREWORD
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IEC/IEEE TR 63572 was prepared by IEC technical committee 106: Methods for the assessment
of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields associated with human exposure, in
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INTRODUCTION
This document describes computational and measurement methods for the evaluation of
absorbed (epithelial) power density related to human exposures due to electromagnetic field
(EMF) transmitting devices operating in close proximity to the user at frequencies between
6 GHz and 300 GHz. The types of devices include but are not limited to mobile telephones,
tablets, laptops, etc.
For portable devices, the specific absorption rate (SAR) assessment standard for wireless
devices used in close proximity to the user IEC/IEEE 62209-1528:2020 [1] is specified up to
10 GHz. The IEC/IEEE 63195-1 and IEC/IEEE 63195-2 standards on the assessment of the
incident power density (IPD) for wireless devices used in close proximity to the user are valid
from 6 GHz to 300 GHz. For exposure to EMF emitted from base stations, IEC 62232:2022 [2]
specifies methods to assess the compliance boundaries based on reference levels and basic
restrictions for a frequency range from 110 MHz to 300 GHz.
The absorbed power density (APD) is considered as the relevant local basic restriction and
exposure metric above 6 GHz in the ICNIRP 2020 guidelines [3] and in the Health Canada
Notice [4]. Similarly, IEEE Std C95.1™-2019 [5] requires equivalent assessment of epithelial
power density above 6 GHz. IEC PAS 63446 [6] describes methods to convert SAR results into
APD in frequency range of 6 GHz to 10 GHz.
IEC TC 106 and IEEE ICES TC 34 (IEC/IEEE) have previously noted the necessity to extend
compliance assessment standards for portable devices to cover the basic restrictions on APD.
To ensure timely publication of the available knowledge on the computational and measurement
technologies on APD assessment, IEC TC 106 and IEEE ICES TC 34 decided on a two-step
strategy to ensure that the fundamental approaches are available.
In 2023 and 2024, the focus was on the development of a Technical Report (this document),
specifying the state of the art of computational and measurement techniques and test
approaches for evaluating portable devices based on absorbed power density measurements
from 6 GHz to 300 GHz.
Upon drafting this document, a Technical Report, a new work item proposal has been initiated
to develop a Dual Logo International Standard (IS) jointly among IEEE and IEC on the
computational and measurement procedures based on leveraging the content of this document.
This document is an informative document that serves as the starting point for the International
Standards on computational and measurement assessment procedures of the APD. The
methodologies and approaches described in this document can be useful for the assessment
of APD in the early phase of computational and measurement technology development. It also
contains recommendations for future standardization work and highlights areas that require
additional investigation or consideration.

1 Scope
This document describes the computation and measurement techniques and test approaches
for evaluating the local peak absorbed power density (pAPD) and peak spatial average
absorbed (epithelial) power density (psAPD) induced in a human body from a wireless device
transmitting in close proximity to the user at frequencies between 6 GHz and 300 GHz.
This document provides information on the testing of portable devices transmitting at distances
close to the human body, such as mobile phones, tablets, wearable devices, etc. The
information in this document is also relevant to exposure in the close proximity of base stations.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC/IEEE 63195-1, Assessment of power density of human exposure to radio frequency fields
from wireless devices in close proximity to the head and body (frequency range of 6 GHz to
300 GHz) - Part 1: Measurement procedure
IEC/IEEE 63195-2, Assessment of power density of human exposure to radio frequency fields
from wireless devices in close proximity to the head and body (frequency range of 6 GHz to
300 GHz) - Part 2: Computational procedure
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC/IEEE 63195-1,
IEC/IEEE 63195-2, and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
– IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
– ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
– IEEE Dictionary Online: available at http://dictionary.ieee.org
3.1
incident power density
IPD
function of the complex Poynting vector S at the location r
Note 1 to entry: The formula to compute IPD from S depends on the applicable exposure guidelines or national
regulations.
Note 2 to entry: IEC/IEEE 63195-1:2022 and IEC/IEEE 63195-2:2022 refer to the incident power density and all
derived quantities as power density.
3.2
absorbed power density
APD
epithelial power density
function of the Poynting vector (Re{S}) that is transmitted into a phantom or a human body and
integrated over a surface to compute the sAPD (3.6)
Note 1 to entry: See Clause 5 for details and formulae for the APD.
3.3
body model
phantom
mock-up that represents the exposed human body or a part of it in a measurement set-up or in
a simulation
3.4
spatial-average incident power density
sIPD
IPD (3.1) averaged over an averaging area
Note 1 to entry: sIPD is a function of the location. It is determined on the evaluation surface (3.13).
2 2
Note 2 to entry: Example averaging area sizes specified in exposure guidelines are 1 cm and/or 4 cm .
Note 3 to entry: IEC/IEEE 63195-1:2022 and IEC/IEEE 63195-2:2022 refer to the spatial-average incident power
density as spatial-average power density.
3.5
peak absorbed power density
pAPD
local maximum of the APD (3.2)
3.6
spatial-average absorbed power density
sAPD
APD (3.2) averaged over an averaging area (3.12)
Note 1 to entry: sAPD is a function of the location. It is determined on the evaluation surface (3.13).
2 2
Note 2 to entry: Example averaging area sizes specified in exposure guidelines are 1 cm and/or 4 cm .
3.7
peak spatial-average incident power density
psIPD
global maximum value of the sIPD (3.4) on the evaluation surface (3.13)
Note 1 to entry: Other local maxima (i.e. secondary peak spatial-average power density values) can exist.
Note 2 to entry: IEC/IEEE 63195-1:2022 and IEC/IEEE 63195-2:2022 refer to the spatial-average incident power
density as spatial-average power density.
3.8
peak spatial-average absorbed power density
psAPD
global maximum value of the sAPD (3.6) on the evaluation surface (3.13)
Note 1 to entry: Other local maxima (i.e. se
...