EN 14025:2013+A1:2016

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2016
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 14025:2013
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Tanks for the transport of dangerous goods - Metallic pressure tanks - Design and
construction
Tanks für die Beförderung gefährlicher Güter - Metallische Drucktanks - Auslegung und
Bau
Citernes destinées au transport de matières dangereuses - Citernes métalliques sous
pression - Conception et fabrication
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 14025:2013+A1:2016
ICS:
13.300 Varstvo pred nevarnimi Protection against dangerous
izdelki goods
23.020.20 Posode in vsebniki, montirani Vessels and containers
na vozila mounted on vehicles
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN 14025:2013+A1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
June 2016
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.300; 23.020.20 Supersedes EN 14025:2013
English Version
Tanks for the transport of dangerous goods - Metallic
pressure tanks - Design and construction
Citernes destinées au transport de matières Tanks für die Beförderung gefährlicher Güter -
dangereuses - Citernes métalliques sous pression - Metallische Drucktanks - Auslegung und Bau
Conception et fabrication
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 31 August 2013 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 29 April
2016.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 14025:2013+A1:2016 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 7
3.1 Terms and definitions . 7
3.2 Symbols . 7
4 Materials . 8
4.1 General . 8
4.2 Compatibility . 9
5 Design . 9
5.1 General . 9
5.2 Minimum shell thickness . 9
5.3 Reduction of shell thickness. 9
5.4 Protection of the shell . 10
5.5 Protection of equipment . 10
5.6 Other design requirements . 11
6 Calculation . 11
6.1 General . 11
6.1.1 General . 11
6.1.2 Calculation scheme for the wall thickness of metallic pressure tanks of RID/ADR
Chapter 6.8. 11
6.1.3 Calculation scheme for the wall thickness of metallic portable pressure tanks of
RID/ADR chapter 6.7 . 12
6.2 Design criteria . 13
6.3 Calculation for internal pressure . 15
6.3.1 General . 15
6.3.2 Wall thickness of the cylindrical section . 15
6.3.3 Wall thickness of ends . 15
6.3.4 Wall thickness of conical sections . 19
6.3.5 Openings and reinforcements . 21
6.3.6 Manhole covers . 28
6.3.7 Flanges, joints, bolts . 33
6.4 Calculation for external pressure. 34
6.4.1 General . 34
6.4.2 Tanks, where external over pressure is part of operating conditions . 35
6.4.3 Tanks, where external over pressure is not part of operating conditions . 35
6.4.4 Test . 35
6.5 Tank to frame connection/interface . 35
7 Construction and manufacturing . 36
7.1 General requirements . 36
7.2 Cutting . 36
7.3 Forming . 37
7.3.1 General . 37
7.3.2 Cold forming . 37
7.3.3 Hot forming . 37
7.3.4 Ends . 37
7.3.5 Heat treatment and normalising . 37
7.4 Welding . 38
7.4.1 Qualification . 38
7.4.2 Welded joints . 38
7.4.3 Examination and testing of welds . 38
7.4.4 Temporary attachments . 40
7.5 Manufacturing tolerances . 40
7.5.1 Plate alignment . 40
7.5.2 Defects of form . 41
7.5.3 Thickness . 41
7.5.4 Dished ends . 41
7.5.5 Cylindrical sections . 41
8 Repairs . 42
8.1 General . 42
8.2 Repair of surface defects in the parent metal . 42
8.3 Repair of weld defects . 42
Annex A (informative) Sample calculation for tank containers according to RID/ADR
Chapter 6.8" . 43
A.1 Introduction . 43
A.2 Dimensions, characteristics of materials, operating and testing conditions . 43
A.3 Calculation according to branch A . 44
A.4 Calculation according to branch B . 44
A.5 Calculation according to branch C . 45
A.6 Calculation according to branch D . 47
A.7 Results . 54
Annex B (informative) Explosion pressure shock resistant design of tanks . 56
Bibliography . 58

European foreword
This document (EN 14025:2013+A1:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 296
“Tanks for the transport of dangerous goods”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2016, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2016.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
This document includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 29 April 2016.
This document supersedes !EN 14025:2013".
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !".
!deleted text"
This document is submitted for reference into the RID [9] and/or in the technical annexes of the ADR
[10].
NOTE The technical annexes are available at the following website:
http://www.unece.org./trans/danger/danger.htm for ADR and for RID at http://www.otif.org/en/dangerous-
goods.htm respectively.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies the minimum requirements for the design and construction of
metallic pressure tanks having a maximum working or test pressure exceeding 50 kPa (0,5 bar), for the
transport of dangerous goods by road and rail and sea. This European Standard includes requirements
for openings, closures and structural equipment; it does not cover requirements of service equipment.
For tanks for the transport of cryogenic liquids, EN 13530-1 and EN 13530-2 apply.
NOTE 1 Design and construction of pressure tanks according to the scope of this European Standard are
primarily subject to the requirements of RID/ADR, 6.8.2.1, 6.8.3.1 and 6.8.5, as relevant. In addition, the relevant
requirements of RID/ADR, columns 12 and 13 of Table A to chapter 3.2, 4.3 and 6.8.2.4 apply. For the structural
equipment subsections 6.8.2.2 and 6.8.3.2 apply, as relevant. The definitions of RID/ADR 1.2.1 are referred to. For
portable tanks see also Chapter 4.2 and Sections 6.7.2 and 6.7.3 of RID and ADR. In addition, the relevant
requirements of RID/ADR, columns 10 and 11 of Table A to Chapter 3.2, 4.2, 6.7.2 and 6.7.3 apply. The paragraph
numbers above relate to the 2013 issue of RID/ADR which are subject to regular revisions. This can lead to
temporary non-compliances with EN 14025. It is important to know that requirements of RID/ADR take
precedence over any clause of this standard.
NOTE 2 This standard is applicable to liquefied gases including LPG, however for a dedicated LPG standard see
EN 12493.
If not otherwise specified, provisions which take up the whole width of the page apply to all kind of
tanks. Provisions contained in a single column apply only to:
road and rail pressure tanks according to portable tanks according to RID/ADR chapter 6.7
RID/ADR chapter 6.8 (left-hand column); (right-hand column).
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 287-1, Qualification test of welders — Fusion welding — Part 1: Steels
EN 1418, Welding personnel — Approval testing of welding operators for fusion welding and resistance
weld setters for fully mechanized and automatic welding of metallic materials
EN 1435, Non-destructive examination of welds — Radiographic examination of welded joints
EN 1591-1, Flanges and their joints — Design rules for gasketed circular flange connections — Part 1:
Calculation method
EN 10204, Metallic products - Types of inspection documents
EN 13094:2008, Tanks for the transport of dangerous goods — Metallic tanks with a working pressure
not exceeding 0,5 bar — Design and construction
EN 13445-2, Unfired pressure vessels - Part 2: Materials
EN 13445-3:2009, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 3: Design
EN 13445-4, Unfired pressure vessels - Part 4: Fabrication
EN 13445-8, Unfired pressure vessels - Part 8: Additional requirements for pressure vessels of aluminium
and aluminium alloys
EN ISO 3834-1, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 1: Criteria for the
selection of the appropriate level of quality requirements (ISO 3834-1)
EN ISO 3834-2, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 2: Comprehensive
quality requirements (ISO 3834-2)
EN ISO 4136, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Transverse tensile test (ISO 4136)
EN ISO 5173, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Bend tests (ISO 5173)
EN ISO 5817, Welding — Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam welding
excluded) — Quality levels for imperfections (ISO 5817)
EN ISO 9606-2, Qualification test of welders — Fusion welding — Part 2: Aluminium and aluminium alloys
(ISO 9606-2)
EN ISO 9712, Non destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel (ISO 9712)
EN ISO 10042, Welding — Arc-welded joints in aluminium and its alloys — Quality levels for imperfections
(ISO 10042)
EN ISO 15607, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — General
rules (ISO 15607)
EN ISO 15609-1, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding
procedure specification — Part 1: Arc welding (ISO 15609-1)
EN ISO 15609-3, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding
procedures specification — Part 3: Electron beam welding (ISO 15609-3)
EN ISO 15609-4, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding
procedure specification — Part 4: Laser beam welding (ISO 15609-4)
EN ISO 15613, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials —
Qualification based on pre-production welding test (ISO 15613)
EN ISO 15614-1, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding
procedure test — Part 1: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys
(ISO 15614-1)
EN ISO 15614-2, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding
procedure test — Part 2: Arc welding of aluminium and its alloys (ISO 15614-2)
EN ISO 17635, Non-destructive testing of welds — General rules for metallic materials (ISO 17635)
EN ISO 17637, Non-destructive testing of welds — Visual testing of fusion-welded joints (ISO 17637)
EN ISO 17640, Non-destructive testing of welds — Ultrasonic testing — Techniques, testing levels, and
assessment (ISO 17640)
ISO 1496-3, Series 1 freight containers — Specification and testing — Part 3: Tank containers for liquids,
gases and pressurized dry bulk
ISO 7005-1, Pipe flanges — Part 1: Steel flanges for industrial and general service piping systems
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following term and definition applies.
3.1.1
pressure-tank
tank as defined in the international regulations for the transport of dangerous goods by road or rail
having a maximum working pressure or a test pressure exceeding 50 kPa (0,5 bar)
3.2 Symbols
The following general symbols are used throughout the text. They are listed in alphabetical order and
special symbols are explained with the relevant formulae. Additional symbols used in the text are
explained in:
RID/ADR Chapter 6.8 RID/ADR Chapter 6.7
A minimum elongation at fracture of the metal chosen under tensile stress in %
d inside diameter of an opening
i
D internal diameter of shell in mm
D mean diameter of the cylindrical part of the tank at the junction of a cone
C
D outside diameter of the cylindrical part of the tank or the straight flange of the dished end
e
D inside diameter of the cylindrical part of D diameter of the shell (in m), but not less than
i i
the tank or the straight flange of dished 1,80 m
end
e minimum required wall thickness (in mm) of the shell
e minimum shell thickness for mild steel in mm, according to 6.8.2.1.18 and 6.8.2.19 of RID/ADR
e minimum shell thickness for the metal chosen in mm
e wall thickness of a conical part of a shell
k
e wall thickness of a hemispherical end
R
E Young's modulus
f nominal design stress (allowable stress)
d
h inside height of an ellipsoidal dished end
K shape factor of ellipsoidal ends
MWP maximum working pressure, in MPa MAWP maximum allowable working pressure, in
MPa
p design pressure, in MPa P design pressure, in MPa
p
dyn equivalent dynamic pressure
p test pressure, in MPa
test
p vapour pressure at 50 °C or at the design P vapour pressure of the substance at 65 °C
vap vap1
temperature, whichever is the higher; to be (according to 6.7.2.1 of RID/ADR)
taken as the numerical value of the
P vapour pressure of the non-refrigerated
vap2
absolute pressure
liquefied gas depends on the portable
tank type (according to 6.7.3.1 of
RID/ADR)
Pc calculation pressure in MPa as specified in
6.8.2.1.14 of RID/ADR
P test pressure in MPA
T
r inner knuckle radius, in mm
R inside spherical radius of the central part of a torispherical end
R guaranteed (upper) minimum yield strength or guaranteed minimum 0,2 % proof strength, in
e
N/mm² (for austenitic steel the 1 % proof strength may be chosen)
R guaranteed (upper) minimum yield strength or guaranteed minimum 0,2 % proof strength, at the
e,t
relevant design temperature, in N/mm² (for austenitic steel the 1 % proof strength at the relevant
design temperature may be chosen)
Rm guaranteed minimum tensile strength, in N/mm²
R minimum tensile strength of the metal chosen in N/mm
m1
R guaranteed minimum tensile strength at the relevant design temperature, in N/mm²
m,t
σ permissible stress in N/mm , as defined in 6.8.2.1.16 of RID/ADR
S safety factor
λ welding coefficient
4 Materials
4.1 General
The tank shell shall be fabricated from metallic materials which shall be resistant to brittle fracture and
of adequate impact strength within the design temperature range. The material shall be suitable for
forming.
EN 13445-2 and -8 apply and the minimum material requirements given in RID/ADR Chapter 6.8 and
Chapter 6.7 shall be fulfilled.
RID/ADR Chapter 6.8 RID/ADR Chapter 6.7
Aluminium may only be used for the shells of
portable tanks when indicated in a portable tank
special provision assigned to a specific substance
in Column (11) of Table A of Chapter 3.2 RID/ADR
or when approved by the competent authority.
NOTE 1 For aluminium and aluminium alloys, see also EN 14286.
NOTE 2 RID/ADR restrict the use of materials with respect to the maximum yield and tensile strength of fine-
grained steel for welded shells, maximum ratios of yield/tensile strength for welded steel shells and of the
minimum elongation at fracture for welded fine- grained other steel and aluminium shells.
Welded shells shall be fabricated from a material which has been shown to have acceptable welding
characteristics.
4.2 Compatibility
Shells, fittings, and pipework shall be constructed from materials which are:
a) substantially immune to attack by the substance(s) intended to be transported; or
b) properly passivated or neutralised by chemical reaction; or
c) lined with corrosion-resistant material directly bonded to the shell or attached by equivalent
means.
They shall comply with
RID/ADR 6.8.2 RID/ADR 6.7.2.2 and 6.7.3.2
Gaskets shall be made of materials not subject to attack by the substances intended to be transported.
The materials of the tank, including any devices, gaskets, linings and accessories, shall not adversely
affect the substances intended to be transported in the tank.
Guidelines on material specifications in relation to the substances to be transported may be taken from
Annex B of EN 12285-1:2003.
5 Design
5.1 General
Tanks shall be designed to withstand without loss of contents the:
1) operating conditions including static and dynamic forces in normal conditions of carriage. In
addition, the design of portable tanks shall account for the effects of fatigue, caused by repeated
application of these loads through the expected life of the portable tank;
2) test conditions;
3) !explosion-pressure-shock resistant condition (if required) (see Annex B)";
under consideration of Clause 6.
If sudden temperature differences are to be expected during filling or discharge of the tank the buckling
effect of one sided expansion or contraction should be taken into account.
5.2 Minimum shell thickness
The shell thickness shall not be less than that given in:
RID/ADR 6.8.2.1.17 to 6.8.2.1.18, see Figure 1 of RID/ADR 6.7.2.4 or 6.7.3.4, see Figure 2 of this
this standard standard
5.3 Reduction of shell thickness
The reduction of the minimum shell thickness When additional protection against shell damage
(see Figure 1) is allowed if protection of the shell is provided as described in 5.4, portable tanks
against damage through lateral impact or with test pressure less than 2,65 bar may have the
overturning is provided (see 5.4 and RID/ADR minimum shell thickness reduced, in proportion to
6.8.2.1.19 to 6.8.2.1.20 and 6.8.2.1.21 respectively) the protection provided (see RID/ADR 6.7.2.4.3 to
but the minimum requirements given in RID/ADR 6.7.2.4.5).
6.8.2.1.17 shall be met.
For shells of rail tank wagons no reduction of the
minimum wall thickness due to protection is
allowed.
5.4 Protection of the shell
5.4.1 When required by 5.3 shells of:
tank containers portable tanks
are protected against damage if one of the following measures is provided:
— structure, in which the shell is supported by a complete skeleton including longitudinal and
transverse structural members. This structure shall conform to the requirements of ISO 1496-3;
— double wall construction, where the aggregate thickness of the outer metal wall and the shell itself
is not less than the minimum shell thickness prescribed in:
— RID/ADR 6.8.2.1.18 and the thickness of the — RID/ADR 6.7.2.4.1 and 6.7.2.4.2 and the
inner shell wall is not less than the minimum thickness of the inner shell wall is not less
shell thickness prescribed in 6.8.2.1.19; than the minimum shell thickness prescribed
in 6.7.2.4.3 and 6.7.2.4.4;
— "sandwich" construction, which means shells made with double walls having an intermediate layer
of rigid solid materials (e.g. foam, at least 50 mm thick), where the outer wall has a thickness of at
least 0,5 mm of steel, 0,8 mm of aluminium or 2 mm of a plastics material reinforced with glass
fibre. For other layer materials (e.g. mineral wool, at least 100 mm thick), the outer wall has a
thickness of at least 0,8 mm of austenitic steel. Other combinations of materials used to provide
protection against damage shall be shown to have equivalent strength. One method of comparing
the strength of sheets of materials is given in Annex B of EN 13094:2008.
5.4.2 For shells of road tank vehicles see also
6.9.2 of EN 13094:2008.
5.5 Protection of equipment
Items of equipment shall be protected against the risk of being wrenched off or damaged during
transport or handling.
For tanks other than rail tank wagons equipment RID/ADR 6.7.2.5 and 6.7.2.6 and 6.7.3.5 applies
shall be protected by strengthening rings, also.
protective canopies or transverse or longitudinal
members. This protection of equipment shall
comply with 6.14 of EN 13094:2008.
Items of equipment of tank containers are
protected if placed within the contours of a
skeleton structure (frame).
Equipment used on tanks of tank vehicles for the
transport of substances to which the special
provision TE 19 of ADR (see subsection 6.8.4 ADR)
is allocated need additional protection.
RID/ADR 6.8.2.2 applies also.
NOTE For vacuum-operated waste tanks
RID/ADR 6.10.3.1 applies.
5.6 Other design requirements
Design criteria for:
— openings; see 6.3.5.1, 6.3.5.2.1 to 6.3.5.2.6, 6.3.5.3;
— ends; see 6.3.3.2 to 6.3.3.4;
— conical section of shell; see 6.3.4.1 and 6.3.4.2;
— hinged manhole cover and cover assemblies; see 6.3.6.5;
— flanges, joints and bolts; see 6.3.7.
NOTE 1 RID/ADR include requirements on - thermal insulation of linkage between shell and vehicle, design of
surge plates and partitions,- leakproof linings, thermal insulation, non- metallic linings, electrical earthing and
secure base and lifting devices (see RID/ADR 6.7.2, 6.7.3, 6.8.2.1.22, 6.8.2.1.24 – 6.8.2.1.27 and 6.8.5.1.5) which are
not considered in this standard.
NOTE 2 RID/ADR require that shells of portable tanks made from aluminium shall be insulated to prevent
significant loss of physical properties when subjected to a heat load of 110 kW/m for a period of not less than 30
min and that the insulation shall remain effective at all temperatures less than 649 °C and shall be jacketed with a
material with a melting point of not less than 700 °C.
6 Calculation
6.1 General
6.1.1 General
The minimum wall thickness of the tank shall be determined according to the calculation schemes of
6.1.2 and 6.1.3.
Additional thickness to allow for corrosion (progressive decrease of wall thickness) shall not be taken
into consideration in calculating the shell thickness.
The calculation schemes given in Figures 1 and 2 show how to determine the wall thickness of a shell to
meet the requirements of this standard and RID/ADR where Figure 1 applies to RID/ADR chapter 6.8
and Figure 2 applies to RID/ADR chapter 6.7.
6.1.2 Calculation scheme for the wall thickness of metallic pressure tanks of RID/ADR Chapter
6.8
The wall thickness chosen, shall not be less than the maximum value resulting from the wall thickness
determined according to branches A and B (RID/ADR 6.8.2) on the one hand and according to the
following formulae relevant to the test and service conditions (branches C and D) on the other.
Figure 1 — Calculation scheme for the wall thickness of metallic pressure tanks of chapter 6.8 of
RID/ADR
6.1.3 Calculation scheme for the wall thickness of metallic portable pressure tanks of RID/ADR
chapter 6.7
The wall thickness chosen, shall not be less than the maximum value resulting from the wall thickness
determined according to branch B (RID/ADR 6.7.2 and 6.7.3) on the one hand and according to the
following formulae relevant to the test and service conditions (branches C and D) on the other.
Figure 2 — Calculation scheme for the wall thickness of metallic portable pressure tanks
of chapter 6.7 of RID/ADR
6.2 Design criteria
Design criteria (loads, allowable stresses, design temperature etc.) to be applied shall be taken from
Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1 — Design criteria for chapter 6.8 tanks
Operating conditions Test conditions
p MWP b
p
test
but not less than
a
(p − 1 bar) + p if applicable
vap dyn
f for ferritic steels and
d
min { R / 1,5; R / 2,4}
e,t m
aluminium alloys
f for austenitic steels
d
R / 1,5 min { 0,75 R ; 0,5 R }
e,t e m
with 30 % ≤ A < 35 %
f for austenitic steels
d
c
max { R / 1,5; min (R / 1,2 ; R / 3)}
e,t e,t m,t
with A ≥ 35 %
Design temperature 20 °C provided that the operating Temperature at the pressure test
temperature of the tank is within the range (normally +20 °C).
-20 °C to +50 °C. When the operating
temperature is outside this range then the
design temperature shall be taken as the
extreme value of the operating temperature.
a
The dynamic forces shall be taken into account. This may be done by introducing an equivalent pressure p determined
dyn
on the basis of the forces specified in RID/ADR 6.8.2.1 but not less than 35 kPa ( 0,35 bar) and add it to the vapour gauge

pressure (p – 1 bar) with .p not less than 1 bar. The largest compartment needs to be taken into account.
vap vap
b
To be taken from RID/ADR 6.8.2.4.1.
c
It needs to be noted that the guaranteed minimum mechanical values differ with the temperature, and have to be chosen

accordingly. If no standard values are available, applicable values have to be determined otherwise.
Table 2 — Design criteria for chapter 6.7 tanks
Operating conditions Test conditions
p MAWP b
p
test
but not less than
a
(p − 1 bar) + p if applicable
vap dyn
f for ferritic steels and
d
min { R / 1,5; R / 2,4}
e,t m
aluminium alloys
f for austenitic steels
d
R / 1,5 min { 0,75 R ; 0,5 R }
e,t e m
with 30 % ≤ A < 35 %
f for austenitic steels
d
c
max { R / 1,5; min (R / 1,2 ; R / 3)}
e,t e,t m,t
with A ≥ 35 %
Design temperature 20 °C provided that the operating Temperature at the pressure test
temperature of the tank is within the range (normally +20 °C).
-40 °C to +50 °C. When the operating
temperature is outside this range then the
design temperature shall be taken as the
extreme value of the operating temperature.
a
The dynamic forces shall be taken into account. This may be done by introducing an equivalent pressure pdyn determined
on the basis of the forces specified in RID/ADR 6.7.2.2 and 6.7.3.2 respectively but not less than 35 kPa ( 0,35 bar) and add it to

the vapour gauge pressure (pvap – 1 bar) with .pvap not less than 1 bar. The largest compartment needs to be taken into account.
b
To be taken from RID/ADR 6.7.2.3 and 6.7.3.3 respectively.
c
It needs to be noted that the guaranteed minimum mechanical values differ with the temperature, and have to be chosen

accordingly. If no standard values are available, applicable values have to be determined otherwise.
6.3 Calculation for internal pressure
6.3.1 General
The thickness of the cylindrical section of the shell shall be determined in accordance with 6.3.2. The
thickness of the ends (including partitions) of the shell shall be determined in accordance with 6.3.3.
The thickness of a conical section and the reinforcement of the cone to cylinder junction shall be
determined in accordance with 6.3.4. For flanges, joints and their bolts see 6.3.6.
Openings in the shell shall be designed in accordance with 6.3.5.
The calculation for construction types not given hereafter shall be in accordance with EN 13445-3.
6.3.2 Wall thickness of the cylindrical section
The wall thickness shall not be less than the value given by Formula (1).
p × D
i
e = (1)
2 f × λ − p
d
6.3.3 Wall thickness of ends
6.3.3.1 General
The thickness of the ends, subject to the limitations in 6.3.3.2, shall not be less than that given by 6.3.3.3
and 6.3.3.4, 6.3.3.5 or 6.3.3.6 as applicable.
6.3.3.2 Design limitations
The following design limitations shall apply to the tank ends (compare Figure 3):
(a) Hemispherical ends 0,001 D ≤ e ≤ 0,16 D
e e
(b) Torispherical ends 0,001 D ≤ e ≤ 0,08 D
e e
0,06 D ≤ r ≤ 0,2 D
i i
r ≥ 2 e
R ≤ D
e
(c) Ellipsoidal ends 0,001D ≤ e ≤ 0,08 D
i i
3,4 ≤ D /h ≤ 4,4
i
The four relationships in (b) and the two relationships in (c) shall be simultaneously fulfilled.
NOTE Kloepper and Korbbogen-type ends are particular cases of torispherical ends:
kloepper type
torispherical end for which R/D = 1,0 and r/D = 0,1
e e
korbbogen type
torispherical end for which R/D = 0,8 and r/D = 0,154
e e
Figure 3 — Geometry of ends
6.3.3.3 Thickness of the flange of the end
The wall thickness of the cylindrical or straight flange of the end shall not be less than the thickness as
determined in accordance with 6.3.2 for a cylindrical section having the same inside diameter D .
i
6.3.3.4 Thickness of hemispherical ends
The thickness of a hemispherical end shall be not less than that determined by Formula (2):
p × D
i
e = (2)
R
4 f × λ − p
d
6.3.3.5 Thickness of torispherical ends
6.3.3.5.1 General
The minimum thickness of torispherical ends shall be the greatest of the values of e e or e as
y, s b
determined by Formulae (3) to (5).
p (0,75 × R + 0,2× D )
i
e = β (3)
y e
f
d
where
β is calculated from Formulae (6) to (14).
e
p × R
e = (4)
s
2 f × λ − 0,5 × p
d
( )
0,825 3
 
p  D 
 i 
e = (0,75 × R + 0,2 × D )   (5)
b i
 
111 f r
d  
 
!deleted text"
where
e is required thickness of knuckle to avoid plastic buckling;
b
e is required thickness of end to limit membrane stress in central part;
s
e is required thickness of knuckle to avoid axisymmetric yielding;
y
NOTE It is not necessary to calculate e if e > 0,005 D "
b y i
over a circular
It is permissible to reduce the thickness of the spherical part of the end to the value es
area that shall not come closer to the knuckle than the distance R ⋅ e , as shown in Figure 3.
The right edge cylindrical flange shall meet the requirements of 6.3.2 for a cylinder, if its length is
greater than 0,2 D ⋅ e . When the length is equal or smaller than 0,2 D ⋅ e , it may be the same
i i
thickness as required for the knuckle.
If ends are manufactured from several elements then the welding coefficient λ may be taken equal to 1,0
(for thickness calculations only) if the weld crosses the crown area 0,6 D (see Figure 4).
e
λ = 0,8, 0,9 or 1,0 λ = 1,0 λ = 1,0, λ = 0,8, 0,9 or 1,0
according to 7.4.3 according to 7.4.3
a) weld outside 0,6 D b) weld inside 0,6 D c) composed ends
e e
Figure 4 — Position of welds in ends
6.3.3.5.2 Formulae for calculation of β
e
(6)
Y = min (e / R ; 0,04)
Z = log (1/Y ) (7)
X = r / D (8)
i
N = 1,006 − (9)
6,2 + (90 Y )
For X = 0,06:
3 2
β = N (−0,3635 Z + 2,2124 Z − 3,2937 Z +1,8873) (10)
e 0,06
For 0,06 < X < 0,1:
β = 25 [(0,1− X )β + (X − 0,06)β ] (11)
e e 0,06 e 0,1
For X = 0,1:
3 2
β = N (−0,1833 Z +1,0383 Z −1,2943 Z + 0,837) (12)
e 0,1
For 0,1 < X < 0,2:
β = 10 [(0,2 − X )β + (X − 0,1)β ] (13)
e e 0,1 e 0,2
For X = 0,2:
β = max { 0,95 (0,56 −1,94 Y − 82,5 Y ) ; 0,5 } (14)
e 0,2
6.3.3.5.3 Openings within the knuckle area of Kloepper- and Korbbogen-type ends
6.3.3.5.3.1 In this clause rules are given for increasing the thickness of a dished end to compensate
for branches within the knuckle area.
The rules are limited in application to Kloepper- and Korbbogen-type ends for which:
d / D ≤ 0,6 (15)
i e
d
i
≤ 6,7 (16)
e × D
e
The increased thickness required by this clause applies to the whole knuckle area. Welded-on
compensation is not permitted.
6.3.3.5.3.2 Determine β from the procedure in Table 3.
k
Replace p by (β p) in Formula (3) to arrive at the required thickness. Formulae (4) and (5) continue
k
and apply without modification.
Table 3 — Procedure for calculation of weakening factor β
k
for openings in the knuckle region (design)
Step Kloepper type end Korbbogen type end
   
p p
   
V = log 1000 V = log 1000
10 10
   
f f
 d   d 
2 2 3 3
A = max {0,5; 0,264 + 0,938 V − 0,592 V + 0,14 V } A = 0,54 + 0,41V − 0,044V

2 2
B = min {4,2 ; 4,91− 2,165 V + 0,151V } B = 7,77 − 4,53 V + 0,7441V

   
d d d d
i i i i
 A B   A B 
β = max + ;1+ 0,3 B β = max + ;1+ 0,5 B
k k
   
D D D D
 e e   e e 
6.3.3.6 Thickness of ellipsoidal ends
An ellipsoidal end is an end that is made on a former that has a true ellipsoidal shape. Ellipsoidal ends
shall have a shape factor K with a value between 1,7 and 2,2.
D
i
K = (17)
2 h
Ellipsoidal ends shall be designed as torispherical ends in accordance with 6.3.3.5 with values of r and R
as given by the following:
 0,5 
r =  − 0
...