M/325 - SRF

This European Standard specifies the determination of particle size distribution of particulate solid recovered fuels by a machine or manual sieving method.

This European Standard specifies the determination of particle size distribution of particulate solid recovered fuels by a machine or manual sieving method.

This European Standard specifies the determination of particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels. It establishes a manual method for the determination of the maximum projected length for large dimension particles. It applies to both agglomerated and non agglomerated solid recovered fuel pieces exhibiting an irregular shape, such as shredded end-of-life tyres and demolition woods.
This document does not apply to filaments protruding from the SRF pieces.

This European Standard specifies the determination of particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels using an image analysis method. It applies to both agglomerated and non-agglomerated solid, recovered, fuel pieces exhibiting an irregular shape, such as shredded end-of-life tyres and demolition woods. It provides the determination of the maximum projected length as well as parameters such as equivalent diameter. It also gives a characterisation of the filaments protruding from the SRF pieces.

This European Standard specifies three methods of digestion for solid recovered fuels: a) microwave assisted digestion with hydrofluoric, nitric and hydrochloric acid mixture; b) hot water bath digestion of with hydrofluoric, nitric and hydrochloric acid mixture, after ashing of the SRFs sample; c) oven digestion with nitric, perchloric and hydrofluoric acid mixture. Instrumental determination of Si, Al, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, P, and Ti is performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry with optical detection or other suitable spectroscopic techniques such as Flame Atomic Spectroscopy. The effectiveness of the digestion can be verified by qualitative X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis on the remaining residue. If necessary an alternative digestion method (among those proposed) needs to be used. XRF can be used for the analysis of Si, Al, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, P, Ti, after ashing (550 °C) of the sample: other elements can be analysed by XRF providing that the concentration levels are above the instrumental detection limits of the XRF instrumentation and after proper preliminary testing. Method a) is recommended for general use, but the amount of the test portion can be very low in case of high concentration of organic matter. Method b) is recommended for SRFs with high organic matter concentration that can be difficult to digest with the other methods. Method c) is recommended for SRFs samples for which the other methods leave a significant insoluble residue. All the listed methods are suitable for the determination of Si, provided that closed containers are used for sample dissolution. XRF is highly recommended for Si, P and Ti analysis.

This European Standard specifies three methods of digestion for solid recovered fuels: a) microwave assisted digestion with hydrofluoric, nitric and hydrochloric acid mixture; b) hot water bath digestion of with hydrofluoric, nitric and hydrochloric acid mixture, after ashing of the SRFs sample; c) oven digestion with nitric, perchloric and hydrofluoric acid mixture. Instrumental determination of As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sb, Se, Tl, V, Zn is performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma with optical or mass detection or graphite furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Hg can be analysed only after the microwave assisted procedure or, alternatively, by a direct analysis method. The effectiveness of the digestion can be verified by qualitative X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis on the remaining residue. If necessary an alternative digestion method (among those proposed) is used. Method a) is recommended for general use, but the amount of the test portion can be very low in case of high concentration of organic matter. Method b) is recommended for SRFs with high organic matter concentration that can be difficult to digest with the other methods. This method is not suitable for mercury. Method c) is recommended for SRFs samples for which the other methods leave a significant insoluble residue.

This European Standard specifies the correct sequence of operations to ensure the representativity of the test portions that has been taken according to the sampling plan, prior to physical and/or chemical analysis (e.g. extractions, digestion and/or analytical determinations) of solid samples. This Technical Specification specifies the correct sequence of operations and treatments to be applied to the laboratory sample in order to obtain suitable test portions in compliance with the specific requirements defined in the corresponding analytical procedures.

This European Standard specifies the determination of particle size distribution of particulate solid recovered fuels by a machine or manual sieving method.

This European Standard specifies the correct sequence of operations to ensure the representativity of the test
portions that have been taken according to the sampling plan, prior to physical and/or chemical analysis (e.g.
extractions, digestion and/or analytical determinations) of solid samples.
This European Standard specifies the correct sequence of operations and treatments to be applied to the
laboratory sample in order to obtain suitable test portions in compliance with the specific requirements defined
in the corresponding analytical procedures.

This European Standard specifies three methods of digestion for solid recovered fuels:
a)   microwave assisted digestion with hydrofluoric, nitric and hydrochloric acid mixture;
b)   hot water bath digestion of with hydrofluoric, nitric and hydrochloric acid mixture, after ashing of the SRFs sample;
c)   oven digestion with nitric, perchloric and hydrofluoric acid mixture.
Instrumental determination of Si, Al, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, P, and Ti is performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry with optical detection or other suitable spectroscopic techniques such as Flame Atomic Spectroscopy.
The effectiveness of the digestion can be verified by qualitative X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis on the remaining residue. If necessary an alternative digestion method (among those proposed) shall be used.
XRF can be used for the analysis of Si, Al, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, P, Ti, after ashing (550 °C) of the sample: other elements can be analysed by XRF provided that the concentration levels are above the instrumental detection limits of the XRF instrumentation and after proper preliminary testing.
Method a) is recommended for general use, but the amount of the test portion can be very low in case of high concentration of organic matter. Method b) is recommended for SRFs with high organic matter concentration that can be difficult to digest with the other methods.
Method c) is recommended for SRFs samples for which the other methods leave a significant insoluble residue.
All the listed methods are suitable for the determination of Si, provided that closed containers are used for sample dissolution. XRF is highly recommended for Si, P and Ti analysis.
Alternative digestion methods can be applied if their performance is proved to be comparable with those of the methods mentioned in a) to c) (see Annex C).

This European Standard specifies three methods of digestion for solid recovered fuels:
a) microwave assisted digestion with hydrofluoric, nitric and hydrochloric acid mixture;
b) hot water bath digestion of with hydrofluoric, nitric and hydrochloric acid mixture, after ashing of the SRFs
sample;
c) oven digestion with nitric, perchloric and hydrofluoric acid mixture.
Instrumental determination of As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sb, Se, Tl, V, Zn is performed by
Inductively Coupled Plasma with optical or mass detection or graphite furnace Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry. Hg can be analysed only after the microwave assisted procedure or, alternatively, by a direct
analysis method (Hg direct  AMA).
The effectiveness of the digestion can be verified by qualitative X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis on the
remaining residue. If necessary, an alternative digestion method (among those proposed) is used.
Method a) is recommended for general use, but the amount of the test portion can be very low in case of high
concentration of organic matter.
Method b) is recommended for Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) with high organic matter concentration that can
be difficult to digest with the other methods. This method is not suitable for mercury.
Method c) is recommended for Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) samples for which the other methods leave a
significant insoluble residue.
Alternative digestion methods can be applied if their performance is proved to be comparable with those of the
methods mentioned in a) to c) (see Annex C).

This European Standard specifies the determination of particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels by a
machine or manual sieving method. It applies to particulate agglomerated and non-agglomerated fuels, such
as fluff, pellets, briquettes, pulverised solid recovered fuels.
This sieving method is not applicable to large pieces with irregular shape such as the pieces of shredded tyres
or of demolition wood. In the case, of large pieces of irregular shape, prEN 15415-2 and prEN 15415-3 are
applicable.
NOTE 1 For fine particles < 1 mm (e.g. sludges), the use of other methods could give more representative results as
e.g. an analysis with the laser diffraction method in accordance with ISO 13320.
NOTE 2 This European Standard is based on EN 15149-1 applicable to particle sizes less than 3,15 mm.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of gross calorific value of solid recovered fuels at constant volume and at the reference temperature 25 °C in a bomb calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid.

This European Standard specifies requirements for the quality management system for the production and trade of solid recovered fuels from the reception of waste(s) up to the delivery of solid recovered fuels (Figure 1).

This European Standard specifies the determination of S, Cl, F and Br in solid recovered fuels of various origin and composition after combustion in oxygen atmosphere. This method is applicable for concentrations over 0,025 g/kg, depending on the element and on the determination technique. In the case of fluorine this method is applicable for concentration over 0,015 g/kg.
Insoluble halides and sulphate present in the original sample or produced during the combustion step are not completely determined by these methods.
This European Standard provides recommendations concerning standardised methods for  determination of halides and sulphate in the solution obtained after combustion.

This European Standard specifies methods for reducing combined samples to laboratory samples and laboratory samples to sub-samples and general analysis samples.
The methods described in this European Standard may be used for sample preparation, for example, when the samples are to be tested for bulk density, biomass determination, durability, particle size distribution, moisture content, ash content, ash melting behaviour, calorific value, chemical composition, and impurities. The methods are not intended to be applied to the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties.

This European Standard specifies requirements for the quality management system for the production and trade of solid recovered fuels from the reception of waste(s) up to the delivery of solid recovered fuels
(Figure 1).
Figure 1 - Quality management systems within the solid recovered fuels chain

This European Standard specifies methods for reducing combined samples to laboratory samples and laboratory samples to sub-samples and general analysis samples.
The methods described in this European Standard may be used for sample preparation, for example, when the samples are to be tested for bulk density, biomass determination, durability, particle size distribution, moisture content, ash content, ash melting behaviour, calorific value, chemical composition, and impurities. The methods are not intended to be applied to the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties.

This European Standard specifies the determination of S, Cl, F and Br in solid recovered fuels of various origin and composition after combustion in oxygen atmosphere. This method is applicable for concentrations over 0,025 g/kg, depending on the element and on the determination technique. In the case of fluorine this method is applicable for concentration over 0,015 g/kg.
Insoluble halides and sulphate present in the original sample or produced during the combustion step are not completely determined by these methods.
This European Standard provides recommendations concerning standardised methods for determination of halides and sulphate in the solution obtained after combustion.

This document specifies a test method for the determination of mechanical durability of pellets. It is intended to be applied by persons and organisations that manufacture, plan, sell, erect or use machinery, equipment, tools and entire plants related to such pellets, and that are involved in producing, purchasing, selling and utilising pellets. The method specified is not applicable to soft pellets.

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of bridging properties of solid recovered fuels using standard measuring equipment. The method is applicable to all solid recovered fuels with maximum dimensions of the particle of 100 mm.

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of particle density of irregularly shaped pieces of compressed fuels such as pellets or briquettes. It is not applicable to soft or semi-soft pellets.

This Technical Report describes exemplarily methods for the determination of shrinking, deformation, hemisphere and flow temperature for characterising the ash melting behaviour of all solid recovered fuels.

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of particle density of irregularly shaped pieces of compressed fuels such as pellets or briquettes. It is not applicable to soft or semi-soft pellets.
NOTE 1   The term soft pellet is defined in CEN/TS 15639.
NOTE 2   Particle density is subject to variation due to the susceptibility of organic material to environmental or technical impacts such as air humidity, vibration, abrasion or biodegradation. Therefore, particle density can vary during time thus the measured values should be regarded as a momentary fuel property.
NOTE 3   At the time of preparing this document, the production of briquettes of solid recovered fuels could not be identified in the European market.

This document specifies a test method for the determination of mechanical durability of pellets. It is intended to be applied by persons and organisations that manufacture, plan, sell, erect or use machinery, equipment, tools and entire plants related to such pellets, and that are involved in producing, purchasing, selling and utilising pellets.
The method specified is not applicable to soft pellets.

This Technical Report describes exemplarily methods for the determination of shrinking, deformation, hemisphere and flow temperature for characterising the ash melting behaviour of all solid recovered fuels.

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of bridging properties of solid recovered fuels using standard measuring equipment. The method is applicable to all solid recovered fuels with maximum dimensions of the particle of 100 mm.

This European Standard specifies two different methods for the determination of metallic aluminium in solid recovered fuels: method a: dissolution of metallic aluminium and analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) or by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS); method b: Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) on the solid SRF.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of bulk density of solid recovered fuels using a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all solid recovered fuels with a nominal top size of maximal 100 mm.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of total moisture content of solid recovered fuels by drying a sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of total moisture content of solid recovered fuels by drying a sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use for routine production control on site, e.g. if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is not required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of total moisture content of solid recovered fuels by drying a sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use for routine production control on site, e.g. if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is not required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.
NOTE 1   The total moisture content of recovered fuels is not an absolute value and therefore standardised conditions for its determination are indispensable to enable comparative determinations.
NOTE 2   The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials, e.g. biomass, frequently contains varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining moisture content by oven drying.
NOTE 3   This Technical Specification is based on EN 14774 2 [1].

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of bulk density of solid recovered fuels using a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all solid recovered fuels with a nominal top size of maximal 100 mm.
NOTE 1   The reason for the limitation to maximal 100 mm is the practical maximum volume of a measurement container and thus dimensions of the aperture of the container. Particle dimension should not exceed 1/3 of this value.
NOTE 2   Bulk density of solid recovered fuels is subject to variation due to several impacts such as vibration, shock, pressure, biodegradation, drying and wetting. Measured bulk density can therefore deviate from practice conditions during transportation, storage or transhipment.

This Technical Specification specifies two different methods for the determination of metallic aluminium in solid recovered fuels:
-   method a: dissolution of metallic aluminium and analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) or by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS);
-   method b: Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) on the solid SRF.

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of total moisture content of solid recovered fuels by drying a sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use if a high precision of the determination of moisture content is required. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.
NOTE 1   The total moisture content of solid recovered fuels is not an absolute value and therefore standardised conditions for its determination are indispensable to enable comparative determinations.
NOTE 2   The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials, e.g. biomass, frequently contains varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining moisture content by oven drying.
NOTE 3   This Technical Specification is based on EN 14774 1 [1].

This document considers the relative difference between the biodegradable fraction and the biogenic fraction of solid recovered fuels prepared from non-hazardous waste for energy recovery and whether there is a need to develop two sets of standards or only one set for the determination of these fractions in order to define the biomass content of SRFs.

This Technical Report considers aspects of occupational safety and health within the scope of CEN/TC 343: production and trade of solid recovered fuels.

This Technical Report gives background information on key properties to be used for establishing a classification system for solid recovered fuels (SRFs), and a proposal for the classification system and classes for SRF.

This Technical Report considers aspects of occupational safety and health within the scope of CEN/TC 343: production and trade of solid recovered fuels.

This document considers the relative difference between the biodegradable fraction and the biogenic fraction of solid recovered fuels prepared from non-hazardous waste for energy recovery and whether there is a need to develop two sets of standards or only one set for the determination of these fractions in order to define the biomass content of SRFs.

This European Standard specifies a classification system for SRFs and a template for the specification of their properties. SRFs are produced from non-hazardous waste.

This European Standard specifies the requirements and a method for the determination of volatile matter of solid recovered fuels.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of ash content of all solid recovered fuels.

This European Standard specifies methods for taking samples of solid recovered fuels for example from production plants, from deliveries or from stock. It includes manual and mechanical methods.
It is not applicable to solid recovered fuels that are formed by liquid or sludge, but it includes dewatered sludge.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of moisture in an analysis sample by drying the sample in an oven. This method is suitable for use for general analysis samples in accordance with CEN/TS 15414-1. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.
NOTE 1 The term moisture content when used with recovered materials can be misleading since solid recovered materials e.g. biomass frequently contain varying amounts of volatile compounds (extractives) which can evaporate when determining the moisture content of the general analyses sample by oven drying.
NOTE 2 This European Standard is based on EN 14774-3.

TC - Correction of Figures A.2 and A.3 - Chemestry

This European Standard specifies three normative methods for the determination of the biomass fraction in solid recovered fuel, and when to use each method. The methods are the selective dissolution in a hydrogen peroxide/sulphuric acid mixture, the manual sorting method and the method based on the 14C content.

This European Standard defines terms and definitions concerned in all standardisation work within the scope of CEN/TC 343, i.e. terms used in the field of production and trade of solid recovered fuels that are prepared from non-hazardous waste.
NOTE Solid biofuels are covered by the scope of CEN/TC 335.
The embedding of the scope within the waste/solid recovered fuels field is given in Figure 1.
Definitions in other standards with a scope different from the scope of this European Standard can be different from the definitions in this European Standard.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents in solid recovered fuels by instrumental techniques.
This method is applicable for concentrations on dry matter basis of C over 0,1 %, N over 0,01 % and H over 0,1 %.

This Technical Specification specifies a classification system for SRFs and a template for the specification of their properties.
SRFs are produced from non-hazardous waste.
NOTE 1   Solid bio-fuels excluded from the Waste Incineration Directive (2000/76/EC) are not included in the scope of this Technical Specification. These are dealt with in CEN/TC 335 "Solid biofuels". Waste wood from demolition of buildings and civil engineering installations is, however, included in the scope.
NOTE 2   Untreated municipal solid waste is not included in the scope of this Technical Specification.