ASTM E2058-19

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2058 − 19 An American National Standard
Standard Test Methods for
Measurement of Material Flammability Using a Fire
Propagation Apparatus (FPA)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2058; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 Ignition of the specimen is by means of a pilot flame at
a prescribed location with respect to the specimen surface.
1.1 This fire-test-response standard determines and quanti-
fiesmaterialflammabilitycharacteristics,relatedtothepropen- 1.6 The Fire Propagation test of vertical specimens is not
suitable for materials that, on heating, melt sufficiently to form
sity of materials to support fire propagation, by means of a fire
propagation apparatus (FPA). Material flammability character- a liquid pool.
isticsthatarequantifiedincludetimetoignition(t ),chemical
ign
1.7 Values stated are in SI units. Values in parentheses are
˙ ˙
(Q ), and convective (Q ) heat release rates, mass loss rate
chem c
for information only.
(m˙) and effective heat of combustion (EHC).
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the
1.2 Thefollowingtestmethods,capableofbeingperformed
responseofmaterials,products,orassembliestoheatandflame
separately and independently, are included herein:
under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate
1.2.1 Ignition Test, to determine t for a horizontal speci-
ign
allfactorsrequiredforfirehazardorfireriskassessmentofthe
men;
materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
˙ ˙
1.2.2 Combustion Test,todetermine Q , Q , m˙,andEHC
chem c
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
from burning of a horizontal specimen; and,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
˙
1.2.3 Fire Propagation Test, to determine Q from burn-
chem
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ing of a vertical specimen.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.3 Distinguishing features of the FPA include tungsten- mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
quartz external, isolated heaters to provide a radiant flux of up For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.
to 110 kW/m to the test specimen, which remains constant 1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-
whether the surface regresses or expands; provision for com- dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
bustion or upward fire propagation in prescribed flows of
normal air, air enriched with up to 40% oxygen, air oxygen Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
vitiated, pure nitrogen or mixtures of gaseous suppression
agents with the preceding air mixtures; and, the capability of Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
measuring heat release rates and exhaust product flows gener-
2. Referenced Documents
atedduringupwardfirepropagationonaverticaltestspecimen
0.305 m high.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E176Terminology of Fire Standards
1.4 The FPA is used to evaluate the flammability of mate-
E906Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
rials and products. It is also designed to obtain the transient
Rates for Materials and Products Using a Thermopile
response of such materials and products to prescribed heat
Method
fluxes in specified inert or oxidizing environments and to
E1321Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and
obtain laboratory measurements of generation rates of fire
Flame Spread Properties
products (CO , CO, and, if desired, gaseous hydrocarbons) for
E1354Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
use in fire safety engineering.
Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-
sumption Calorimeter
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE05onFire
Standards and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on Surface
Burning. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2019.PublishedJuly2019.Originallyapproved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2058–13a. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
E2058-19. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2058 − 19
E1623Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal specimen from an external radiant heat flux and a pilot flame.
Parameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using an BoththeCombustionandFirePropagationtestmethodscanbe
Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL) performed using an inlet air supply that is either normal air or
other gaseous mixtures, such as air with added nitrogen or air
3. Terminology enriched with up to 40% oxygen.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these test 4.2 The Ignition test method is used to determine the time
methods, refer to Terminology E176. required for ignition, t , of horizontal specimens by a pilot
ign
flame as a function of the magnitude of a constant, externally
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
applied radiant heat flux. Measurements also are made of time
3.2.1 fire propagation, n—increase in the exposed surface
required until initial fuel vaporization. The surface of these
area of the specimen that is actively involved in flaming
specimens is coated with a thin layer of black paint to ensure
combustion.
complete absorption of the radiant heat flux from the infrared
3.3 Symbols:
heating system (note that the coating does not itself undergo
2 sustained flaming).
A = cross sectional area of test section duct (m )
d
c = specific heat of air at constant pressure (kJ/kg K) 4.3 The Combustion test method is used to determine the
p
˙
G = mass flow rate of CO in test section duct (kg/s) chemicalandconvectiveheatreleaserateswhenthehorizontal
co
˙
G = mass flow rate of CO in test section duct (kg/s)
test specimen is exposed to an external radiant heat flux.
co 2
∆H = effective heat of combustion (kJ/kg)
eff
4.4 The Fire Propagation test method is used to determine
K = flow coefficient of averaging Pitot tube [duct gas
1/2 the chemical heat release rate of a burning, vertical specimen
velocity/(2∆p /ρ) ] (-)
m
during upward fire propagation and burning initiated by a heat
M = ultimate change in specimen mass resulting from
loss
flux near the base of the specimen. Chemical heat release rate
combustion (kg)
is derived from the release rates of carbon dioxide and carbon
m˙ = mass loss rate of test specimen (kg/s)
monoxide. Observations also are made of the flame height on
m˙ = mass flow rate of gaseous mixture in test section
d
the vertical specimen during fire propagation.
duct (kg/s)
P = atmospheric pressure (Pa)
atm
5. Significance and Use
∆p = pressure differential across averaging Pitot tube in
m
5.1 These test methods are an integral part of existing test
test section duct (Pa)
standards for cable fire propagation and clean room material
Q = cumulative heat released during Combustion Test
flammability, as well as, in an approval standard for conveyor
(kJ)
˙
Q = chemical heat release rate (kW) belting (1-3). Refs (1-3) use these test methods because
chem
˙
Q = convective heat release rate (kW)
fire-test-response results obtained from the test methods cor-
c
T = gas temperature in test section duct before ignition
relatewithfirebehaviorduringreal-scalefirepropagationtests,
a
(K)
as discussed in X1.4.
T = gas temperature in test section duct (K)
d
5.2 The Ignition, Combustion, or Fire Propagation test
t = time (s)
method, or a combination thereof, have been performed with
t = ignition time (s)
ign
materials and products containing a wide range of polymer
∆t = time between data scans (s)
compositions and structures, as described in X1.7.
X = measured carbon dioxide analyzer reading or mole
CO
fraction of carbon dioxide (-)
5.3 The Fire Propagation test method is different from the
X = measured carbon monoxide analyzer reading or
CO test methods in the ASTM standards listed in 2.1 by virtue of
mole fraction of CO (-)
producing laboratory measurements of the chemical heat
release rate during upward fire propagation and burning on a
3.4 Superscripts:
vertical test specimen in normal air, oxygen-enriched air, or in
• –1
= per unit time (s )
oxygen-vitiated air. Test methods from other standards, for
= before ignition of the specimen
example, Test Method E1321, which yields measurements
during lateral/horizontal or downward flame spread on mate-
3.5 Subscripts:
rials and Test Methods E906, E1354, and E1623, which yield
= test section duct
measurements of the rate of heat release from materials fully
d
= fire product
j involved in flaming combustion, generally use an external
radiant flux, rather than the flames from the burning material
4. Summary of Test Method
itself, to characterize fire behavior.
4.1 Three separate test methods are composed herein, and
5.4 Thesetestmethodsarenotintendedtoberoutinequality
are used independently in conjunction with a Fire Propagation
control tests. They are intended for evaluation of specific
Apparatus. The Ignition and Combustion test methods involve
flammability characteristics of materials. Materials to be ana-
the use of horizontal specimens subjected to a controlled,
lyzed consist of specimens from an end-use product or the
external radiant heat flux, which can be set from 0 up to 110
kW/m . The Fire Propagation test method involves the use of
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
vertical specimens subjected to ignition near the base of the this standard.
E2058 − 19
various components used in the end-use product. Results from bushing bearings that guide the shaft as it passes through the
thelaboratoryproceduresprovideinputtofirepropagationand top and bottom, respectively, of the air distribution chamber.
fire growth models, risk analysis studies, building and product The stainless steel shaft shall incorporate, at the lower end, a
designs, and materials research and development. threaded adjustment rod to compensate for horizontal test
specimens of different thicknesses.
6. Apparatus
6.4 Ignition Pilot Flame—The ignition pilot shall consist of
6.1 General:
an ethylene/air (6.5/93.5 by volume) flame adjusted for a
6.1.1 Where dimensions are stated in the text or in figures,
10-mm length. The pilot flame is anchored at the 50-mm long,
they shall be considered mandatory and shall be followed
horizontalendofa6.35-mmO.D.,4.70-mmI.D.stainlesssteel
withinanominaltoleranceof 60.5%.Anexceptionisthecase
tube. In the horizontal tube section, use a four-hole ceramic
of components meant to fit together, where the joint tolerance
insert to produce a stable flame and prevent flashback. The
shall be appropriate for a sliding fit.
pilot flame tube shall be able to be rotated and elevated to
6.1.2 The apparatus (see overview in Fig. 1 and exploded
position the horizontal flame at specified locations near the
views in Figs. 2 and 3) shall consist of the following compo-
specimen, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3.
nents: an infrared heating system, a load cell system, an
6.5 Ignition Timer—The device for measuring time to sus-
ignition pilot flame and timer, a product gas analysis system, a
tainedflamingshallbecapableofrecordingelapsedtimetothe
combustion air distribution system, a water-cooled shield, an
nearest tenth of 1 s and have an accuracy of better than1sin
exhaust system, test section instruments, calibration
1h.
instruments, and a digital data acquisition system.
6.6 Gas Analysis System—The gas analysis system shall
6.2 Infrared (IR) Heating System—The IR Heating System
consist of a gas sampling system and gas analysis instruments,
shall consist of four 241-mm long heaters (see different views
described in 6.6.1 – 6.6.4
in Figs. 1-3) and a power controller.
6.6.1 Gas Sampling—The gas sampling arrangement is
6.2.1 IR Heaters—Each of four IR heaters shall contain six
tungsten filament tubular quartz lamps in a compact reflector showninFig.4.Thisarrangementconsistsofasamplingprobe
in the test section duct, a plastic filter (5-micron pore size) to
body that produces up to 510 kW/m of radiant flux in front of
the quartz window that covers the lamps.The reflector body is prevent entry of soot, a condenser operating at temperatures in
the range –5°C to 0°C to remove liquids, a tube containing an
water cooled and the lamp chamber, between the quartz
window and reflector, is air cooled for prolonged life. The indicating desiccant (10–20 mesh) to remove most of the
remaining moisture, a filter to prevent soot from entering the
emitter of each lamp is a 127-mm long tungsten filament in an
argon atmosphere enclosed in a 9.5-mm outer diameter clear analyzers, if not already removed, a sampling pump that
quartz tube. The emitter operates at approximately 2205°C transports the flow through the sampling line, a system flow
(4000°F) at rated voltage, with a spectral energy peak at 1.15 meter, and manifolds to direct the flow to individual analyzers
micron. Wavelengths greater than about 2-microns are ab- (CO, CO,O , and hydrocarbon gas). The sampling probe,
2 2
sorbed by the quartz bulb envelope and heater front window, madeof6.35-mm(0.25-in.)O.D.stainlesssteeltubinginserted
which are air cooled. through a test section port, shall be positioned such that the
6.2.2 Power Controller—The controller shall maintain the open end of the tube is at the center of the test section. The
outputvoltagerequiredbytheheaterarraydespitevariationsin sampling probe is connected to a tee fitting that allows either
load impedance through the use of phase angle power control sampleorcalibrationgastoflowtotheanalyzer,andtheexcess
to match the hot/cold resistance characteristics of the tungsten/ to waste.
quartz lamps. The controller also shall incorporate average
6.6.2 Carbon Dioxide/Carbon Monoxide Analyzers—The
voltage feedback to linearize the relationship between the
carbon dioxide analyzer shall permit measurements from 0 to
voltagesetbytheoperatorandtheoutputvoltagetothelamps.
15000 ppm and the carbon monoxide analyzer shall permit
measurements from 0 to 500 ppm concentration levels. Drift
6.3 Load Cell System—Theloadcellsystem,showninFigs.
shall be not more than 61% of full scale over a 24-h period.
1-3, shall consist of a load cell, which shall have an accuracy
Precision shall be 1% of full-scale and the 10 to 90% of
of 0.1 g, and a measuring range of 0–1000 g; a 6.35-mm
full-scale response time shall be 10 s or less (typically5sfor
diameter stainless steel shaft, at least 330 mm long, resting on
the ranges specified).
the load cell support point; a 100-mm diameter, 1.5-mm thick
6.6.3 Inlet-Air OxygenAnalyzer—Thisanalyzershallhavea
aluminum load platform connected to the upper end of the
10 to 90% of full-scale response time of 12 s or less, an
stainless steel shaft by a collar; and two low friction, ball-
accuracyof1%offull-scale,anoiseanddriftofnotmorethan
6 100 ppm O over a one-half-hour period anda0to50%
The Model 5208-05 high density infrared heater with Model 500T3/CL/HT
range.
lamps and Model 664 SCR power controller; or Hi-Temp 5209-05 with QIH240-
6.6.4 Optional Product Analyzers for the Combustion
1000R12 lamps and Model 3629C power controller, manufactured by Research,
Test—An additional oxygen analyzer can be used to measure
Inc., P.O. Box 24064, Minneapolis, MN 55424 is suitable for this purpose.
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
the depletion of oxygen in the combustion products. This
is Research, Inc. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this
analyzer should have the same specifications as the inlet-air
information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
analyzer but should have a concentration range of 19 to 21%.
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which
you may attend. A hydrocarbon gas analyzer employing the flame ionization
E2058 − 19
FIG. 1 Main View
E2058 − 19
FIG. 2 Exploded View of Specimen Mounting
E2058 − 19
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in mm unless noted.
FIG. 3 Exploded Main View
E2058 − 19
FIG. 4 Flow Diagram of Gas Sampling System

E2058 − 19
methodofdetectioncanbeusedtodeterminethetotalgaseous to 230 mm downstream of the thermocouple port, shall
hydrocarbon concentration. This analyzer should have a 10 to measurethemassflowrateofthegasstreamusingatleastfour
90% of full-scale response time of1sor less and multiple sets of flow sensing openings, one set facing upstream and the
ranges to permit measurements from a full-scale of 10 ppm second downstream and shall be designed for compatibility
methane equivalent to 10000 ppm. withthetestsectiondiameter.Measurethedifferentialpressure
generated by the probe with an electronic pressure transducer
6.7 Combustion Air Distribution System—This system shall
(electronic manometer). The measured differential pressure is
consist of an air distribution chamber, shown in Fig. 5, and air
proportional to the square of the flow rate. Experience has
supply pipes, shown in Figs. 6 and 7.
shown that the averaging Pitot probe in this application is
6.7.1 Air Distribution Chamber—This aluminum chamber,
reliable (not susceptible to plugging), while minimizing pres-
showninFig.5,shallcontaineightdischargetubesarrangedin
sure losses in the exhaust system.
a circle of 165-mm inside diameter. Each tube shall be
aluminum and built to distribute inlet gases (air, O,N , etc.) 6.11 Heat-Flux Gauge—For calibration of the IR heating
2 2
to three sets of screens (stainless steel woven wire cloth of 10,
system, use a Gardon type, or equivalent, total heat-flux gauge
20, and 30 mesh from bottom to top, respectively), for having a nominal range of 0 to 100 kW/m and a flat, 6 to
producingauniformairflow.Inletairflowsdownwardthrough
8-mm diameter sensing surface coated with a durable, flat-
the eight discharge tubes, disperses on the bottom plate, then black finish. The body of the gauge shall be cooled by water
rises through the mesh screens toward the aluminum support
abovethedewpointofthegaugeenvironment.Thegaugeshall
cylinder. be rugged and maintain an accuracy of within 63% and a
6.7.2 Air Supply Pipes—These pipes shall consist of an repeatability within 0.5% between calibrations. Check the
aluminum cylinder, shown in Figs. 3 and 6 extending from the calibration of the heat-flux gauge monthly through the use of a
air distribution chamber up to the load platform. This cylinder black-body oven calibration facility that compares the gauge
shallcontainastep(seeFigs.6and7)tosupportaquartzpipe. response to that of a NIST-traceable optical pyrometer.
Alternatively, compare the gauge output to that of a reference
Above the load platform elevation, the quartz pipe (see Figs. 6
and 7) shall supply oxidant to the specimen flame while standard.
allowing radiant energy from the IR heating system to reach
6.12 Digital Data Collection System—Digitally record the
the specimen surface. The aluminum support cylinder shall be
outputfromtheCO,CO ,hydrocarbongas,O combustionand
2 2
rigidlyattachedtothedistributionchamber,butthequartzpipe
O inlet-air analyzers, the load cell, the test section duct
shall be removable.
thermocouple, and the electronic pressure transducer at 1 s
6.8 Water-Cooled Shield—To prevent the specimen from
intervals. Time shift the data for the gas concentrations to
being exposed to the IR heaters during the one minute heater
accountfordelayswithinthegassamplinglinesandrespective
stabilization period, there shall be a shield (see Fig. 8)
instrument response times. The data collection system shall be
consisting of two aluminum cylinders welded together with an
accurate to within 61°C for temperature measurement and
inlet and outlet for water circulation. An electrically-actuated,
60.01% of full-scale instrument output for all other channels.
pneumatic piston shall raise the shield to cover the specimen
The system shall be capable of recording data for at least 1 h
during test preparation and shall lower the shield within1sto
at 1-s intervals, although test duration typically is between 8
expose the specimen at the start of a test.
and 15 minutes.
6.9 Exhaust System—The exhaust system shall consist of
7. Hazards
the following main components: an intake funnel (Figs. 9 and
10), a mixing duct (Fig. 11), a test section (Fig. 12), duct
7.1 All normal laboratory safety precautions must be fol-
flanges (Fig. 13), and a high temperature blower to draw gases
lowed since the test procedures involve high temperatures and
through the intake funnel, mixing duct and test section at flow
combustion reactions, as well as the use of electric radiant
rates from 0.1 to 0.3 m /s (212 to 636 cfm).The intake funnel,
heaters, laboratory glassware, and different types of com-
mixing duct and test section shall be coated internally with
pressed gases.
fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) resin enamel and finish
7.1.1 Hazardous conditions leading, for example, to burns,
layers over a suitable primer to form a three layer coating that
ignition of extraneous objects or clothing, and inhalation of
shall withstand temperatures of at least 200°C.
combustion products, may exist. During the operation of the
6.10 Test Section Instruments: apparatus,theoperatormustusehearingprotectionandatleast
shade five welding goggles or glasses. The operator must use
6.10.1 Test Section Thermocouple Probe—A thermocouple
protective gloves for insertion and removal of test specimens.
probe, inserted through a test section port, shall be positioned
Specimens must be removed to a fume hood. Neither the
such that the exposed, type K measurement bead is at the
heaters nor the associated fixtures can be touched while hot
center of the test section, at the axial position of the gas
except with protective gloves.
sampling port. Fabricate the thermocouple probe of wire no
larger than 0.254-mm diameter for measurement of gas tem-
7.1.2 The exhaust system must be checked for proper
peraturewithatimeresponse(inthespecifiedexhaustflow)of
operation before testing and must be discharged away from
no more than 1 s and an accuracy of 1.0°C.
intakes for the building ventilation system. Provision must be
6.10.2 AveragingPitotProbeandPressureTransducer—An made for collecting and venting any combustion products that
averaging Pitot probe, inserted through a test section port 220 fail to be collected by the exhaust system.
E2058 − 19
FIG. 5 Air Distribution Chamber
E2058 − 19
0.075-mm thick fiberglass adhesive aluminum tape and then
mountedinawell-insulatedaluminumdish(62.6g 62g)(Fig.
15). The side of specimen in the specimen holder shall be
insulated with three layers of 3-mm thick ceramic paper. The
bottom of specimen in the specimen holder shall be insulated
with layers of 3-mm thick ceramic paper in order to maintain
the top surface of each specimen flush with the top of the
ceramic insulation, as shown in Fig. 15.The vertical specimen
holder is a 485-mm high × 133-mm wide ladder rack (see Fig.
16).Theverticalcableholderis825-mmhigh(seeFig.17)and
can support a cable specimen 81-mm long and up to 51-mm
diameter.
8.2 Specimen Size and Preparation:
8.2.1 Ignition and Combustion Tests of Horizontal
Specimens—Cutspecimensfromessentiallyplanarmaterialsor
products to be 101.6 by 101.6 mm (4 by 4 in.) in area.
Specimens shall have a thickness of no less than 3 mm and no
more than 25.4 mm and be representative of the end-use
material or product. For testing, place the square specimen in
thehorizontalsquareholder.Placegranularorcablespecimens
in the horizontal circular holder, with the cable specimens cut
to cover the center and at least 20-mm on each side of the
center of the aluminum dish. Spray the exposed top surface of
the specimen with a single coat of flat black paint that is
designed to withstand temperatures of 540 6 10°C. Prior to
testing, cure the paint coating by conditioning the specimen at
atemperatureof23 63°Candarelativehumidityof50 65%
for48h.Thiscoatingisappliedtoinsuresurfaceabsorptionof
the imposed radiant heat flux. Place the holder containing the
specimen on a 13-mm thick, calcium silicate board (density
700–750 kg/m , thermal conductivity 0.11–0.13 W/m K)
having the same dimensions as the holder, as shown in Fig. 2,
just before a test is to be performed.
8.2.2 Fire Propagation Test of Vertical, Rectangular Speci-
mens:
8.2.2.1 Cut specimens from essentially planar materials or
products to be 101.6 mm in width and 305 mm in height (4 by
12 in.). Specimens shall have a thickness of no less than 3 mm
and no more than 13 mm and be representative of the end-use
material or product.
8.2.2.2 Place ceramic paper (density 190–200 kg/m ) of 3.2
mm(0.125in.)thicknesstocoverthesidesandbacksurfaceof
the specimen and then wrap the specimen, with the ceramic
paper, in two layers of aluminum foil of 2-mil (0.05-mm)
FIG. 6 Exploded View of Quartz Pipe Assembly
thickness to expose only the front surface to be tested.
8.2.2.3 Wrap the covered and exposed width of the speci-
8. Test Specimen
men securely with one turn of No. 24-gauge nickel/chromium
8.1 Specimen Holders—Four types of specimen holders are
wire at distances of 50-mm from each end and at the midpoint
used: horizontal square; horizontal circular specimen holders
of the 305-mm length of the specimen.
(Fig. 14 and Fig. 15); a vertical specimen holder (Fig. 16); and
a vertical cable specimen holder (Fig. 17). The horizontal
square holder consists of two layers of 0.05-mm (2-mil
Thurmalox® Solar Collector Coating, No. 250 Selective Black spray paint,
thickness) aluminum foil molded to the sides and bottom of a
packaged for the Dampney Company, 85 Paris St., Everett, MA 02149, is suitable
square specimen. For liquid specimens, melting materials, and
for this purpose.
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
powderedspecimens,thehorizontalcircularholderisa99-mm
is the Dampney Company. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide
diameter aluminum dish (see Fig. 14). For charring and
this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
non-melting materials, the horizontal circular specimens of
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which
diameter, 96.5-mm shall be sealed (both rear and side) with you may attend.
E2058 − 19
FIG. 7 Combustion Enclosure
E2058 − 19
NOTE 1—All dimensions are mm unless noted.
FIG. 8 Water Cooled Shield
8.2.2.4 Place the bottom of the specimen on the metal 9. Calibration
base-plate (see Fig. 16) of the vertical holder with the covered
9.1 Radiant-Flux Heater:
(back) surface of the specimen against the ladder rack.
9.1.1 Routine Calibration—Calibrate IR heaters at the start
8.2.2.5 Wrap one turn of No. 24 gauge nickel/chromium
of the test day. Clean the quartz windows, lamps, and back
wire securely around the specimen, the ladder rack and the
reflective surfaces of the heaters to keep them free of any
threadedrodsatdistancesof100and200mmfromthebottom
impurity buildup or scratches. Position the heat-flux gauge-
ofthespecimentokeepthespecimenfirmlyincontactwiththe
sensing surface to be horizontal, at a location equivalent to the
vertical specimen holder.
center of the top surface of a horizontal specimen. Place the
8.2.3 Fire Propagation Test of Vertical, Cable Specimens:
quartz pipe in position, as required, and record IR heater
8.2.3.1 Mount cable specimens as explained in Fig. 17.
voltage settings and measured radiant flux levels for planned
8.3 Expose composite specimens in a manner typical of the
tests.
end-use condition.
9.1.2 Positioning of Radiant-Flux Heaters—At least
8.4 If the preparation techniques in 8.2 do not retain annually, check the position of the IR heaters. Set the heater
specimens within the specimen holder during combustion, voltage at 90% of the maximum value. Position the heat-flux
specify the exact mounting and retaining methods used in the gauge sensing surface to be horizontal and measure the heat
test report. fluxateachoffivelocations,correspondingtoeachcornerand
E2058 − 19
NOTE 1—Coat inside of funnel with FEP after welding.
coat thickness: 0.5 mm
All dimensions are in mm unless noted.
FIG. 9 Intake Funnel
the center of a square, horizontal specimen, at an elevation 9.2.2 Oxygen Analyzer—Calibrate the oxygen analyzer for
equivalent to that of the specimen top surface. Adjust the measurement of inlet oxygen concentration (and the optional
position of each IR heater symmetrically and repeat these heat
oxygen analyzer for combustion gases) by establishing a
flux measurements, if necessary, until there is at most a 5%
downscale calibration point and an upscale calibration point.
mean deviation of the five readings from the average value.
Perform the upscale calibration with a “span gas” at the upper
Then, position the heat-flux gauge to locations equivalent to
endoftherangethatwillbeusedduringactualsampleanalysis
the vertical axis at the center of a square specimen. Measure
andusea“zerogas”forthedown-scalecalibrationpointatthe
the heat flux at elevations of 10 mm and 20 mm above and
lowerendoftheanalyzerrange.Tocalibratetheanalyzer,open
below that equivalent to the specimen top surface. Check that
the span gas at 1.0 L/minute, set the analyzer span, close the
the heat flux at these four elevations is within 5% of the value
span gas, and open the zero gas at the same flow rate, and then
at the elevation of the specimen face.
set the lower end of the analyzer range. Re-span and re-zero
9.2 Gas-Analyzer Calibration—Calibrate the carbon several times, if necessary.
dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen, and total hydrocarbon
9.2.3 Optional Hydrocarbon GasAnalyzer—Adjustthezero
analyzers before the first Combustion or Fire Propagation test
control of the analyzer by using ultra pure nitrogen flowing at
of the day.
3 L/minute as the “zero gas.” As the “span gas,” use methane
9.2.1 Carbon Dioxide/Carbon Monoxide Analyzers—
at a concentration that matches the operating range of the
Calibrate the CO and CO analyzers for measurement of
analyzer.
combustiongasesbyestablishingadownscalecalibrationpoint
9.3 Load Cell—Calibrate the load cell each time it is used.
and an upscale calibration point. Perform the upscale calibra-
Set the output voltage to zero by adjusting the tare, with the
tionwitha“spangas”attheupperendoftherangethatwillbe
appropriate empty specimen holder in position. Then, place a
usedduringactualsampleanalysisandusea“zerogas”forthe
NIST-traceable weight corresponding to the weight of the
down-scale calibration point at the lower end of the analyzer
specimen to be tested on the empty holder and measure the
range. Use nitrogen as the “zero gas” reference source by
turning on a Grade 5 nitrogen cylinder at 0.8 L/minute. Zero output voltage. Check linearity by repeating this procedure
with three other NIST-traceable weights so as to cover the
the CO and CO analyzers. Span each analyzer with its
appropriate gas for the corresponding range. entire specimen weight range.
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NOTE 1—All dimensions are in mm unless noted.
FIG. 10 Funnel Flange
9.4 Heat Release Calibration—Calibrate the heat release 9.4.7 End data acquisition two minutes after the end of
ratemeasurementprocessatleastmonthlytoensuretheproper visible flaming.
functioningoftheFPA.Checkthatthemeasuredeffectiveheat
9.4.8 Determine the effective heat of combustion following
ofcombustionofacetoneiswithin 65%ofthereferencevalue
the calculation procedure in Section 12.
of 27900 kJ/kg (5) and that the measured total delay (or lag)
9.4.9 Determine the delay time for the gas analyzers by
time of the gas analyzers is less than 15 s.
computing the difference between the time when the test
9.4.1 Do not use the IR heaters or the pilot.
section duct gas temperature reaches 50% of its steady-state
9.4.2 Performtherestoftherequiredcalibrationprocedures
value and the time when the reading of each analyzer reaches
as described in this section.
50% of its steady-state value.
9.4.3 Check that inlet air flow is set at 200 L/minute.
9.4.4 Start data acquisition program.
10. Conditioning
9.4.5 Place100.0mLofacetoneinaspecimendish0.097-m
(3.8-in.) diameter on the load cell. 10.1 Conditionspecimenstomoistureequilibrium(constant
9.4.6 Ignite the acetone using a match 30 s after the start of weight) at an ambient temperature of 23 6 3°C and a relative
data acquisition. humidity of 50 6 5% for 24 h.
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NOTE 1—Flanges to be square with tube.
Coat inside of duct with FEP after welding.
NOTE 1—Flanges to be square with tube.
Material 304 S.S.
Coat inside of duct with FEP after welding. All dimensions are in mm unless noted.
Material 304 S.S.
FIG. 12 Test Section
All dimensions are in mm unless noted.
FIG. 11 Mixing Duct
11.1.4 Light the pilot flame and adjust for a 10-mm flame
length.
11. Procedure
11.1.5 Move the lighted pilot flame to a position 10-mm
11.1 Procedure 1: Ignition Test—The ignition test is per- above the specimen surface and 10-mm from the perimeter of
formed to determine the time required from the application of the specimen.
an externally applied heat flux to a horizontal test specimen 11.1.6 Turn on air and water to cool the infrared radiant
until ignition of that specimen. heaters.
11.1.1 Verify that nitrogen for flame extinguishment is 11.1.7 Raise the water-cooled shield surrounding the speci-
available for flow at 100 6 10 L/minute and that pilot flame menholdertopreventspecimenexposuretoexternalheatflux.
gases (ethylene to air ratio 60:40) are regulated to give 11.1.8 Set the IR heater voltage to produce the desired heat
specified flame length when needed. flux and allow for one minute of stabilization.
11.1.2 Place the 13-mm thick calcium silicate board sup- 11.1.9 Lower the water-cooled shield to expose the sample
porting the appropriate horizontal specimen holder in position to the external heat flux. Simultaneously start a timer.
(centered)onthealuminumloadplatform(confirmthatthereis 11.1.10 Record the time when vapors are first observed
no quartz pipe in place, to insure natural air flow). coming from the test specimen.
11.1.3 Turn on the exhaust blower and set an exhaust flow 11.1.11 Record the time to ignition as the time duration
rate of 0.25 m /s (530 cfm). from exposure to the external heat flux until sustained flaming
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NOTE 1—Material 304 S.S.
A matching pair consists of one flange with O-ring groove, and one flange without.
All dimensions are in mm unless noted.
FIG. 13 Duct Flanges
(existenceofflameonorovermostofthespecimensurfacefor
at least a four-s duration). If there is no ignition after a
15-minute heat flux exposure time, turn off the IR heater
voltage and stop the test.
11.1.12 If there is sustained flaming, turn off the IR heater
voltage and introduce nitrogen to extinguish flames.
11.1.13 When the specimen has cooled sufficiently to be
handled safely, remove the specimen to a ventilated environ-
ment.
11.1.14 Repeat this procedure for additional infrared heater
settings, as required.
11.2 Procedure 2: Combustion Test—Thecombustiontestis
conductedtomeasurethechemicalandconvectiveheatrelease
˙ ˙
rates (Q and Q ), mass loss rate (m˙) and to determine the
chem c
EHC of a horizontal specimen.
11.2.1 Place the 13-mm thick calcium silicate board sup-
porting the appropriate horizontal specimen holder in position
NOTE 1—This holder is used to hold and melting materials as well as
powdered specimens. (centered) on the aluminum load platform.
All dimensions are in mm unless noted.
11.2.2 Verify that the gas sampling system is removing all
FIG. 14 Horizontal Circular Specimen Holder
watervaporandsimilarlycondensablecombustionproducts.If
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NOTE 1—Holder shown in Fig. 14 is used to hold liquid specimens, melting materials, and powdered specimens.
NOTE 2—Holder shown in Fig. 15 is used for charring as well as non-melting.
FIG. 15 Horizontal Circular Insulated Specimen Holder (see Ref 4)
the sampling system flow meter indicates less than 10 11.2.17 At 30 s, lower the cooling shield to expose speci-
L/minute, then replace sampling system filter elements. men to infrared radiant heaters.
11.2.3 Installfreshindicatingdesiccantandsootfilterinthe
11.2.18 Record the time when vapors are first observed
gas sampling line.
coming from the test specimen, the time at ignition, flame
11.2.4 Ignite the flame in the hydrocarbon gas analyzer and
height, flame color/smokiness, any unusual flame or specimen
check the flame out indicator on the front panel to assure that
behavior and flame extinction time.
there is flame ignition.
11.2.19 Maintainthepositionofthepilotflametobea10 6
11.2.5 Verify that nitrogen for flame extinguishment is
5-mm height above the exposed surface of any specimen that
available for flow at 100 6 10 L/minute into the inlet-air
regresses or expands during the test period.
supply line and that pilot flame gases (ethylene to air ratio
11.2.20 Turn off the IR heaters and introduce nitrogen two
60:40) are regulated to give specified flame length when
minutesaftertheendofvisibleflamingorifflamesreach35 6
needed.
10 mm above the rim of the collection funnel for more than30
11.2.6 Turn on gas sampling pump and set correct sampling
s.
flow rate for each gas analyzer (gas analyzers, the electronic
11.2.21 When the specimen has cooled sufficiently to be
pressuretransducer,andloadcellarepoweredonatalltimesto
safely removed from the specimen holder, weigh the residue
maintain constant internal temperatures).
and record the result.
11.2.7 Perform required calibration procedures as specified
in Section 9.
11.2.22 Repeat the above procedures to give a total of three
11.2.8 Turn on the exhaust blowers and set an exhaust flow
chemical heat release rate and mass loss rate determinations.
rate of 0.25 m /s (530 cfm).
11.3 Procedure 3: Fire Propagation Test—The fire propa-
11.2.9 Light the pilot flame and adjust for a 10-mm flame
gation test is performed to determine the chemical heat release
length.
˙
rate (Q ) of a vertical specimen during upward fire propa-
chem
11.2.10 Move the lighted pilot flame to a position 10-mm
gation and burning.
above the specimen surface and 10-mm from the perimeter of
11.3.1 Repeat steps needed for measurement of heat release
the specimen.
rate in 11.2.2 – 11.2.8, with the exception of the load cell
11.2.11 Turn on air and water to cool the infrared radiant
calibration.
heaters.
11.2.12 Install the quartz pipe on the mounting step in the 11.3.2 Remove the stainless steel load cell shaft and the
aluminum oxidant supply pipe.
ball-bushing bearings from the air distribution chamber and
11.2.13 Raise the water-cooled shield to cover the speci- replace with the appropriate vertical specimen holder.
men.
11.3.3 Install specimen such that the bottom edge of the
11.2.14 Set an inlet-air supply rate of 200 L/minute into the
vertical specimen that is to be exposed to IR heating is at an
air distribution chamber.To change oxygen content of inlet air
elevation equivalent to that of the top surface of a horizontal
supply from that of normal air, introduce oxygen or nitrogen
specimen.
(from grade 2.6 and 4.8 cylinders, respectively) into the
11.3.4 Light the pilot flame and adjust for a 10-mm flame
inlet-air supply line and check oxygen concentration with
length.
inlet-air oxygen analyzer (maximum oxygen concentration
11.3.5 Turn on air and water to cool the infrared radiant
shall be 40% by volume).
heaters.
11.2.15 Set the IR heater voltage to produce the desired
11.3.6 Install the quartz pipe on the mounting step in the
radiant exposure of the specimen surface and allow the IR
aluminum oxidant supply pipe.
heaters to stabilize for one minute.
11.3.7 Raise the water-cooled shield surrounding the speci-
11.2.16 Start the digital data collection system to record at
1-s intervals. men holder to prevent pre-exposure to external heat flux.
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NOTE 1—All dimensions are in mm unless noted.
FIG. 16 Vertical Specimen Holder
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NOTE 1—The cable specimen is placed in the center of the holder with the lower end on the steel plate. It is secured by three tie wires and is centered
by tightening the three bolts in the steel tube.
All dimensions are in mm unless noted.
FIG. 17 Cable Specimen Holder
E2058 − 19
11.3.8 Move the pilot flame to a position 75 mm from the where:
bottom of the specimen and 10 mm away from the specimen
m˙ (kg/s) = the mass flow rate of combustion products in
d
surface.
the test section duct (an expression for which
11.3.9 Set an inlet-air supply rate of 200 L/minute into the is derived in X1.3),
c (kJ/kg•K) = the specific heat of air,
air distribution chamber.To change oxygen content of inlet air
p
T (K) = the gas temperature in the test section duct,
supply from that of normal air, introduce oxygen, or nitrogen
d
and
(from grade 2.6 and 4.8 cylinders, respectively) into the
T (K) = thegastemperatureinthetestsectionductjust
inlet-air supply line and check oxygen concentration with
a
before pilot flame ignition occurs.
inlet-air oxygen analyzer (maximum oxygen concentration
shall be 40% by volume).
Correct the specific heat, c , for temperature, T, as follows:
p
11.3.10 Set the IR heater voltage to produce 50 kW/m and 24 2
c 51.0011.34*10 T 22590/T (5)
p
allow to stabilize for one minute.
Insummary,determinetheconvectiveheatreleaseratefrom
11.3.11 Start the digital data collection system to record at
the following equation:
1-s intervals.
˙ 1/2 1/2
11.3.12 At30s,lowerthewater-cooledshieldtoexposethe Q 5 A K P /101000 706∆p /T 3 1.0011.34
~ ! ~ ! @~
c d atm m d
24 2 24
lower portion of the vertical sample to the external heat flux
310 T 22590/T T 2 1.0011.34 310 T
! ~
d d d a
from the infrared radiant heaters. Simultaneously start a timer.
22590/T !T # (6)
a a
11.3.13 After preheating the base area of the specimen for
12.3 Determine specimen mass loss rate, m˙, from the slope
one minute, move the pilot flame into contact with the
of five-point, straight-line regression fits to the data on mass
specimensurfacetoinitiatefirepropagation,ifignitionandfire
loss versus time. Compute the slope at each time using mass
propagation has not already occurred, and then move the pilot
loss data from the current time record, from the two preceding
flame away from the specimen.
time records and from the two succeeding time records.
11.3.14 Measurethechemicalheatreleaserateasafunction
12.4 Determine the effective heat of combustion, ∆H ,
eff
of time during fire propagation, using the Combustion test
from the following expression:
procedures.
∆H 5 Q/M (7)
11.3.15 Record the time when vapors are first observed
eff loss
coming from the test specimen, the time at ignition, flame
where:
height at one-minute intervals, flame characteristics, such as
Q = the cumulative heat generated during the Combus-
color, and the time at flame extinction.
tiontest,basedonasummationoveralldatascansof
11.3.16 Turn off the IR heaters and introduce nitrogen two
˙
the product of Q , from Eq 1, and ∆t, the time
chem
minutesaftertheendofvisibleflamingorifflamesreach35 6
between scans; and,
10 mm above the rim of the collection funnel for more than 30
M = the change in measured specimen mass (by labora-
loss
s, or if the specimen u
...