ASTM A31-14(2020)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: A31 −14 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Specification for
Steel Rivets and Bars for Rivets, Pressure Vessels
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA31; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2.2 ASME Standards:
B18.1.1 Small Solid Rivets ⁄16 Inch Nominal Diameter and
1.1 This specification covers steel rivets for use in boilers
Smaller
and pressure vessels and steel bars for use in the manufacture
B18.1.2 Large Rivets ⁄2 Inch Nominal Diameter and Larger
of rivets.
B18.24 Part Identifying Number (PIN) Code System Stan-
1.2 Two grades are covered:
dard for B18 Fastener Products
1.2.1 Grade A—Bars having a yield point of 23 000 psi
(160 MPa) minimum with carbon 0.18 % maximum.
3. Ordering Information
1.2.2 Grade B—Bars having a yield point of 29 000 psi
3.1 Orders for rivets and bars under this specification shall
(200 MPa) minimum with carbon 0.28 % maximum.
include:
1.2.3 Rivets are manufactured from the applicable bar
3.1.1 Specification designation and date of issue,
grade.
3.1.2 Quantity—Number of pieces for rivets and weight for
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
bars,
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
3.1.3 Name of product and grade (A or B),
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
3.1.4 Size (diameter and length),
and are not considered standard.
3.1.5 Rivet head type,
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.6 If inspection at point of manufacture is required,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- 3.1.7 Certification, if required (Section 14), and
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.8 Additional testing or special requirements, if required.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 3.1.9 For establishment of a part identifying system, see
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ASME B18.24.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
NOTE 1—A typical ordering description is: ASTM A31 – 82, 10 000
pieces, steel rivets GradeA, ⁄2 by 2 in., button head, test reports required.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Materials and Manufacture
A29/A29M SpecificationforGeneralRequirementsforSteel
4.1 The steel shall be made by any of the following
Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought
processes: open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen.
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
of Steel Products 4.2 Rivets shall be manufactured from rivet bars conform-
ing to the applicable grade ordered.
A751 Test Methods and Practices for Chemical Analysis of
Steel Products
4.3 Rivets shall be manufactured by hot- or cold-heading.
F1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Me-
4.4 Bars shall be furnished as rolled and not pickled, blast
chanical Properties and Performance Inspection
cleaned,oroiled.Atproducer’soption,barsmaybecleanedfor
inspection or cold drawn.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on
Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.06 on Steel Washers
5. Chemical Composition
and Rivets.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2020. Published December 2020. Originally
5.1 The steel shall conform to chemical composition pre-
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as A31 – 14. DOI:
scribed in Table 1.
10.1520/A0031-14R20.
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-
cation SA-31 in Section II of that Code.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
the ASTM website. www.asme.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A31 − 14 (2020)
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements TABLE 2 Bend Requirements, Rivets
Grade A Grade B Ratio of Bend Diameter to Diameter of
Diameter of
River Shank
Heat Product Heat Product
Rivet Shank, in.
Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis Grade A Grade B
Carbon, max, % 0.18 0.18 0.28 0.31 ⁄4 and under flat 1
3 1
Over ⁄4 flat 1 ⁄2
Manganese, % 0.30–0.60 0.27–0.63 0.30–0.80 0.27–0.83
Phosphorus, max, % 0.040 0.048 0.040 0.048
Sulfur, max, % 0.050 0.058 0.050 0.058
5.2 HeatAnalysis—Ananalysisofeachheatofsteelshallbe
made by the bar manufacturer to determine for GradesAand B
the percentages of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur.
This analysis shall be made from a test ingot taken during the
pouringoftheheat.Thechemicalcompositionthusdetermined
shallbereportedtothepurchaserorhisrepresentativeandshall
conform to the requirements for heat analysis in accordance
FIG. 2 Flattening Test of Rivet
with Table 1.
5.3 Product Analysis—An analysis may be made by the
TABLE 3 Tensile Requirements, Bars
purchaser from finished materials representing each heat. The
Grade A Grade B
chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the
requirements for product analysis prescribed in Table 1.
Tensile strength, psi (MPa) 45 000–58 000 58 000–68 000
(310–400) (400–470)
5.4 Application of heats of steel to which bismuth,
Yield point, min, psi (MPA) 23 000 (160) 29 000 (200)
selenium, tellurium, or lead has been intentionally added shall Elongation in 8 in. or 200 27 22
mm, min, %
not be permitted.
Elongation in 2 in. or 50 33 25
mm, min, %
5.5 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordance
with Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751.
6. Mechanical Properties
6.4.2 The test specimen for Grade B steel bars shall stand
6.1 Rivet Bend Tests:
being bent cold through 180° without cracking on the outside
6.1.1 The rivet shank of GradeAsteel shall stand being bent
of the bent portion to an inside diameter which shall have a
cold through 180° flat on itself, as shown in Fig. 1, without
relation to the diameter of the specimen in accordance with
cracking on the outside of the bent portion.
Table 4.
6.1.2 TherivetshankofGradeBsteelshallstandbeingbent
cold through 180° without cracking on the outside of the bent
7. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations
portion in accordance with Table 2.
7.1 Rivets:
6.2 Rivet Flattening Tests—The rivet head shall stand being
7.1.1 The dimensions of rivets shall conform to B18.1.2 for
flattened, while hot, to a diameter 2 ⁄2 times the diameter of the
nominal diameters in. and larger and B18.1.1 for nominal
shank, as shown in Fig. 2, without cracking at the edges.
diameters ⁄16 in. and less.
6.3 Bar Tensile Properties—Bars shall conform to th
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