77.040.01 - Testing of metals in general
ICS 77.040.01 Details
Testing of metals in general
Prufung metallischer Werkstoffe im allgemeinen
Essais des metaux en general
Preskušanje kovin na splošno
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 77.040.01 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Testing of metals in general". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 43 standards classified under ICS 77.040.01 (Testing of metals in general). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The practice contained herein can be used as a basis for establishing conditions for the safe operation of critical structural components. The practices provide for general plant assessment and verification that materials continue meet design criteria and may in addition be of use for asset protection or life extension. The test specimens and procedures presented in this practice are for guidance when establishing a surveillance program.
4.2 This practice for high-temperature materials surveillance programs is used when nuclear reactor component materials are monitored by specimen testing. Periodic testing is performed through the service life of the components to assess changes in selected material properties that are caused by neutron irradiation, thermal effects, chemical reactions, and mechanical stress. The properties of interest are those used as design criteria for the respective nuclear components or well correlated to said criteria (see 5.1.6). The need for surveillance arises from the need to assess predictions of aging material performance to ensure adequate component performance.
4.3 This practice describes specimens and procedures required for the surveillance of multiple components. A surveillance program for a particular component will not necessarily require all test types described herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for surveillance program design and specimen testing to establish changes occurring in the mechanical properties of ferrous and nickel-based materials due to irradiation and thermal effects of nuclear component metallic materials used for high-temperature structural applications above 370 °C (700 °F). This should include consideration of gamma heating. This practice currently only applies to an initial program based on initial estimates of design life of components.
1.2 This practice was developed for non-light-water moderated nuclear power reactors.
1.3 This practice does not provide specific procedures for extending surveillance programs beyond their original design lifetimes.
1.4 This practice does not consider in-situ monitoring techniques but may provide insights into the proper periodicity and design of such.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for material certifications, specifically including materials under the jurisdiction of Committee E29. It defines terminology related thereto, including melt mill, traceability, heat number vs. lot number, certificate of compliance, and specifies the information to be included on material certifications. Hence the document is an authoritative reference to dispel the incorrect interpretations put forth by unknowledgeable segments of the metals industry.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for material certifications, specifically including materials under the jurisdiction of Committee E29, as well as defining terminology related thereto.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods cover procedures for estimating and rules for expressing the average grain size of all metals consisting entirely, or principally, of a single phase. The grain size of specimens with two phases, or a phase and a constituent, can be measured using a combination of two methods, a measurement of the volume fraction of the phase and an intercept or planimetric count (see Section 17). The test methods may also be used for any structures having appearances similar to those of the metallic structures shown in the comparison charts. The three basic procedures for grain size estimation are:
4.1.1 Comparison Procedure—The comparison procedure does not require counting of either grains, intercepts, or intersections but, as the name suggests, involves comparison of the grain structure to a series of graded images, either in the form of a wall chart, clear plastic overlays, or an eyepiece reticle. There appears to be a general bias in that comparison grain size ratings claim that the grain size is somewhat coarser (1/2 to 1 G number lower) than it actually is (see X1.3.5). Repeatability and reproducibility of comparison chart ratings are generally ±1 grain size number.
4.1.2 Planimetric Procedure—The planimetric method involves an actual count of the number of grains within a known area. The number of grains per unit area, NA , is used to determine the ASTM grain size number, G. The precision of the method is a function of the number of grains counted. A precision of ±0.25 grain size units can be attained with a reasonable amount of effort. Results are free of bias and repeatability and reproducibility are less than ±0.5 grain size units. An accurate count does require marking off of the grains as they are counted.
4.1.3 Intercept Procedure—The intercept method involves an actual count of the number of grains intercepted by a test line or the number of grain boundary intersections with a test line, per unit length of test line, used to calculate t...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of average grain size and include the comparison procedure, the planimetric (or Jeffries) procedure, and the intercept procedures. These test methods may also be applied to nonmetallic materials with structures having appearances similar to those of the metallic structures shown in the comparison charts. These test methods apply chiefly to single phase grain structures but they can be applied to determine the average size of a particular type of grain structure in a multiphase or multiconstituent specimen.
1.2 These test methods are used to determine the average grain size of specimens with a unimodal distribution of grain areas, diameters, or intercept lengths. These distributions are approximately log normal. These test methods do not cover methods to characterize the nature of these distributions. Characterization of grain size in specimens with duplex grain size distributions is described in Test Methods E1181. Measurement of individual, very coarse grains in a fine grained matrix is described in Test Methods E930.
1.3 These test methods deal only with determination of planar grain size, that is, characterization of the two-dimensional grain sections revealed by the sectioning plane. Determination of spatial grain size, that is, measurement of the size of the three-dimensional grains in the specimen volume, is beyond the scope of these test methods.
1.4 These test methods describe techniques performed manually using either a standard series of graded chart images for the comparison method or simple templates for the manual counting methods. Utilization of semi-automatic digitizing tablets or automatic image analyzers to measure grain size is described in Test Methods E1382.
1.5 These test methods deal only with the recommended test methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability or fitness of purpose of the ma...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide a framework for consistent description of microstructural and microtextural features visible in optical micrographs of graphite. It also provides some guidance on sample preparation and image processing.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the identification and the assignment of microstructural and microtextural features observed in optical micrographs of graphite. The objective of this guide is to establish a consistent approach to the categorization of such features to aid unambiguous discussion of optical micrographs in the scientific literature. It also provides guidance on specimen preparation and the compilation of micrographs.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Standard reference block sets per 4.1 fabricated in accordance with this practice will exhibit specific area-amplitude and distance amplitude relationships only with an immersion test at 5 MHz using the search unit, test instrument, and test parameters described in this practice. Comparison tests at other frequencies or with uncalibrated instruments will not necessarily give the same relationships shown in this practice. See Ref (1)5 for area-amplitude limitations at other frequencies and transducer diameters. Also see Ref (2) for cautions regarding use of standard blocks for test standardizations.
5.2 Reference standards fabricated per 4.2 may utilize the fabrication and verification techniques herein. Due to the variable nature of non-standard blocks, the details should be agreed upon in the ordering documents.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for fabrication and control of metal alloy reference blocks used in ultrasonic examinations that contain flat bottom holes (FBH).
1.2 These blocks may be used for checking the performance of ultrasonic examination instrumentation and search units and for standardization and control of ultrasonic examination of metal alloy products.
1.3 The reference blocks described are suitable for use with either the direct-contact method or immersion pulse-echo ultrasonic methods.
1.4 Standard sets are described for flat surface sound entry; the Basic set, Area-Amplitude set, and Distance Amplitude set.
1.5 The requirements for FBH fabrication may be applied to round bar/billet reference standards and reference standards fabricated from other product forms.
1.6 This practice does not specify reference reflector sizes or product rejection limits. It does describe fabrication practices and applied tolerances. In all cases of conflict between this practice and customer specifications, the customer specification shall prevail.
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.8 This practice has incorporated the requirements of Practice E428 and Guide E1158. Reference standards that were manufactured under Practice E428 and Guide E1158 comply with the requirements of this practice.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 The change in resistance with temperature for heating element materials is a major design factor and may influence material selection. The measurement of this change is essential to ensure that heating elements perform as designed. This test method was designed to minimize the effect different manufacturing processes have on resistance change, thereby yielding results that are reproducible.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the change of resistance with temperature of metallic materials for electrical heating, and is applicable over the range of service temperatures.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Inclusion ratings done either manually using Test Methods E45 or automatically using Practice E1122 or E1245 are influenced by the quality of specimen preparation. This guide provides examples of proven specimen preparation methods that retain inclusions in polished steel specimens.
4.2 This guide provides a procedure to determine if the prepared specimens are of suitable quality for subsequent rating of inclusions. None of these methods should be construed as defining or establishing specific procedures or limits of acceptability for any steel grade.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide2 covers two preparation methods for steel metallographic specimens that will be analyzed for nonmetallic inclusions with automatic image analysis (AIA) equipment. The two methods of preparation are offered as accepted methods used to retain nonmetallic inclusions in steel. This guide does not limit the user to these methods.
1.2 A procedure to test the suitability of the prepared specimen for AIA inclusion work, using differential interference contrast (DIC), is presented.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures described, herein, can be used to evaluate the severity of hydrogen charging of a material produced by exposure to corrosive environments or by cathodic polarization. It can also be used to determine fundamental properties of materials in terms of hydrogen diffusion (for example, diffusivity of hydrogen) and the effects of metallurgical, processing, and environmental variables on diffusion of hydrogen in metals.
5.2 The data obtained from hydrogen permeation tests can be combined with other tests related to hydrogen embrittlement or hydrogen induced cracking to ascertain critical levels of hydrogen flux or hydrogen content in the material for cracking to occur.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice gives a procedure for the evaluation of hydrogen uptake, permeation, and transport in metals using an electrochemical technique which was developed by Devanathan and Stachurski.2 While this practice is primarily intended for laboratory use, such measurements have been conducted in field or plant applications. Therefore, with proper adaptations, this practice can also be applied to such situations.
1.2 This practice describes calculation of an effective diffusivity of hydrogen atoms in a metal and for distinguishing reversible and irreversible trapping.
1.3 This practice specifies the method for evaluating hydrogen uptake in metals based on the steady-state hydrogen flux.
1.4 This practice gives guidance on preparation of specimens, control and monitoring of the environmental variables, test procedures, and possible analyses of results.
1.5 This practice can be applied in principle to all metals and alloys which have a high solubility for hydrogen, and for which the hydrogen permeation is measurable. This method can be used to rank the relative aggressivity of different environments in terms of the hydrogen uptake of the exposed metal.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This Technical Report includes application-relevant metallic materials of supply systems for liquid fuels and their blends with regard to corrosive or service life reducing influences. Assessment of the specialist literature showed possible interactions with biogenic and alternative fuels and motor fuels as well as their blends with mineral oil and motor fuels. The results of this assessment are given in this CEN/TR.
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This document specifies the technical delivery conditions for hot and cold formed stainless steel bars for the construction of pressure equipment supplied in accordance with one of the process routes and surface finishes listed in Table 5.
The general technical delivery conditions in EN 10021 also apply.
NOTE Once this European Standard is published in the EU Official Journal (OJEU) under Directive 97/23/EC, presumption of conformity to the Essential Safety Requirements (ESRs) of Directive 97/23/EC is limited to technical data of materials in this European Standard and does not presume adequacy of the material to a specific item of equipment. Consequently, the assessment of the technical data stated in this material standard against the design requirements of this specific item of equipment to verify that the ESRs of Directive 97/23/EC are satisfied, needs to be done.
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This European Standard provides guidance on the concepts and procedures for the calibration and analysis of copper and copper alloys by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.
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ISO 6892-2:2011 specifies a method of tensile testing of metallic materials at temperatures higher than room temperature.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide defines a procedure for testing components being considered for installation into a high-purity gas distribution system. Application of this guide is expected to yield comparable data among components tested for purposes of qualification for this installation.
4.2 This guide establishes a procedure for determining the elemental composition and metallurgical characteristics of metal used to fabricate components for high purity gas distribution systems in the semiconductor industry. The composition and metallurgy of stainless steel may be expected to affect properties of importance to this application, including surface roughness, incidence of surface defects, passivation, corrosion resistance, and welding.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers corrosion resistant metallic alloys of the general class stainless steel, containing chromium, nickel, manganese, and silicon as major alloying additions and possibly molybdenum, that are qualified or specified for the materials of components used in high-purity gas supply systems for the semiconductor industry. This guide is primarily intended for testing to determine conformance to applicable composition and metallurgical specifications as stated in supplier product specifications or customer purchase specifications, or both.
1.2 Elements analyzed and reported in this guide are as follows:
1.2.1 The alloying additions chromium, nickel, and molybdenum (if specified in alloy, as in type 316L),
1.2.2 The minor elements and residuals manganese, silicon, copper, cobalt, and stabilizers such as titanium and columbium (niobium), if present,
1.2.3 Carbon, sulfur and phosphorus,
1.2.4 Nitrogen and oxygen gases,
1.2.5 Any additional minor element additions that may be made as part of the melting and casting practice, such as aluminum and calcium,
1.2.6 Available standard analytical and reporting techniques are described for these elements.
1.3 Metallurgical characteristics to be analyzed and reported are inclusion contents, grain structure, mechanical properties, and intergranular corrosion susceptibility.
1.4 Limitations:
1.4.1 This guide is limited to corrosion resistant metal alloys of the general class stated in the Scope.
1.4.2 The test methods cited in this guide are not intended to preclude the use of other generally accepted techniques of demonstrated equivalent or superior precision and bias.
1.4.3 Inclusion of testing and analysis procedures for any given element or metallurgical characteristic in this guide is not to be construed as being a requirement for incorporation of that element or metallurgical characteristic into any specifications.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide covers corrosion resistant metallic alloys of the general class stainless steel, containing chromium, nickel, manganese, and silicon as major alloying additions and possibly molybdenum, that are qualified or specified for the materials of components used in high-purity gas supply systems for the semiconductor industry. This guide is primarily intended for testing to determine conformance to applicable composition and metallurgical specifications as stated in supplier product sp...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide describes the suggested procedures for the preparation, testing, and certification of reference materials (RMs) to be used in the calibration, verification, and control of methods used to characterize the chemical composition of metals, ores, and related materials.
Certified reference materials are frequently rare and valuable commodities requiring investment of considerable cost and production time. They are frequently available for only a limited portion of a user’ range of interest.
When comparative analytical methods are employed, appropriate CRMs are often unavailable for calibration. In this case, the use of RMs is indicated as the alternative choice.
The use of uncertified homogeneous materials is appropriate for control chart programs where relative data consistency is being monitored. The use of CRMs for such purposes is often a misuse of valuable CRM stocks, especially when uncertified materials of suitable homogeneity are available. For information on the use and misuse of CRMs, see ISO Guide 33 and NBS Special Publication 260-100.5
Use CRMs and RMs with caution in the validation of analytical methods. The danger involves a potential for undetected systematic error, since the same methodology being validated may have been used to establish the values for the CRMs or RMs. For more information on the use of CRMs in the validation of analytical methods, see NIST Special Publication 829.6
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes procedures to be considered for the testing and certification of metal, ore, and metal-related reference materials in the form of blocks, disks, rods, wires, chips, and powders.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide describes procedures to be considered for the testing and certification of metal, ore, and metal-related reference materials in the form of blocks, disks, rods, wires, chips, and powders.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E01 on Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials, this guide was withdrawn in February 2010 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
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This European Standard defines the different types of inspection documents supplied to the purchaser, in accordance with the requirements of the order, for the delivery of all metallic products whatever their method of production. However, if agreed in the order, this standard may also apply to products other than metallic products. This standard is to be used in conjunction with the standards which specify the technical delivery conditions of the products.
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This European standard defines the different types of inspection documents supplied to the purchaser, in accordance with the requirements of the order, for the delivery of metallic products.
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a guide for the criteria to be used in the evaluation of testing laboratories and organizations engaged in examination and inspection, or both, for specification-conformance of steel, stainless steel, and related alloys.
1.2 This practice is intended for use by an accrediting authority for qualification and accreditation of laboratories and organizations noted in 1.1.
1.3 These criteria include the general characteristics (generic criteria) or organization, facility, human resources, and the necessary controls, for evaluating the ability of testing laboratories, examination organizations, and inspection organizations, to perform their intended functions.
1.4 These criteria also include specific criteria for equipment and personnel qualification, and for necessary quality control procedures, for evaluating the ability of testing laboratories, examination organizations, and inspection organizations to perform specific tests, examinations, and inspections.
1.4.1 If required, the appropriate ASTM Committee A-1 Subcommittee concerned with a particular test, examination, or inspection discipline may supplement this standard with additional specific criteria. See Table 1.
1.5 This practice may not necessarily provide all the generic criteria for the evaluation of independent testing, examination, and inspection agencies as defined in Practice E548. However, the generic and specific criteria of this standard, including any supplements, are considered appropriate for the evaluation of any testing laboratory or inspection and examination organizations, or both involve in specification conformance (or verification) testing and inspection of steel, stainless steel and related alloys.
1.6 These generic and specific criteria may, where appropriate, be used by an accrediting authority for evaluating the capabilities of a laboratory, examination organization, or inspection organization to perform tests, examinations, or inspections of steel products not related to specification conformance.
1.7 This standard practice may also be employed as an evaluation guideline for individual, governmental, or technical society self-certification programs where accreditation may not be required.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the diameter of silicon wafers up to 205 mm in diameter. Other semiconductor materials with a circular shape can also be measured.
1.2 This test method is independent of surface finish and may be performed on edge-contoured specimens.
1.3 This test method is to be carried out at a temperature of 23 + 5°C.
1.4 This test method was developed for use with silicon wafers with standard diameters as given in SEMI Specifications M1, and may be used for wafers of other diameter or materials within the specified limit, provided suitable gage blocks are available and standard flat configurations are used.
1.5 This test method is intended for use as a referee method.
1.6 Roundness is not measured by this method.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 For wafers of diameter 3 in. or smaller, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard; the values stated in acceptable metric units in parentheses are for information only. For wafers of diameter larger than 3 in., the values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as standard whether or not they appear with parentheses; inch-pound units are for information only.
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