EN 1561:2023
(Main)Founding - Grey cast irons
Founding - Grey cast irons
This document specifies the properties of unalloyed and low-alloyed grey cast irons used for castings, which have been manufactured in sand moulds or in moulds with comparable thermal behaviour.
NOTE This document can also be applicable to grey cast irons cast in permanent moulds, provided the related cast samples are casted under the same conditions as the castings.
This document specifies the characterizing properties of grey cast irons by either
a) the tensile strength of cast samples,
b) if agreed by the manufacturer and the purchaser, the tensile strength of samples cut from a casting,
c) the hardness determined on the castings or on a cast-on knob.
If agreed by the manufacturer and the purchaser, the combination of both tensile strength from option a) and hardness from option c) may be specified.
This document specifies six grades of grey cast iron by a classification based on tensile strength determined on machined test pieces prepared from cast samples (see Table 1) and six grades of grey cast iron by a classification based on Brinell hardness (see Table 2).
This document does not cover technical delivery conditions for iron castings; see EN 1559-1 [3] and EN 1559-3 [4].
This document does not apply to grey cast irons used for pipes and fittings according to EN 877 [5].
Gießereiwesen - Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit
Dieses Dokument legt die Eigenschaften von unlegiertem und niedrig legiertem Gusseisen mit Lamellen¬graphit für Gussstücke fest, die in Sandformen oder Formen mit vergleichbarem thermischem Verhalten hergestellt wurden.
ANMERKUNG Dieses Dokument kann auch für im Kokillengießverfahren gegossenes Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit gelten, vorausgesetzt, die entsprechenden Probestücke wurden unter den gleichen Bedingungen wie die Gussstücke gegossen.
Dieses Dokument legt die kennzeichnenden Eigenschaften von Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit fest, hinsicht¬lich entweder:
a) der Zugfestigkeit von gegossenen Probestücken,
b) wenn zwischen dem Hersteller und dem Käufer vereinbart, die Zugfestigkeit von aus einem Gussstück entnommenen Probestücken,
c) der Härte, bestimmt am Gussstück oder an einem angegossenen Probestück.
Wenn zwischen dem Hersteller und dem Käufer vereinbart, kann eine Kombination aus Zugfestigkeit nach Möglichkeit a) und Härte nach Möglichkeit c) festgelegt werden.
Dieses Dokument legt fünf Sorten von Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit fest, deren Klassifizierung auf der Zugfestigkeit beruht, die an bearbeiteten Proben aus gegossenen Probestücken bestimmt wird (siehe Tabelle 1), und sechs Sorten von Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit, deren Klassifizierung auf der Brinellhärte beruht (siehe Tabelle 2).
Dieses Dokument behandelt nicht die technischen Lieferbedingungen für Gusseisen; siehe dafür EN 1559 1 und EN 1559 3.
Dieses Dokument ist nicht anzuwenden für Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit, das für Rohre und Formstücke nach EN 877 [1] verwendet wird.
Fonderie - Fontes à graphite lamellaire
Le présent document spécifie les propriétés des fontes à graphite lamellaire non alliées et faiblement alliées, utilisées pour les pièces moulées qui ont été coulées dans des moules en sable ou des moules ayant un comportement thermique comparable.
NOTE Le présent document peut aussi s’appliquer aux fontes à graphite lamellaire en moules permanents, à condition que les échantillons coulés liés soient coulés dans les mêmes conditions que les pièces moulées.
Le présent document spécifie les propriétés permettant de caractériser les fontes à graphite lamellaire soit :
a) par la résistance à la traction des échantillons coulés,
b) après accord du fabricant et de l’acheteur, par la résistance à la traction des échantillons coupés dans une pièce moulée,
c) par la dureté déterminée sur des pièces ou sur un appendice attenant à la pièce.
Par accord entre le fabricant et l'acheteur, il est possible de spécifier la combinaison de résistance à la traction, à partir de l'option a) et de dureté, à partir de l'option c).
Le présent document spécifie six nuances de fonte à graphite lamellaire grâce à une classification basée sur la résistance à la traction déterminée sur des éprouvettes usinées, élaborées à partir d'échantillons coulés (voir Tableau 1) et six nuances de fonte à graphite lamellaire, grâce à une classification basée sur la dureté Brinell (voir Tableau 2).
Le présent document ne couvre pas les conditions techniques de fourniture des pièces moulées en fonte ; voir l’EN 1559 1 [3] et l’EN 1559 3 [4].
Le présent document ne s'applique pas aux fontes à graphite lamellaire utilisées pour les tuyaux et les raccords conformément à l'EN 877 [5].
Livarstvo - Siva litina (z lamelastim grafitom)
Ta dokument določa lastnosti nelegiranih in malolegiranih sivih litin, ki se uporabljajo za litje in so bile izdelane v peskastih kalupih ali v kalupih s primerljivim toplotnim obnašanjem.
OPOMBA: Ta dokument se lahko uporablja tudi za sive litine, lite v kalupe pod pogojem, da so povezani vzorci litine ulivani pod enakimi pogoji kot odlitki.
Ta dokument določa značilne lastnosti sivih litin s/z
a) natezno trdnostjo vzorcev litine,
b) natezno trdnostjo vzorcev, odrezanih od odlitka, če to potrdita proizvajalec in kupec,
c) trdoto, določeno na odlitku ali na gumbu odlitka.
Če se proizvajalec in kupec strinjata, se lahko določi kombinacija natezne trdnosti iz možnosti a) in trdote iz možnosti c).
Ta dokument določa šest razredov sivega litega železa na osnovi razvrstitve, ki temelji na natezni trdnosti, določeni na strojno obdelanih preskuševancih, pripravljenih iz litih vzorcev (glej preglednico 1), in šest razredov sivega litega železa na osnovi razvrstitve, ki temelji na trdoti po Brinellu (glej preglednico 2).
Ta dokument ne zajema tehničnih dobavnih pogojev za železove litine; glej standarda EN 1559-1 [3] in EN 1559-3 [4].
Ta dokument se ne uporablja za sive litine za cevi in fitinge v skladu s standardom EN 877 [5].
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2024
Livarstvo - Siva litina (z lamelastim grafitom)
Founding - Grey cast irons
Gießereiwesen - Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit
Fonderie - Fontes à graphite lamellaire
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1561:2023
ICS:
77.080.10 Železo Irons
77.140.80 Železni in jekleni ulitki Iron and steel castings
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 1561
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 77.080.10 Supersedes EN 1561:2011
English Version
Founding - Grey cast irons
Fonderie - Fontes à graphite lamellaire Gießereiwesen - Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 20 November 2023.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1561:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 Designation . 9
5 Order information . 9
6 Manufacture . 10
7 Requirements . 10
7.1 Mechanical properties . 10
7.2 Tensile properties . 10
7.2.1 General. 10
7.2.2 Test pieces machined from cast samples . 10
7.2.3 Test pieces machined from samples cut from a casting . 11
7.3 Hardness properties . 15
7.4 Graphite structure . 16
8 Sampling . 16
8.1 General. 16
8.2 Samples for tensile test . 17
8.2.1 Size of cast samples . 17
8.2.2 Frequency and number of tests . 17
8.2.3 Separately cast samples. 18
8.2.4 Side-by-side cast samples . 19
8.2.5 Cast-on samples . 20
8.2.6 Samples cut from a casting . 22
8.3 Samples for hardness test . 23
9 Test methods . 23
9.1 Tensile test . 23
9.2 Brinell hardness test. 25
9.3 Graphite structure . 25
9.4 Alternative test procedures . 25
10 Retests . 25
10.1 Need for retests . 25
10.2 Test validity . 25
10.3 Nonconforming test results . 25
10.4 Heat treatment of samples and castings . 26
11 Inspection documentation. 26
Annex A (informative) Additional information on mechanical and physical properties . 27
Annex B (informative) Comparison of grey cast iron material designations according to
EN 1560 and ISO/TR 15931 [7] . 30
Annex C (informative) Additional information on the relationship between hardness and
tensile strength. 31
Annex D (informative) Additional information on the relationship between tensile strength,
hardness and wall thickness of grey iron castings . 33
Annex E (informative) Guidance values for tensile strength determined on samples cut from
a casting. 36
Annex F (informative) Wedge penetration test . 38
Annex G (informative) Significant technical changes between this document and the
previous edition . 41
Bibliography . 42
European foreword
This document (EN 1561:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 “Foundry
technology”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2024, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2024.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 1561:2011.
Annex G provides details of significant technical changes between this European Standard and the 2011
edition (previous edition).
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the United
Kingdom.
Introduction
This document deals with the classification of grey cast irons, subdivided into two groups, specified by
their tensile strength or hardness, respectively.
The properties of grey cast iron depend on the form and distribution of the graphite and the structure of
the matrix, resulting from different cooling velocities in different wall thickness of the casting.
Section sensitivity of the properties is more pronounced for grey cast irons EN-GJL, compared to other
cast iron materials. When designating a grey cast iron material grade, section sensitivity of the properties
needs consideration.
Table 1 specifies material grades according to their mechanical properties, which is relevant for most EN-
GJL material orders.
Table 1 designates the cast material. The foundry verifies the properties of the castings within its in-
process quality assurance. The customer designates the material grade in view of requirements from
component design. The choice of cast samples is based on the relevant wall thickness to ensure
comparability with the casting.
Table 1 specifies minimum property values (ultimate tensile strength) for each material grade, based on
cast samples. For the casting itself, typical property values are given in Table E.1.
Table 2 specifies material grades according to their maximum hardness, e.g. for wear resistance.
Cast iron materials are molten from steel scraps of different compositions (circular economy), pig iron,
alloying elements, carburizers, etc., neither using ready alloys nor applying secondary metallurgical
methods. Depending on the production route used, the chemical composition can vary (Clause 6). The
mechanical properties prevail.
Material designation
The customer designates the material grade based on design requirements (load). In a casting with
complex shape and sections with very different wall thicknesses, property values can vary over the
casting, due to section sensitivity. A single cast sample cannot be representative for all sections of the
entire casting.
If only one cast sample is possible (e.g. due to cost reasons, space in the mould, or when cutting a sample
from the casting is not possible), the cast sample will represent the most interesting section of the casting,
having the relevant wall thickness.
Since EN 1561:2011, the material designation is based on cast samples with comparable solidification as
the casting (Table 3 specifies different sample sizes, representing different relevant wall thickness).
The 30 mm diameter separately cast sample (Type II) can still be used for designating the material grade,
e.g. for simple casting shapes. It cannot properly represent property values in sections with greater wall
thickness of the casting.
In case of an inappropriate designation of a material grade, the desired properties may not be reached
locally, in the most interesting, relevant section of the cast component.
EXAMPLE A thick-walled casting is designated as EN-GJL-250 using the 30 mm diameter separately cast
sample (Type II), but the relevant section of the component has 100 mm wall thickness. The minimum tensile
strength of 250 MPa will not be reached in the thick-walled section.
This can be avoided by co-operation of customer and foundry early in the design stage. The foundry can
adapt its process in order to fulfil the local properties of the part, defined by the customer.
NOTE The short name is designated according to EN 1560. The designation system by number is based on t
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