IEC 63150-1:2019

IEC 63150-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2019-05
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Semiconductor devices – Measurement and evaluation methods of kinetic
energy harvesting devices under practical vibration environment –
Part 1: Arbitrary and random mechanical vibrations

Dispositifs à semiconducteurs – Methodes de mesure et d’evaluation des
dispositifs de captage d’énergie cinétique dans un environnement de vibrations
concret –
Partie 1: Vibrations mécaniques arbitraires et aléatoires

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IEC 63150-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2019-05
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Semiconductor devices – Measurement and evaluation methods of kinetic

energy harvesting devices under practical vibration environment –

Part 1: Arbitrary and random mechanical vibrations

Dispositifs à semiconducteurs – Methodes de mesure et d’evaluation des

dispositifs de captage d’énergie cinétique dans un environnement de vibrations

concret –
Partie 1: Vibrations mécaniques arbitraires et aléatoires

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 31.080.99 ISBN 978-2-8322-6895-7

– 2 – IEC 63150-1:2019 © IEC 2019
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Characteristics of kinetic energy harvesting devices . 8
5 Vibration testing equipment . 8
5.1 General . 8
5.2 Vibration exciter . 8
5.3 Mounting fixture . 9
5.4 Acceleration sensor . 9
5.5 Read-out circuit . 9
5.6 Data recorder . 9
6 Preparation of test bed and device . 9
6.1 General . 9
6.2 Evaluation of vibration conditions . 9
6.3 Evaluation of electronic noise . 10
7 Testing methods . 10
7.1 External load. 10
7.2 Testing time . 10
7.3 Test environment . 10
7.4 Measurement conditions . 10
8 Measuring procedures . 11
8.1 General . 11
8.2 Single frequency response . 11
8.3 Frequency sweeping response . 11
8.4 Random vibration response . 11
9 Test report . 11
Annex A (informative) Example of measurement for kinetic energy harvesting device . 13
A.1 General . 13
A.2 Electret energy harvester with linear spring. 13
A.2.1 Shape, weight and dimensions of tested energy harvesting device . 13
A.2.2 Characteristics of the read-out circuit . 13
A.2.3 Characteristics of the vibration exciter . 14
A.2.4 Type, frequency response and accuracy of acceleration sensor . 14
A.2.5 Method for fixation of the energy harvesting device on the vibration
exciter . 15
A.2.6 Vibration direction with respect to the gravity direction . 15
A.2.7 Measurement conditions and measurement results for sinusoidal
vibration . 15
A.2.8 Measurement conditions and measurement results for frequency sweep . 16
A.2.9 Measurement conditions and measurement results for random vibration . 19
A.3 Inverse-magnetostrictive energy harvester with nonlinear spring . 21
A.3.1 Shape, weight and dimensions of tested energy harvesting device . 21
A.3.2 Characteristics of the read-out circuit . 21
A.3.3 Characteristics of the vibration exciter . 22
A.3.4 Type, frequency response and accuracy of acceleration sensor . 22

A.3.5 Method for fixation of the energy harvesting device on the vibration
exciter . 22
A.3.6 Vibration direction with respect to the gravity direction . 22
A.3.7 Measurement conditions and measurement results for sinusoidal
vibration . 22
A.3.8 Measurement conditions and measurement results for frequency sweep . 23
A.3.9 Measurement conditions and measurement results for random vibration . 24
A.4 Piezoelectric energy harvester with broadband response . 25
A.4.1 Shape, weight and dimensions of tested energy harvesting device . 25
A.4.2 Characteristics of the read-out circuit . 25
A.4.3 Characteristics of the vibration exciter . 26
A.4.4 Type, frequency response and accuracy of acceleration sensor . 26
A.4.5 Method for fixation of the energy harvesting device on the vibration
exciter . 26
A.4.6 Vibration direction with respect to the gravity direction . 27
A.4.7 Measurement conditions and measurement results for sinusoidal
vibration . 27
A.4.8 Measurement conditions and measurement results for frequency sweep . 28
A.4.9 Measurement conditions and measurement results for random vibration . 30
Annex B (informative) Definition of random vibration . 33
Bibliography . 36

Figure 1 – Testing equipment for kinetic energy harvesting device for mechanical

vibration . 8
Figure A.1 – Photo of the electret energy harvester . 13
Figure A.2 – Read-out circuit using voltage divider . 14
Figure A.3 – Output power for sinusoidal excitation at 30,4 Hz versus the external load . 15
Figure A.4 – Voltage waveforms for 30,4 Hz sinusoidal excitation at different zero-peak
accelerations . 16
Figure A.5 – Maximum, minimum, and RMS output voltages for frequency sweeping at
different zero-to-peak accelerations . 18
Figure A.6 – Output power for frequency sweeping from 15 Hz to 45 Hz at different
zero-to-peak accelerations . 19
Figure A.7 – Voltage waveforms for the random vibration with different acceleration
spectral densities . 20
Figure A.8 – Photo of the magnetostrictive energy harvester . 21
Figure A.9 – Measurement circuit. 21
Figure A.10 – Output power for sinusoidal excitation at 98 Hz versus the external load
(zero-to-peak acceleration is 9,8 m/s ) . 23
Figure A.11 – Voltage waveforms for 116 Hz sinusoidal excitation at different zero-to-
peak accelerations . 23
Figure A.12 – Power spectra of the output voltage for frequency sweeping from 60 Hz
to 180 Hz at different zero-to-peak accelerations . 24
2 2
Figure A.13 – Voltage waveforms for the random vibration 0,49 (m/s ) /Hz . 24
Figure A.14 – Photo of the piezoelectric energy harvester . 25
Figure A.15 – Read-out circuit using a voltage divider . 25
Figure A.16 – Output power for 40 Hz sinusoidal excitation versus the external load
(zero-to-peak acceleration is 0,98 m/s ) . 27

– 4 – IEC 63150-1:2019 © IEC 2019
Figure A.17 – Voltage waveforms for 40 Hz sinusoidal excitation at different zero-to-
peak accelerations . 28
Figure A.18 – Voltage waveforms for frequency sweeping from 20 Hz to 60 Hz at

different zero-to-peak accelerations . 29
Figure A.19 – Power spectra of the output power for frequency sweeping from 20 Hz to
60 Hz at different zero-to-peak accelerations . 30
Figure A.20 – Voltage waveforms for the random vibration at different acceleration
spectral densities . 31
Figure B.1 – Random vibration with uniform acceleration spectral density . 34
Figure B.2 – Example data of random vibration . 35

Table A.1 – Vibration exciter used in sinusoidal vibration . 14
Table A.2 – Vibration exciter used in random vibration . 14
Table A.3 – Acceleration sensor used in sinusoidal vibration . 14
Table A.4 – Acceleration sensor used in random vibration . 15
Table A.5 – Output voltage and power for sinusoidal excitation at the rated frequency . 16
Table A.6 – Output voltage for sinusoidal excitation with frequency sweeping . 18
Table A.7 – Maximum output power for frequency sweeping from 15 Hz to 45 Hz . 19
Table A.8 – Peak-to-peak voltage, RMS output voltage, and mean output power for

random vibration . 21
Table A.9 – Vibration exciter used in sinusoidal vibration . 22
Table A.10 – Acceleration sensor used in sinusoidal and random vibrations . 22
Table A.11 – Output voltage and power for sinusoidal excitation at the rated frequency . 23
Table A.12 – RMS output voltage and mean output power for random vibration . 24
Table A.13 – Vibration exciter used in sinusoidal vibration . 26
Table A.14 – Vibration exciter used in random vibration . 26
Table A.15 – Acceleration sensor used in sinusoidal vibration . 26
Table A.16 – Acceleration sensor used in random vibration . 26
Table A.17 – Output voltage and power for sinusoidal excitation at the rated frequency . 28
Table A.18 – Output voltage for sinusoidal excitation with frequency sweeping . 29
Table A.19 – Maximum output power for frequency sweeping from 20 Hz to 60 Hz . 30
Table A.20 – Peak-to-peak voltage, RMS output voltage, and mean output power for
random vibration . 32

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES –
MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION METHODS OF KINETIC
ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES UNDER PRACTICAL
VIBRATION ENVIRONMENT –
Part 1: Arbitrary and random mechanical vibrations

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 63150-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 47:
Semiconductor devices.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
47/2548/FDIS 47/2568/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in
the report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

– 6 – IEC 63150-1:2019 © IEC 2019
A list of all parts in the IEC 63150 series, published under the general title Semiconductor
devices – Measurement and evaluation methods of kinetic energy harvesting devices under
practical vibration environment, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
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SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES –
MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION METHODS OF KINETIC
ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES UNDER PRACTICAL
VIBRATION ENVIRONMENT –
Part 1: Arbitrary and random mechanical vibrations

1 Scope
This part of IEC 63150 specifies terms and definitions, and test methods for kinetic energy
harvesting devices for one-dimensional mechanical vibrations to determine the characteristic
parameters under a practical vibration environment. Such vibration energy harvesting devices
often have their own non-linear mechanisms to efficiently capture vibration energy in a
broadband frequency range.
This document is applicable to vibration energy harvesting devices with different power
generation principles (such as electromagnetic, piezoelectric, electrostatic, etc.) and with
different non-linear behaviour to the external mechanical excitation.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
kinetic energy harvesting device
device to generate electrical energy from kinetic energy
3.2
rated frequency
frequency given in the specification
3.3
sinusoidal vibration
vibration with a sinusoidal acceleration waveform with a given frequency
3.4
random vibration
non-deterministic vibration with broadband frequency spectra with a constant
root-mean-square (RMS) acceleration spectral density of which frequency range is specified
Note 1 to entry: See Annex B.
– 8 – IEC 63150-1:2019 © IEC 2019
3.5
background noise
vibration acceleration when no driving signal is applied
3.6
transverse sensitivity ratio
ratio of the transverse vibration acceleration to the primary acceleration
4 Characteristics of kinetic energy harvesting devices
The characteristics of kinetic energy harvesting devices depend on the transduction
mechanism (e.g., electromagnetic, piezoelectric, electrostatic), the device design, and the
method for broadband frequency response (e.g., nonlinear spring, bistable spring, frequency
up-conversion). The output voltage and power of those energy harvesting devices are
characterized by measurements under three different vibration conditions, i.e.,
single-frequency sinusoidal vibration, vibration with frequency sweep-up/-down, and random
vibration with broadband frequency spectra.
Examples of three different types of vibration energy harvesters are described in Annex A.
Definition of random vibration is given in Annex B.
5 Vibration testing equipment
5.1 General
Figure 1 provides fundamental configurations with functional blocks or components for
vibration testing equipment for kinetic energy harvesting devices. Details of the functional
blocks or components named in the key are provided in 5.2 to 5.6.

Key
1 DUT: device under test 2 Vibration exciter
3 Vibration controller 4 Mounting fixture
5 Acceleration sensor 6 External load/read-out circuit
7 Data recorder
Figure 1 – Testing equipment for kinetic energy harvesting device
for mechanical vibration
5.2 Vibration exciter
The vibration exciter shall generate vibration acceleration of the necessary frequency along
with the necessary direction. In addition, the amplitude of the DUT vibration motion
perpendicular to the driving direction should be small enough. The recommended value for its

amplitude (transverse sensitivity ratio) is smaller than 10 % of the amplitude in the driving
direction.
The vibration acceleration control can be performed by either of the following methods:
a) constant amplitude control: To maintain the vibration acceleration, by detecting and
controlling the amplitude of the DUT vibration for given vibration frequency;
b) constant RMS acceleration control: To maintain the vibration acceleration, by detecting
and controlling vibration acceleration directly for a given vibration frequency.
In general, when the driving voltage of the vibration exciter is kept constant, the vibration
acceleration is changed with the vibration frequency. Thus, the gain of the vibration exciter for
different frequencies shall be compensated with preliminary vibration tests at different
frequencies or with on-line feedback control of the driving voltage based on the acceleration
signal obtained with the acceleration sensor as shown in Figure 1.
5.3 Mounting fixture
The mounting fixture shall fix the kinetic energy harvesting device under test to the vibration
exciter so that the generated vibration can drive the test device correctly. In addition, the
direction of the vibration generated by the vibration exciter shall be within 2° from the
determined direction of vibration of the tested device.
5.4 Acceleration sensor
The acceleration sensor shall measure the vibration acceleration of the bracket or the DUT.
5.5 Read-out circuit
The read-out circuit shall measure the voltage across the external load and the output power
of the kinetic energy harvesting device within a 3 % measurement error. The sampling
frequency of the output detector shall be high enough (at least twice as high as the highest
frequency component) to capture the waveform of the output voltage accurately.
5.6 Data recorder
The test system of the kinetic energy harvesting devices shall include a data recorder to
collect recording data.
6 Preparation of test bed and device
6.1 General
The kinetic energy harvesting devices for testing shall indicate the way of mounting and the
direction of vibration. The device for testing shall be mounted on the vibration exciter with the
mounting fixture, and its electrical output shall be connected to an external load. Prior to the
actual power generation tests, preliminary evaluation of the test bed shall be made as
described in 6.2 and 6.3.
6.2 Evaluation of vibration conditions
The following points should be checked prior to the test.
a) In order to avoid waveform distortion, maximum sine force F of the vibration exciter
max
shall be higher than the required driving force, i.e.,
F > S M a
max max
– 10 – IEC 63150-1:2019 © IEC 2019
where S, M, and a are the safety factor, the total mass of the DUT and the mounting
max
fixture, and the maximum zero-to-peak acceleration during the test. The safety ratio is the
ratio between the maximum sine force of the vibration exciter and the estimated maximum
sine force based on M and a . The recommended value for the safety ratio is higher
max
than 2.
b) The background noise of the vibration acceleration shall be measured when no input
voltage is applied to the vibration exciter while all the equipment is turned on.
6.3 Evaluation of electronic noise
The following preliminary measurements for evaluating electrical noise should be made prior
to the test.
a) Electrical noise in the output voltage of the DUT shall be measured when no input voltage
is applied to the vibration exciter while all the equipment is turned on.
b) The effect of the stray magnetic field generated by the vibration exciter shall be measured.
If it is difficult to measure the stray magnetic field, the output voltage of the DUT shall be
measured when the vibration exciter is operated without securing the DUT on the
mounting fixture.
7 Testing methods
7.1 External load
The external load shall be a pure resistor of known value. In addition, the parasitic
capacitance of the external load and the read-out circuit shall be measured.
7.2 Testing time
Testing time shall be long enough to stabilize electrical output of DUT in comparison with
vibration frequency and acceleration.
7.3 Test environment
The temperature and relative humidity should be constant during the test.
7.4 Measurement conditions
Three types of measurements should be made as follows.
a) Single frequency response
The waveform of the vibration acceleration shall be sinusoidal. Vibration frequency shall be at
the rated frequency. Vibration acceleration shall be constant during one set of tests.
Measurements with different external loads shall be made to obtain the optimum load. Three
sets of tests with different accelerations are recommended, because the response of DUT
might be strongly dependent on the RMS acceleration.
b) Frequency sweeping response
The waveform of the vibration acceleration shall be sinusoidal. The lower and upper
frequency of the frequency sweeping range shall be at least half and double the rated
frequency. Data for sweeping in both directions (low to high or vice versa) shall be recorded.
The sweep rate shall be low enough to minimize unintentional influence on the characteristics
of power generation. In logarithmic sweeping, the recommended value for the sweep rate is
smaller than 0,2 octave/min. Three sets of test with different accelerations are recommended,
because the response of the DUT could be strongly dependent on the RMS acceleration.
c) Random vibration response
The waveform of the vibration acceleration shall be random as described in 3.4. The lower
and upper frequency of the random vibration shall be at least half and double the rated
frequency. Three sets of tests with different accelerations are recommended, because the
response of the DUT could be strongly dependent on the RMS acceleration. The
measurement time period for estimating time-averaged quantities shall be long enough. The
recommended value of the time period is at least 1 000 times that of one oscillation cycle of
the rated frequency.
8 Measuring procedures
8.1 General
The following three sets of measurements shall be made with the testing equipment for kinetic
energy harvesting devices as provided in Figure 1. The following steps are measuring
procedures:
a) set an ambient temperature and relative humidity;
b) fix the DUT on the vibration exciter with the mounting fixture;
c) set an external load to the output of the DUT;
d) apply an input voltage waveform to realize the required vibration motion as described from
8.2 to 8.4, and vibrate the DUT;
e) monitor the vibration frequency and acceleration of the DUT;
f) measure the output voltage of the DUT and compute output power;
g) repeat c) to f) for three different accelerations where required.
8.2 Single frequency response
An input voltage waveform is applied to the vibration exciter in such a way that the sinusoidal
vibration of the DUT at the rated frequency and the prescribed acceleration is realized.
Measurements with different external loads shall be made to obtain the optimum load.
8.3 Frequency sweeping response
An input voltage waveform is applied to the vibration exciter in such a way that the sinusoidal
vibration of the DUT with a constant RMS acceleration is realized, while the vibration
frequency is changed continuously at a sweep rate. Frequency shall be changed from the
minimum to maximum frequencies (sweep-up) and from the maximum to minimum frequencies
(sweep-down).
8.4 Random vibration response
An input voltage waveform is applied to the vibration exciter in such a way that random
vibration of the DUT is realized.
9 Test report
The test report shall include at least the following information:
a) mandatory:
1) reference to this document;
2) shape, weight and dimensions of the tested energy harvesting device;
3) characteristics of the read-out circuit:
– external load;
– sampling frequency;
– 12 – IEC 63150-1:2019 © IEC 2019
– measurement accuracy;
– input impedance;
– parasitic capacitance;
4) characteristics of vibration exciter;
– maximum sine force;
– maximum amplitude of the DUT motion;
– frequency range;
– background vibration acceleration;
5) type, frequency response and accuracy of the acceleration sensor;
6) method for fixation of the energy harvesting device on the vibration exciter;
7) vibration direction with respect to the gravity direction;
8) measurement conditions:
– external load;
– rated frequency and vibration acceleration for rated frequency response;
– range of frequency sweeping, sweeping rate, and vibration acceleration for
vibration frequency sweeping response;
– frequency spectrum of the vibration acceleration for random vibration;
– measurement time;
– measurement environment (temperature and relative humidity);
9) measurement results:
– output voltage waveform;
– peak-to-peak output voltage;
– mean output power;
b) optional:
1) purpose of testing;
2) structure of tested device;
3) principle of power generation;
4) transverse sensitivity ratio of the vibration exciter;
5) output impedance of the tested device.

Annex A
(informative)
Example of measurement for kinetic energy harvesting device
A.1 General
Annex A describes three examples of measurement for a kinetic energy harvester with
different power generation principles. Clause A.2 is for an electret energy harvester with a
linear spring, which exhibits a narrowband response. Clause A.3 is for an inverse-
magnetostrictive energy harvester with a nonlinear spring showing significant hysteresis for
frequency sweep-up/-down. Clause A.4 is for a piezoelectric energy harvester with a
broadband response.
A.2 Electret energy harvester with linear spring
A.2.1 Shape, weight and dimensions of tested energy harvesting device
Figure A.1 shows the photo of the electret energy harvester. Its dimensions are
20 mm × 20 mm × 4 mm, and its weight is 3,7 g.

Figure A.1 – Photo of the electret energy harvester
A.2.2 Characteristics of the read-out circuit
Figure A.2 shows the read-out circuit with a voltage divider. The output voltage across the
load is given by
R
VV=
M
R
M
where V , R, R are the measured voltage, the total load, and the resistance of the
M M
measurement section. The total load R is given by R = R + R , and R is given by the
M H M
resistance of the voltage divider R and the input impedance of the measurement unit R , i.e.,
L I
RR
LI
R =
M
R + R
( )
LI
– 14 – IEC 63150-1:2019 © IEC 2019

Figure A.2 – Read-out circuit using voltage divider
In the present test, an analogue-to-digital converter (±5 V range) is used for the voltage
measurement. The input impedance R, the resolution, and the sampling frequency are
I
respectively >10 GΩ, 16 bits, and 10 kHz. R = 100 kΩ, so that R is almost the same as R .
L M L
A.2.3 Characteristics of the vibration exciter
Different vibration exciters were employed for sinusoidal vibration and random vibration as
summarized in Tables A.1 and A.2.
Table A.1 – Vibration exciter used in sinusoidal vibration
Maximum sine force 300 N
Maximum amplitude 26 mm
p-p
Frequency range from 5 Hz to 3 kHz
Background vibration acceleration NA
Transverse sensitivity ratio NA
Maximum acceleration 500 m/s without load

Table A.2 – Vibration exciter used in random vibration
Maximum force 9,8 kN
Maximum amplitude 25 mm
p-p
Frequency range from 5 Hz to 3 kHz
Background vibration acceleration NA
Transverse sensitivity ratio NA
Maximum acceleration 735 m/s
A.2.4 Type, frequency response and accuracy of acceleration sensor
Different acceleration sensors were employed for sinusoidal vibration and random vibration as
summarized in Tables A.3 and A.4.
Table A.3 – Acceleration sensor used in sinusoidal vibration
Type Piezoelectric
Frequency range f to 10 kHz ±1 dB
c
Sensitivity 3,0 ± 10 % pC/(m/s )
Capacitance 1 500 pF
Maximum acceleration 9 800 m/s

Table A.4 – Acceleration sensor used in random vibration
Type Piezoelectric
Frequency range f to 7 kHz ±1 dB
c
Sensitivity 5,0 ± 10 % pC/(m/s )
Capacitance 1 400 pF
Maximum acceleration 10 000 m/s

A.2.5 Method for fixation of the energy harvesting device on the vibration exciter
Double-side adhesive tape (0,15 mm-thick non-woven fabric, acrylic adhesive) is used to fix
the energy harvester on the vibration exciter.
A.2.6 Vibration direction with respect to the gravity direction
The vibration direction is in the horizontal direction.
A.2.7 Measurement conditions and measurement results for sinusoidal vibration
The rated frequency and the external load were chosen as 30,4 Hz and 15,1 MΩ. The
2 2 2 2
acceleration (zero to peak) is 0,49 m/s , 0,98 m/s , 1,47 m/s and 1,96 m/s . The ambient
temperature was 25,2 ºC. Figure A.3 shows the output power for a 30,4 Hz sinusoidal
excitation versus the external load at different accelerations, showing the matched impedance
is from 15 MΩ to 20 MΩ. Figure A.4 shows the voltage wave form at a 30,4 Hz sinusoidal
excitation for different accelerations. The amplitude and the number of voltage peaks are
increased with the acceleration until 1,47 m/s , where the amplitude reaches its maximum
value. The RMS output voltage and the mean output power are summarized in Table A.5.

2 2 2
Zero-to-peak acceleration is 0,49 m/s , 0,98 m/s , and 1,47 m/s .
Figure A.3 – Output power for sinusoidal excitation at 30,4 Hz versus the external load

– 16 – IEC 63150-1:2019 © IEC 2019

2 2
a) 0,49 m/s b) 0,98 m/s
2 2
c) 1,47 m/s d) 1,96 m/s
Figure A.4 – Voltage waveforms for 30,4 Hz sinusoidal excitation at
different zero-peak accelerations
Table A.5 – Output voltage and power for sinusoidal excitation at the rated frequency
Acceleration (0-p) RMS output voltage Mean output power
0,49 m/s 16,0 V 16,9 µW
0,98 m/s 33,1 V
72,7 µW
1,47 m/s 38,4 V 97,9 µW
1,96 m/s 38,2 V 96,5 µW
A.2.8 Measurement conditions and measurement results for frequency sweep
The range of the frequency sweep, the sweeping speed, and the external load were chosen
as being from 15 Hz to 45 Hz, 0,25 octave/min, and 15,1 MΩ. The zero-to-peak acceleration
2 2 2 2
is 0,49 m/s , 0,98 m/s , 1,47 m/s , and 1,96 m/s . The ambient temperature was 25,2 ºC.
Figure A.5 shows the maximum output voltage V , minimum output voltage V , and the
max min
RMS output voltage V during frequency sweeping for different accelerations. The voltage
rms
amplitude changes depending on the excitation frequency. The peak-to-peak output voltage
and RMS output voltage for the sweep-up/-down and its frequency are summarized in
Table A.6.
2 2
a) 0,49 m/s for sweep-up b) 0,49 m/s for sweep-down

2 2
c) 0,98 m/s for sweep-up d) 0,98 m/s for sweep-down

2 2
e) 1,47 m/s for sweep-up f) 1,47 m/s for sweep-down

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