EN 1561:2023

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2024
Livarstvo - Siva litina (z lamelastim grafitom)
Founding - Grey cast irons
Gießereiwesen - Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit
Fonderie - Fontes à graphite lamellaire
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1561:2023
ICS:
77.080.10 Železo Irons
77.140.80 Železni in jekleni ulitki Iron and steel castings
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN 1561
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 77.080.10 Supersedes EN 1561:2011
English Version
Founding - Grey cast irons
Fonderie - Fontes à graphite lamellaire Gießereiwesen - Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 20 November 2023.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1561:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 Designation . 9
5 Order information . 9
6 Manufacture . 10
7 Requirements . 10
7.1 Mechanical properties . 10
7.2 Tensile properties . 10
7.2.1 General. 10
7.2.2 Test pieces machined from cast samples . 10
7.2.3 Test pieces machined from samples cut from a casting . 11
7.3 Hardness properties . 15
7.4 Graphite structure . 16
8 Sampling . 16
8.1 General. 16
8.2 Samples for tensile test . 17
8.2.1 Size of cast samples . 17
8.2.2 Frequency and number of tests . 17
8.2.3 Separately cast samples. 18
8.2.4 Side-by-side cast samples . 19
8.2.5 Cast-on samples . 20
8.2.6 Samples cut from a casting . 22
8.3 Samples for hardness test . 23
9 Test methods . 23
9.1 Tensile test . 23
9.2 Brinell hardness test. 25
9.3 Graphite structure . 25
9.4 Alternative test procedures . 25
10 Retests . 25
10.1 Need for retests . 25
10.2 Test validity . 25
10.3 Nonconforming test results . 25
10.4 Heat treatment of samples and castings . 26
11 Inspection documentation. 26
Annex A (informative) Additional information on mechanical and physical properties . 27
Annex B (informative) Comparison of grey cast iron material designations according to
EN 1560 and ISO/TR 15931 [7] . 30
Annex C (informative) Additional information on the relationship between hardness and
tensile strength. 31
Annex D (informative) Additional information on the relationship between tensile strength,
hardness and wall thickness of grey iron castings . 33
Annex E (informative) Guidance values for tensile strength determined on samples cut from
a casting. 36
Annex F (informative) Wedge penetration test . 38
Annex G (informative) Significant technical changes between this document and the
previous edition . 41
Bibliography . 42

European foreword
This document (EN 1561:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 “Foundry
technology”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2024, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2024.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 1561:2011.
Annex G provides details of significant technical changes between this European Standard and the 2011
edition (previous edition).
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the United
Kingdom.
Introduction
This document deals with the classification of grey cast irons, subdivided into two groups, specified by
their tensile strength or hardness, respectively.
The properties of grey cast iron depend on the form and distribution of the graphite and the structure of
the matrix, resulting from different cooling velocities in different wall thickness of the casting.
Section sensitivity of the properties is more pronounced for grey cast irons EN-GJL, compared to other
cast iron materials. When designating a grey cast iron material grade, section sensitivity of the properties
needs consideration.
Table 1 specifies material grades according to their mechanical properties, which is relevant for most EN-
GJL material orders.
Table 1 designates the cast material. The foundry verifies the properties of the castings within its in-
process quality assurance. The customer designates the material grade in view of requirements from
component design. The choice of cast samples is based on the relevant wall thickness to ensure
comparability with the casting.
Table 1 specifies minimum property values (ultimate tensile strength) for each material grade, based on
cast samples. For the casting itself, typical property values are given in Table E.1.
Table 2 specifies material grades according to their maximum hardness, e.g. for wear resistance.
Cast iron materials are molten from steel scraps of different compositions (circular economy), pig iron,
alloying elements, carburizers, etc., neither using ready alloys nor applying secondary metallurgical
methods. Depending on the production route used, the chemical composition can vary (Clause 6). The
mechanical properties prevail.
Material designation
The customer designates the material grade based on design requirements (load). In a casting with
complex shape and sections with very different wall thicknesses, property values can vary over the
casting, due to section sensitivity. A single cast sample cannot be representative for all sections of the
entire casting.
If only one cast sample is possible (e.g. due to cost reasons, space in the mould, or when cutting a sample
from the casting is not possible), the cast sample will represent the most interesting section of the casting,
having the relevant wall thickness.
Since EN 1561:2011, the material designation is based on cast samples with comparable solidification as
the casting (Table 3 specifies different sample sizes, representing different relevant wall thickness).
The 30 mm diameter separately cast sample (Type II) can still be used for designating the material grade,
e.g. for simple casting shapes. It cannot properly represent property values in sections with greater wall
thickness of the casting.
In case of an inappropriate designation of a material grade, the desired properties may not be reached
locally, in the most interesting, relevant section of the cast component.
EXAMPLE A thick-walled casting is designated as EN-GJL-250 using the 30 mm diameter separately cast
sample (Type II), but the relevant section of the component has 100 mm wall thickness. The minimum tensile
strength of 250 MPa will not be reached in the thick-walled section.
This can be avoided by co-operation of customer and foundry early in the design stage. The foundry can
adapt its process in order to fulfil the local properties of the part, defined by the customer.
NOTE The short name is designated according to EN 1560. The designation system by number is based on the
structure and rules of EN 10027-2 [4] and so corresponds with the European numbering system for steel and other
materials.
Property values
The cast sample represents the properties in the relevant wall thickness section of the casting, given by
component design. Compared to EN 1561:2011, the minimum tensile properties to be obtained in cast
samples were slightly adapted to consider section sensitivity. They represent today’s reproducible
production processes for all types of grey cast iron production (long-series with machine moulding,
short-series with hand moulding, with smaller to greater wall thicknesses).
Anticipated values in the casting (Table E.1) have been adapted, using the finer wall thickness grading
(e.g. 6 ranges for EN-GJL-250, with 3 ranges < 40 mm). Property values were subsequently decreased
with increasing wall thickness.
The tensile test piece given in Figure 5 is used to achieve reproducible results. For serial production of
grey iron castings using statistical methods, the position of the scatter-band and its lower boundary
depends on wall thickness.
When using larger cast samples, microstructural effects become less pronounced. Lower property values
often do not result from poor process control but from slower solidification and statistical effects.
The mechanical properties of the material can be evaluated on machined test pieces prepared from:
— separately cast samples;
— side-by-side cast samples;
— cast-on samples;
— samples cut from a casting.
Hardness of the material can also be evaluated on the casting.
For many applications, tensile strength and hardness are not the only properties of interest to casting
designers. Other mechanical or physical properties can be decisive for the use of grey iron. For example:
— the thermal capacity and the thermal conductivity for brake disks;
— the damping capacity for engine blocks or machine beds;
— the thermocycle fatigue for exhaust manifolds or ingot moulds.
Therefore, Annex A (informative) provides additional information on mechanical and physical
properties.
Annex G, Table G.1 provides details of significant technical changes between this document and the
previous edition.
1 Scope
This document specifies the properties of unalloyed and low-alloyed grey cast irons used for castings,
which have been manufactured in sand moulds or in moulds with comparable thermal behaviour.
NOTE This document can also be applicable to grey cast irons cast in permanent moulds, provided the related
cast samples are poured under the same conditions as the castings.
This document specifies the characterizing properties of grey cast irons by either:
a) the tensile strength of cast samples,
b) if agreed by the manufacturer and the purchaser, the tensile strength of samples cut from a casting,
c) the hardness determined on the castings or on a cast-on knob.
If agreed by the manufacturer and the purchaser, the combination of both tensile strength from option a)
and hardness from option c) can be specified.
This document specifies five grades of grey cast iron by a classification based on tensile strength
determined on machined test pieces prepared from cast samples (see Table 1) and six grades of grey cast
iron by a classification based on Brinell hardness (see Table 2).
This document does not cover technical delivery conditions for iron castings; see EN 1559-1 and
EN 1559-3.
This document does not apply to grey cast irons used for pipes and fittings which are covered by to
EN 877 [1].
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 10204, Metallic products - Types of inspection documents
EN ISO 945-1, Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-1)
EN ISO 6506-1, Metallic materials - Brinell hardness test - Part 1: Test method (ISO 6506-1)
EN ISO 6892-1, Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1: Method of test at room temperature (ISO 6892-
1)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
grey cast iron
cast material, mainly iron and carbon based, carbon being present mainly in the form of flake (lamellar)
graphite particles
Note 1 to entry: Grey cast iron is also known as flake graphite cast iron, and less commonly as lamellar graphite
cast iron.
Note 2 to entry: Graphite form, distribution and size are specified in EN ISO 945-1.
3.2
cast sample
quantity of material cast to represent the cast material, including separately cast sample, side by side cast
sample and cast-on sample
3.3
separately cast sample
sample cast in a separate sand mould under representative manufacturing conditions and material grade
3.4
side-by-side cast sample
sample cast in the mould alongside the casting, with a connected but separate running system
3.5
cast-on sample
sample attached directly to the running system or to the casting
3.6
Sample cut from a casting
sample cut from an individual casting, by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser
3.7
relevant wall thickness
wall thickness representative of the casting, specified for the determination of the size of the cast samples
to which the mechanical properties apply
4 Designation
The material shall be designated either by symbol or by number, as given in either Table 1 or Table 2.
NOTE 1 The designation system is given in EN 1560 [3].
The number in position 3 of the designation (symbol) in Table 1 is the minimum tensile strength of the
grades as determined on test pieces machined from 30 mm diameter cast samples (15 mm relevant wall
thickness), separately cast or cast side-by-side. The wall thickness range 10 mm to 20 mm is used for
designation.
EXAMPLE 1 Material grade EN-GJL-250. To determine the ultimate tensile strength, a standard 30 mm diameter
separately cast sample is poured according to Figure 1, Type II. The cooling velocity of a Type II cast sample is the
same as a 15 mm thick plate of infinite length. Type II is the most commonly used sample size, used also for
designation. The material grade is designated EN-GJL-250 when the tensile strength exceeds 250 MPa.
Alternatively, the designation may be based on cast-on samples. In this case, the minimum tensile
strength is lower due to cooling conditions. By comparing the values in the far-right column of Table 1
with the values from the separately cast sample, the correct material designation can be obtained.
The number in position 3 of the designation (symbol) in Table 2 is the maximum Brinell hardness value
of the grade for relevant wall thickness ≥ 40 mm. A designation based on thin walls does not reflect
hardness increase due to accelerated cooling.
EXAMPLE 2 Material grade EN-GJL-HB-175. The maximum hardness in the wall thickness range 40 mm to
80 mm is used for designation, as it represents the bulk material (metallic matrix). For thinner walls, hardness can
be higher due to accelerated cooling, resulting in a different microstructure.
In the case of samples cut from the casting the letter C is added at the end of the designation by symbol.
Guidance values anticipated in the casting are given in Table E.1. Those property values are not intended
for material designation.
NOTE 2 Comparison of EN 1561 grade designations to the grades from ISO 185:2020 [6] is given in Annex B.
5 Order information
The order shall specify, in an unambiguous manner, whether the tensile strength measured on cast
samples, or the Brinell hardness determined on the casting, is the characterizing property. If it does not
do so, then the manufacturer shall characterize the material according to tensile strength.
The following information shall be supplied by the purchaser:
a) the number of this document (EN 1561);
b) the designation of the material;
c) the relevant wall thickness;
d) any special requirements.
All requirements shall be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser by the time of acceptance
of the order e.g. technical delivery conditions according to EN 1559-1 and EN 1559-3.
When specifying a combination of tensile strength and hardness, it is recommended to consult the
information in Annex C.
6 Manufacture
The metallurgical method of producing grey cast irons and their chemical composition shall be left to the
discretion of the manufacturer who shall ensure that the requirements of this European Standard are met
for the material grade specified in the order.
All agreements between the manufacturer and the purchaser shall be made by the time of acceptance of
the order.
For grey cast irons to be used in special applications, the chemical composition and heat treatment may
be the subject of an agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser at the time of acceptance of
the order.
7 Requirements
7.1 Mechanical properties
The order shall specify in an unambiguous manner whether the characterizing property is:
a) tensile strength determined on test pieces machined from separately cast or side-by-side cast
samples;
b) tensile strength determined on test pieces machined from cast-on samples;
c) tensile strength determined on test pieces machined from samples cut from a casting;
d) Brinell hardness determined on the casting;
e) a combination of both tensile strength and Brinell hardness.
If the order does not specify Brinell hardness, then the manufacturer shall characterize the material
according to tensile strength.
7.2 Tensile properties
7.2.1 General
The property values apply to grey cast irons cast in sand moulds or moulds of comparable thermal
behaviour. Subject to amendments to be agreed upon in the order, the property values can apply to
castings obtained by alternative methods.
Tensile properties are wall thickness dependant as shown in Table 1.
NOTE Tensile testing requires sound test pieces in order to guarantee pure uni-axial stress during the test.
7.2.2 Test pieces machined from cast samples
The tensile properties of the five grades of grey cast irons specified by tensile strength shall be in
accordance with the requirements of Table 1. The maximum tensile strength of the grade is the minimum
value plus 100 MPa. This shall ensure that the material is correctly designated.
NOTE Tensile strength is determined according to 9.1, using test pieces machined from cast samples (type of
sample chosen according to Table 3, corresponding to the relevant wall thickness of the casting)
For process quality assurance purposes, 30 mm diameter cast samples are commonly used.
7.2.3 Test pieces machined from samples cut from a casting
If applicable, the manufacturer and the purchaser shall agree on:
— the location(s) on a casting where the sample(s) shall be taken;
— the minimum value, or allowable range of values, for the tensile properties (for information, see
Table E.1).
NOTE 1 The properties and the structure of castings are not uniform, depending on the complexity of the castings
and variation in their section thickness.
NOTE 2 Tensile properties for test pieces cut from a casting are affected not only by material properties (subject
of this document) but also by the local casting soundness (not subject of this document).
Table 1 — Tensile properties of grey cast irons measured on test pieces machined from cast samples
a
Tensile strength R
m
Material designation Relevant wall thickness
Mandatory values
in separately cast or side-by-side cast in cast-on
t
samples samples
mm MPa MPa
Symbol Number > ≤ ≥ ≤ ≥
EN-GJL-100 5.1100 5 40 100 200 —
b
5 —
2,5
5 10 —
10 20 —
EN-GJL-150 5.1200 150 250
20 40 125
40 80 110
80 150 100
150 300 90
b
5 —
2,5
5 10 —
10 20 —
EN-GJL-200 5.1300 200 300
20 40 170
40 80 155
80 150 140
150 300 130
a
Tensile strength R
m
Material designation Relevant wall thickness
Mandatory values
in separately cast or side-by-side cast in cast-on
t
samples samples
mm MPa MPa
Symbol Number > ≤ ≥ ≤ ≥
b
10 —
10 20 —
20 40 210
EN-GJL-250 5.1301 250 350
40 80 190
80 150 170
150 300 160
b
20 —
20 40 250
EN-GJL-300 5.1302 300 400
40 80 225
80 150 210
150 300 190
For relevant wall thicknesses more than 300 mm, the manufacturer and the purchaser should agree on the type and size of cast sample and the minimum
values to be obtained.
NOTE 1 The designation is based on the 30 mm diameter separately cast sample.
NOTE 2 For high damping capacity and thermal conductivity, EN-GJL-100 (5.1100) is the most suitable material.
NOTE 3 The figures given in bold indicate the minimum tensile strength to which the material designation of the grade is related. The values relate to a casting
in the as-cast condition with specified interesting wall section, corresponding to the applicable relevant wall thickness range given here. The corresponding
sample diameter is selected according to Table 3.
a
Tensile strength R
m
Material designation Relevant wall thickness
Mandatory values
in separately cast or side-by-side cast in cast-on
t
samples samples
mm MPa MPa
Symbol Number > ≤ ≥ ≤ ≥
a
If tensile strength is specified as a characterizing property, the type of the sample (see 8.2) should also be stated in the order. If not stated in the order, the type of sample is
left to the discretion of the manufacturer.
b
This value is included as the lower limit of the relevant wall-thickness range.
7.3 Hardness properties
Classification of grey iron castings by hardness is applicable principally where machinability or wear
resistance are of importance.
The Brinell hardness of the six grades of grey cast iron specified by hardness, when determined according
to 9.2, shall meet the requirements specified in Table 2.
If a casting is ordered on the basis of hardness, the relevant wall thickness and the position of the test
shall be agreed.
Minimum and maximum Brinell hardness values, for the relevant wall thickness specified by the
purchaser, shall be mandatory for the castings covered by the order.
NOTE For a relevant wall thickness t > 80 mm, grades are not classified by hardness.
If it is not possible to use the Brinell test method in accordance with EN ISO 6506-1, alternative test
methods may be used, which shall have correlated values with Brinell hardness.
Table 2 — Brinell hardness of castings of grey cast irons
Relevant wall
a b
Brinell hardness
thickness
HBW
Material designation
t
mm
Symbol Number > ≤ min. max.
40 80  155
20 40  160
EN-GJL-HB155 5.1101 10 20  170
5 10  185
2,5 5 — 210
40 80 100 175
20 40 110 185
EN-GJL-HB175 5.1201 10 20 125 205
5 10 140 225
2,5 5 170 260
40 80 120 195
20 40 135 210
EN-GJL-HB195 5.1304
10 20 150 230
5 10 170 260
40 80 145 215
20 40 160 235
EN-GJL-HB215 5.1305
10 20 180 255
5 10 200 275
Relevant wall
a b
Brinell hardness
thickness
HBW
Material designation
t
mm
Symbol Number > ≤ min. max.
40 80 165 235
EN-GJL-HB235 5.1306 20 40 180 255
10 20 200 275
40 80 185 255
EN-GJL-HB255 5.1307 20 40 200 275
10 20 215 290
NOTE 1 Figures in bold indicate the maximum Brinell hardness to which the material designation of the grade is
related.
NOTE 2 Information on the relationship between Brinell hardness and tensile strength is given in Annex C.
NOTE 3 Information on the relationship between Brinell hardness and wall thickness is given in Annex D.
a
For each grade, Brinell hardness decreases with increasing wall thickness.
b
By agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, a narrower hardness range may be adopted at the agreed
position on the casting, provided that this is not less than 40 HBW. An example of such a circumstance could be castings
for long-series production.
7.4 Graphite structure
The graphite morphology shall be mainly of form I in accordance with EN ISO 945-1. A more precise
definition may be agreed upon by the time of acceptance of the order.
If the graphite structure is agreed upon, the test shall be carried out in accordance with 9.3.
8 Sampling
8.1 General
Samples shall be made from the same material as that used to produce the casting(s) which they
represent.
Several types of samples (separately cast samples, cast-on samples, side-by-side cast samples, samples
cut from a casting) can be used, depending on the mass and wall thickness of the casting.
Separately cast samples and side-by-side cast samples provide an easy method to represent the
properties of the casting and to designate the material. They only represent a single wall thickness.
For process reasons, cast-on samples may be better suitable to reflect the properties of the casting but
they can be attached only in certain places of the casting.
Samples cut from a casting best reflect the material properties in a zone critical for application but require
destruction of the casting (if trepanning is not possible).
When relevant, the type of sample should be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser. Unless
otherwise agreed, the choice of option is left to the discretion of the manufacturer.
When the mass of the casting exceeds 1 000 kg and its thickness exceeds 50 mm, cast-on samples should
preferably be used; the dimensions and the location of the sample shall be agreed between the
manufacturer and the purchaser by the time of acceptance of the order.
All samples shall be adequately marked to guarantee full traceability to the castings which they represent.
If castings are subjected to a heat treatment, the samples shall be subject to the same heat treatment, as
that of the castings they represent.
8.2 Samples for tensile test
8.2.1 Size of cast samples
The size of the cast sample (Figure 1) shall be in correspondence with the relevant wall thickness of the
casting as shown in Table 3.
If other sizes are used, this, and the minimum tensile strength value to be obtained, shall be agreed
between the manufacturer and purchaser.
In case of absence of requirements or technical information from the purchaser, the diameter of the cast
sample shall be chosen by the manufacturer, and its value, included in the certificate of conformity
accompanying the initial samples, will prevail and will be kept for the control and acceptance of
subsequent series.
Table 3 — Types and sizes of cast samples and sizes of tensile test pieces in relation to relevant
wall thickness of the casting
Preferred diameter
Relevant wall
of tensile test
Type of cast sample
thickness
a
piece
t d
Separately Side by side Cast-on Type 1 Cast-on Type 2
mm mm
> ≤ (see Figure 1) (see Figure 1) (see Figure 2) (see Figure 3)
– 10 I I 10
10 20 II II 20
b b
20 35 III III 32
35 50 IV IV 32
50 100 30 mm 30 mm 20
c c
100 300 50 mm 50 mm 32
a
Other diameters, in accordance with Table 4, may be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser. Unless otherwise
agreed, the preferred diameter for the test piece shall be used.
b
Not to be used.
c
Diameter of cast sample, diameter of tensile test piece and minimum tensile strength to be obtained shall be agreed between
manufacturer and purchaser.
Unless otherwise agreed, the choice of the type is left to the discretion of the manufacturer.
8.2.2 Frequency and number of tests
Samples representative of the material shall be produced at a frequency in accordance with the process
quality assurance procedures adopted by the manufacturer or as agreed with the purchaser.
In the absence of a process quality assurance procedure or any other agreement between the
manufacturer and the purchaser, a minimum of one cast sample for the tensile test shall be produced to
confirm the material grade.
8.2.3 Separately cast samples
The samples shall be cast separately in sand moulds and under representative manufacturing conditions.
The moulds used to cast the separately cast samples shall have comparable thermal behaviour to the
moulding material used to cast the castings. The moulds can be designed for casting several samples
simultaneously.
The samples shall meet the requirements of Figure 1.
The samples shall be removed from the mould at a temperature < 500 °C.
By agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser, samples may be removed from the mould at a
temperature > 500 °C, if the castings are also to be removed from the moulds at this higher temperature.
Samples of other dimensions and using other casting procedures may be agreed between the
manufacturer and the purchaser for the purpose of representing the properties of particular castings (an
indication of the likely values of tensile strength is given in Figure D.1).
Dimensions in millimetres
Dimension Type
I II III lV
d (+2/−0) 15 30 45 75
a
A function of the test piece length
L
D (+/−5) 40 50 70 105
H ≥ 40 ≥ 50 ≥ 60 ≥ 90
A ≥ 40 ≥ 50 ≥ 60 ≥ 90
Preferred diameter d of tensile test piece (see Table 4) 10 20 32 32
a
L shall be chosen to allow a test piece of dimensions shown in Figure 5 to be machined from the sample.
The thickness of the sand mould surrounding the samples shall be at least:
— 40 mm for types I and II;
— 80 mm for types III and IV.
Figure 1 — Separately cast or side-by-side cast samples
8.2.4 Side-by-side cast samples
Side-by-side cast samples are representative of the castings concurrently cast and also of all other
castings of a similar relevant wall thickness from the same test unit.
When mechanical properties are required for a series of castings belonging to the same test unit, the side-
by-side cast sample(s) shall be produced in the last mould(s) poured.
The samples shall meet the requirements of Figure 1 and shall be poured vertically or horizontally with
an adapted feeding system.
8.2.5 Cast-on samples
Cast-on samples are representative of the castings to which they are attached and also of all other castings
of a similar relevant wall thickness from the same test unit.
When mechanical properties are required for a series of castings belonging to the same test unit, the cast-
on sample(s) shall be produced in the last mould(s) poured.
The sample shall have a general shape as indicated in either Figure 2 or Figure 3 and the dimensions
shown therein.
The length L shall be determined according to the length of the test piece and the clamping device.
NOTE Two possible sets of sizes are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3, with the larger test piece size option being
shown in brackets. The small size set is used for castings less than 100 mm wall thickness, and the large size set is
used for castings equal to or greater than 100 mm wall thickness.
The type, dimensions and the location of the cast-on sample shall be agreed between the manufacturer
and the purchaser by the time of acceptance of the order, taking into account the shape of the casting and
the running system, in order to avoid any unfavourable effect on the properties of the adjacent material.
If there is no such agreement, the manufacturer shall decide on the type of sample and it shall be located
at a representative position on the casting.
Dimensions in millimetres
NOTE For significance of figures in brackets, see Table 3 and 8.2.5.
Figure 2 — Cast-on sample: Type 1
Dimensions in millimetres
NOTE For significance of figures in brackets, see Table 3 and 8.2.5.
Figure 3 — Cast-on sample: Type 2
8.2.6 Samples cut from a casting
In addition to the requirements of the material, the manufacturer and the purchaser may agree on the
properties required (for information, see Table E.1) at stated locations in the casting. These properties
shall be determined by testing test pieces machined from samples cut from the casting at these stated
locations.
The manufacturer and the purchaser shall agree on the diameter of these test pieces, the location of the
sample and the property values.
In the absence of any directions by the purchaser, the manufacturer may choose the locations from which
to cut the samples and the diameter of the test pieces.
8.3 Samples for hardness test
Hardness tests may be carried out on the separately cast samples described in 8.2.
Alternatively, the Brinell hardness test may be carried out, by agreement between the manufacturer and
the purchaser, on a test piece (“Brinell knob”) which is cast on to the casting as shown in Figure 4. The
position of the Brinell knob, and its size and shape, shall be agreed between the manufacturer and
purchaser by the time of acceptance of the order.
In order to carry out the Brinell hardness test, the test piece is removed from the casting, ground on the
cut surface and then tested on the ground surface.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 surface of casting
Figure 4 — Example of a Brinell knob
If the casting is heat-treated, the Brinell knob shall not be detached from the casting until the heat-
treatment process has been concluded.
9 Test methods
9.1 Tensile test
The tensile test shall be carried out in accordance with EN ISO 6892-1, using a test piece in conformance
with Figure 5.
The dimensions of the test piece shall conform to the dimensions given in Table 4. The gripped parts may
be for example threaded or plain to suit the clamping device.
Key
a threaded
b plain
Figure 5 — Tensile test piece
Table 4 — Dimensions of tensile test piece
Dimensions in millimetres
Thread type for
Diameter d for
1 Threaded test
threaded test
Diameter Thread length
b piece total length
plain ends
b
piece
a d b
d 2 L
s
6 ± 0,1 M10 13 8 46
8 ± 0,1 M12 16 10 53
10 ± 0,1 M16 20 12 63
12,5 ± 0,1 M20 24 15 73
16 ± 0,1 M24 30 20 87
20 ± 0,1 M30 36 23 102
25 ± 0,1 M36 44 30 119
32 ± 0,1 M45 55 40 143
NOTE L > L , to suit clamping device.
p s
a
The cross-sectional area S shall be calculated.
b
Recommended dimensions.
9.2 Brinell hardness test
The Brinell hardness test, if required, shall be carried out at an agreed position on the casting in
accordance with the requirements of EN ISO 6506-1.
The accuracy and the repeatability of the measurement is related to the diameter of the ball. Therefore,
the largest possible test ball diameter should be used compatible with the section thickness of the casting
in the measurement position (see EN ISO 6506-1) in order to integrate a wide volume of material (matrix
and graphite).
If it is not possible to use the Brinell test method in accordance with EN ISO 6506-1, alternative test
methods may be used, which shall have correlated values with Brinell hardness.
9.3 Graphite structure
The graphite structure, if required, shall be determined in accordance with EN ISO 945-1.
9.4 Alternative test procedures
If agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser, alternative test procedures, which give
equivalent results for tensile strength, Brinell hardness and graphite structure, may be used.
By agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, the wedge penetration test as described in
Annex F test may be applied as an alternative to the tensile test.
10 Retests
10.1 Need for retests
Retests shall be carried out if a test is not valid (see 10.2).
Retests are permitted to be carried out if a test result does not meet the specified requirements for the
specified material grade (see 10.3).
10.2 Test validity
A test is not valid if there is:
a) a faulty mounting of the test piece or defective operation of the test machine;
b) a defective test piece because of incorrect pouring or incorrect machining;
c) a casting def
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