ASTM D8448/D8448M-22

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D8448/D8448M −22
Standard Specification for
Basalt Fiber Strands
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8448/D8448M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for basalt
fiber,includingrovingsandchoppedstrands.Thisspecification D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D578 Specification for Glass Fiber Strands
is intended to assist ultimate users by designating the general
D1907/D1907M Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn
nomenclature for the strand products that are generally manu-
(Yarn Number) by the Skein Method
factured in the basalt fiber industry.
D2256/D2256M Test Method forTensile Properties ofYarns
1.2 Basalt fibers are produced by melting naturally occur-
by the Single-Strand Method
ring volcanic rocks, being primarily basalt or other basaltic
D2258/D2258M Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
rocks. The melt is drawn though a bushing and, typically, a
D4963/D4963M Test Method for Ignition Loss of Glass
sizing is applied to the fiber as it is cooled.
Fiber Strands and Fabrics
1.3 Basalt fiber strands have a variety of general uses under D7018/D7018M Terminology Relating to Glass Fiber and
Its Products (Withdrawn 2021)
specific conditions, such as high physical or chemical stress,
high moisture, or high temperature. Property requirements
2.2 ANSI Standard:
under specific conditions are agreed upon between the pur-
ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 Sampling Procedures for Inspection by
chaser and the supplier.
Attributes
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3. Terminology
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
3.1 For all terminology applying to this specification and
shall be used independently of the other. Combining values
related to glass fiber and its products, refer to Terminology
from the two systems will result in non-conformance with the
D7018/D7018M.
standard.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the atmosphere for testing textiles, chopped strand, roving, strand.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Terminology D123.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Composition of Basalt Fiber
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
4.1 Basalt fiber is composed primarily of oxides of silicon,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
aluminum, calcium, magnesium, titanium, sodium, potassium,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
and iron with a certified chemical composition.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on the ASTM website.
TextilesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD13.19onIndustrialFibers The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
and Metallic Reinforcements. www.astm.org.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2022. Published October 2022. DOI: 10.1520/ Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
D8448-22. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D8448/D8448M−22
TABLE 2 Letter Designations for Basalt Strand Filament
4.2 The primary certified chemical composition that applies
Diameters
to basalt fiber products used in general applications is summa-
Nominal Range for Filament Diameter
rized in Table 1.
Filament Size Designation
Average
Inch-Pound SI System,
DESCRIPTION OF BASALT PRODUCTS A
in. µm
System, Letter Number
5. General
B 3.5 0.00013 to 0.000159 3.30 to 4.05
C 4.5 0.00016 to 0.000189 4.06 to 4.82
5.1 Basalt products are specified using a series of segments
D 5 0.00019 to 0.000229 4.83 to 5.83
of alphabetical or numerical characters. DE 6 0.00023 to 0.000269 5.84 to 6.85
E 7 0.00025 to 0.000299 6.35 to 7.61
5.2 For the description of basalt products, SI units and
F 8 0.00030 to 0.000345 7.62 to 8.88
inch-pound units are used. G 9 0.00035 to 0.000399 8.89 to 10.15
H 11 0.00040 to 0.000449 10.16 to 11.42
6. Rovings J 12 0.00045 to 0.000499 11.43 to 12.69
K 13 0.00050 to 0.000549 12.70 to 13.96
6.1 Descriptions of Rovings—The description of rovings
L 14 0.00055 to 0.000599 13.97 to 15.23
M 16 0.00060 to 0.000649 15.24 to 16.50
consists of five segments.
N 17 0.00065 to 0.000699 16.51 to 17.77
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Segment 5
P 18 0.00070 to 0.000749 17.78 to 19.04
Product Yarn Filament Sizing type Type of
Q 20 0.00075 to 0.000799 19.05 to 20.31
type number diameter pull
R 21 0.00080 to 0.000849 20.32 to 21.58
S 22 0.00085 to 0.000899 21.59 to 22.85
6.1.1 Segment One—The first segment of the description of
T 23 0.00090 to 0.000949 22.86 to 24.12
basalt rovings represents the product type. The type of roving
U 24 0.00095 to 0.000999 24.13 to 25.40
consists of letters BDR for basalt direct rovings, or BAR for
A
The low values stated for each micrometre range are exact equivalents to
basalt assembled rovings.
inches, rounded to the nearest hundredth micrometre. The high values stated for
each micrometre range are slightly higher than exact equivalents to inches to
6.1.2 Segment Two—The second segment of the description
provide continuation between ranges. They are consistent for inch-pound and SI
defines the yarn number of the roving. For rovings described in
filamentsizedescriptionscommonlyusedintheindustry.Insomepublications,the
SI units, the yarn number is specified in tex. For such rovings
SI designation for H filament size has been shown as 10.
described in inch-pound units, the yarn number is specified in
yards per pound.
6.1.3 Segment Three—The third segment of the description
6.2.2 Example of description of rovings using inch-pound
specifies the filament diameter. When using SI units, this
units (equivalent to example 6.2.1):
segment consists of a number specifying the nominal filament
diameter range in micrometres as directed in Table 2. When BAR-165-N-5X1-I
using inch-pound units, this segment consists of one or two
where:
letters as directed in Table 2.
BAR = basalt assembled roving,
6.1.4 Segment Four—The fourth segment of the description
165 = yarn number in yards per pound,
of basalt rovings represents the sizing type as defined by a
N = designation of the filament diameter, average range
manufacturer’s code, providing further identification as neces-
0.000 65 to 0.000 699 in.,
sary by manufacturer to define sizing.
5X1 = codification of the sizing, and
6.1.5 Segment Five—The fifth segment of the description of
I = internal pull.
basalt rovings specifies the type of pull. It shall be defined as
either internal pull (I) or external pull (E).
7. Chopped Strands from Continuous Filament Strands
6.2 Example of Descriptions of Rovings:
7.1 DescriptionsofChoppedStrandsfromContinuousFila-
6.2.1 Example of description of rovings using SI units:
ment Strands—The description of chopped strands from con-
BAR-3000-17-5X1-I tinuous filament strands consists of four segments.
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4
where:
Product type Strand length Filament Sizing type
BAR = basalt assembled roving, diameter
3000 = yarn number in tex,
7.1.1 Segment One—The first segment of the description of
17 = filament diameter in micrometres (µm),
chopped strands from continuous filament strands, represents
5X1 = codification of the sizing, and
the product type. The type of product consists of letters BCS
I = internal pull.
for basalt chopped strands.
7.1.2 Segment Two—The second segment of the description
TABLE 1 Primary Chemical Composition of Basalt Fiber Products
of the chopped strands specifies the strand length. For chopped
Chemical % by Weight
strands described in SI units, the nominal chopped length is
SiO 45 to 57
specified in millimetres. For chopped strands described in
CaO 5to11
inch-pound units the nominal chopped length is specified in
MgO 3to7
Al O 10 to 19 inches.
2 3
Na O+K O 3 to 6
2 2
7.1.3 Segment Three—The third segment of the description
TiO 0.5to4
specifies the filament diameter. When using SI units, this
Fe O +FeO 8to16
2 3
segment consists of a number specifying the nominal filament
D8448/D8448M−22
TABLE 3 Visual Examination of Strands
diameter range in micrometres as directed in Table 2. When
using inch-pound units, this segment consists of one or two Visual Characteristic Defect
letters as directed in Table 2. Appearance and Any cut, chaf, damage, or excessive
A
Workmanship filamentation, affecting serviceability
7.1.4 Segment Four—The fourth segment of the description
Finish other than specified
of basalt chopped strands represents the sizing type as defined A
Spot or stain
A
by a manufacturer’s code, providing further identification as Embedded foreign matter
A
Excessive deposits of sizing
necessary by manufacturer to define sizing.
Put-up (Package/ Any defect or package abnormality affecting
7.2 Example of Descriptions of Chopped Strands from
Bobbin Build) the free unhampered unwinding of strand or
Continuous Filament Strands:
affecting the secure holding of strand winds
7.2.1 Example of description of basalt chopped strands
on the bobbin or package
Not put up on bobbin or package as specified
using SI units:
A
Clearly visible at normal inspection distance of approximately1m[3 ft].
BCS-16-17-5X1
where:
11.1.1 Tex [Yards per Pound], Individual Value—The maxi-
BCS = basalt chopped strand,
mum tolerance shall be plus or minus 10 % for both direct and
16 = length of chopped strands in millimetres (mm),
assembled rovings.
17 = strand diameter in micrometres (µm), and
11.1.1.1 The tex [yards per pound] as determined in Section
5X1 = codification of the sizing.
21 is the bare basalt nominal. A commercial strand normally
7.2.2 Example of description of basalt chopped strands
has a size (binder) treatment which will increase tex [decrease
using inch-pound units (equivalent to example 7.2.1):
yards per pound] in proportion to the amount of size.
BCS-5/8-N-5X1
11.1.2 Breaking Strength—No individual break shall be less
than the specified minimum requirement in Table 4.
where:
11.1.3 Tensile Modulus—The minimum tensile modulus of
BCS = basalt chopped strand,
elasticity of basalt fibers shall be as specified in Table 4.
5/8 = length of chopped strands in inches (in.),
N = designation of the filament diameter, average range 11.2 When
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