E07.02 - Reference Radiological Images

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Illustrations provided in this guide are intended for use as references to aid in interpreting film or nonfilm images resulting from x-ray examinations (see Table 1) to ascertain quality of assembly and workmanship.  
4.2 Required attributes of the design features or other construction details are not provided but are to be established as mutually agreed upon by manufacturers and users of these devices. Many devices share common assembly features; thus, these interpretations can be used for components not illustrated.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides illustrations of radiographs of semiconductors and related devices. Low powered transistors (through the TO-11 case configuration), diodes, low-power rectifiers, power devices, and integrated circuits are illustrated with common assembly features. Particular areas of construction are featured for these devices detailing critical points of design or assembly.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is used to evaluate the ability of a radiographic interpreter to discriminate low contrast slit images in a radiographic interpretation environment. A radiographic viewer, as described in Specification E1390, and a viewing environment, as described in Guide E94, are strongly recommended. The minimum acceptable test score in any given application depends on the requirements of the application. Using parties should develop and maintain records of their test results to guide the establishment of acceptable test scores for their applications. (See Note 1.)  
Note 1: During round robin testing with experienced radiographic interpreters, 76 % of the interpreters achieved a score of 85 % or higher, and 95 % achieved a score of 80 % or higher. The average score was 90.7 %, and the standard deviation was 6.7 %. In a second study from 2017, with both certified radiographers and uncertified personnel, the average and standard deviation among certified radiographers was 90.4 ± 4.0 % and among uncertified personnel was 88.4 ± 4.9 %. It was found that on each test page there are 3 or 4 images where the average score for each was less than 80 % correct and the remainder of the images all individually scored greater than 80 % on average. A limited number of the general public was examined, and the average score among these was 75.0 ± 3.3 %.  
4.2 Administration of the Test  
4.2.1 The test procedure described in this practice is intended to determine the ability of a radiographic interpreter to detect low contrast images in a low light level environment. Appropriate dark adaptation time should be permitted. A minimum of 1 min is recommended; however, longer dark adaptation times may be required by some users.  
4.2.2 The test shall be administered by or under the direction of a test administrator (see 3.2.4). The individual being tested shall not know the identification of the plate or orientation prior to the test.  
4.2.3 The interpretation of each of the ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice details the procedure for determining the low-contrast visual acuity of a radiographic interpreter by evaluating the ability of the individual to detect linear images of varying radiographic noise, contrast, and sharpness. No statement is made regarding the applicability of these images to evaluate the competence of a radiographic interpreter. There is no correlation between these images of slit phantoms and the ability to detect cracks or other linear features in an actual radiographic examination. The test procedure follows from work performed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology presented in NBS Technical Note 1143, issued June 1981.  
1.2 The visual acuity test set consists of five individual plates, each containing a series of radiographic images of 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) long slits in thin metal shims. The original radiographs used to prepare the illustrations were generated using various absorbers, geometric parameters (unsharpness, slit widths), and source parameters (kV, mA, time) to produce images of varying noise, contrast, and sharpness. Each radiographic image has a background density of 1.8 ± 0.15. The images are viewed in a radiographic interpretation environment as used for the evaluation of production radiographic films, for example, illuminators and background lighting as described in Guide E94 and Specification E1390, and without optical magnification.  
1.3 Each visual acuity test plate consists of 25 individual image areas. The images are arranged in 5 rows and 5 columns as shown in Fig. 1. Each image area is 2 in. x 2 in. (51 mm x 51 mm). All identification is on the back side of the plate. Each plate can be viewed from any of the four orientations (that is, it can be viewed with any of the four edges “up” on the illuminator). Since there are five different plates in the set, this makes for a total of 20 different patterns that can be viewed. The identification of whi...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A key consideration with any radiographic system is its contrast resolution and spatial resolution capability (that is, sensitivity). The degree of obtainable sensitivity with a given system is dependent upon several radiographic parameters such as source energy level, film system class, type and thickness of intensifying screens, exposure (density), etc. This guide permits the user to estimate the degree of sensitivity that may be obtained with X-rays and Cobalt-60 gamma rays when using a prescribed set of radiographic parameters. This guide may also be used in conjunction with Practices E746 or E1735 to provide a basis for developing data for evaluation of a user's specific system. This data may assist a user in determining appropriate parameters for obtaining desired degrees of radiographic system sensitivity. An alternate to this approach is the use of those adjunct radiographic illustrations detailed in Section 6.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide to obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensitivity covers the minimum penetrameter thicknesses for which the image of the 1T and 2T  holes is visible for a few practical radiographic conditions using industrial X-ray film. The values represent near optimum sensitivity for flat steel plates. Radiographic conditions that give higher values of scatter buildup from the specimen or backscattered radiation at the image plane will give poorer sensitivity.  
1.2 Eight radiographs that illustrate sensitivities obtainable with practical radiographic systems are included as adjuncts to this guide and must be purchased from ASTM.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is used to evaluate the ability of a radiographic interpreter to discriminate low contrast slit images in a radiographic interpretation environment. A radiographic viewer, as described in Specification E1390, and a viewing environment, as described in Guide E94, are strongly recommended. The minimum acceptable test score in any given application depends on the requirements of the application. Using parties should develop and maintain records of their test results to guide the establishment of acceptable test scores for their applications. (See Note 1.)  
Note 1: During round robin testing with experienced radiographic interpreters, 76 % of the interpreters achieved a score of 85 % or higher, and 95 % achieved a score of 80 % or higher. The average score was 90.7 %, and the standard deviation was 6.7 %. In a second study from 2017, with both certified radiographers and uncertified personnel, the average and standard deviation among certified radiographers was 90.4 ± 4.0 % and among uncertified personnel was 88.4 ± 4.9 %. It was found that on each test page there are 3 or 4 images where the average score for each was less than 80 % correct and the remainder of the images all individually scored greater than 80 % on average. A limited number of the general public was examined, and the average score among these was 75.0 ± 3.3 %.  
4.2 Administration of the Test  
4.2.1 The test procedure described in this practice is intended to determine the ability of a radiographic interpreter to detect low contrast images in a low light level environment. Appropriate dark adaptation time should be permitted. A minimum of 1 min is recommended; however, longer dark adaptation times may be required by some users.  
4.2.2 The test should be administered by a test administrator. The individual being tested shall not know the identification of the plate or orientation prior to the test.  
4.2.3 The interpretation of each of the 25 image areas on a plate is recorded...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice details the procedure for determining the low-contrast visual acuity of a radiographic interpreter by evaluating the ability of the individual to detect linear images of varying radiographic noise, contrast, and sharpness. No statement is made regarding the applicability of these images to evaluate the competence of a radiographic interpreter. There is no correlation between these images of slit phantoms and the ability to detect cracks or other linear features in an actual radiographic examination. The test procedure follows from work performed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology presented in NBS Technical Note 1143, issued June 1981.  
1.2 The visual acuity test set consists of five individual plates, each containing a series of radiographic images of 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) long slits in thin metal shims. The original radiographs used to prepare the illustrations were generated using various absorbers, geometric parameters (unsharpness, slit widths), and source parameters (kV, mA, time) to produce images of varying noise, contrast, and sharpness. Each radiographic image has a background density of 1.8 ± 0.15. The images are viewed in a radiographic interpretation environment as used for the evaluation of production radiographic films, for example, illuminators and background lighting as described in Guide E94 and Specification E1390, and without optical magnification.  
1.3 Each visual acuity test plate consists of 25 individual image areas. The images are arranged in 5 rows and 5 columns as shown in Fig. 1. Each image area is 2 in. x 2 in. (51 mm x 51 mm). All identification is on the back side of the plate. Each plate can be viewed from any of the four orientations (that is, it can be viewed with any of the four edges “up” on the illuminator). Since there are five different plates in the set, this makes for a total of 20 different patterns that can be viewed. The identification of whi...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Illustrations provided in this guide are intended for use as references to aid in interpreting film or nonfilm images resulting from x-ray examinations (see Table 1) to ascertain quality of assembly and workmanship.  
4.2 Required attributes of the design features or other construction details are not provided but are to be established as mutually agreed upon by manufacturers and users of these devices. Many devices share common assembly features; thus, these interpretations can be used for components not illustrated.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides illustrations of radiographs of semiconductors and related devices. Low powered transistors (through the TO-11 case configuration), diodes, low-power rectifiers, power devices, and integrated circuits are illustrated with common assembly features. Particular areas of construction are featured for these devices detailing critical points of design or assembly.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A key consideration with any radiographic system is its contrast resolution and spatial resolution capability (that is, sensitivity). The degree of obtainable sensitivity with a given system is dependent upon several radiographic parameters such as source energy level, film system class, type and thickness of intensifying screens, exposure (density), etc. This guide permits the user to estimate the degree of sensitivity that may be obtained with X-rays and cobalt-60 gamma rays when using a prescribed set of radiographic parameters. This guide may also be used in conjunction with Test Methods E746 or E1735 to provide a basis for developing data for evaluation of a user's specific system. This data may assist a user in determining appropriate parameters for obtaining desired degrees of radiographic system sensitivity. An alternate to this approach is the use of those adjunct radiographic illustrations detailed in Section 6.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide to obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensitivity covers the minimum penetrameter thicknesses for which the image of the 1T and 2T  holes is visible for a few practical radiographic conditions. The values represent near optimum sensitivity for flat steel plates. Radiographic conditions that give higher values of scatter buildup from the specimen or backscattered radiation at the image plane will give poorer sensitivity.  
1.2 Eight radiographs that illustrate sensitivities obtainable with practical radiographic systems are included as adjuncts to this guide and may be obtained from ASTM.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These digital reference images illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities that may be found in aluminum-alloy castings. The castings illustrated are in thicknesses of 1/ 4 in. [6.35 mm] and 3/4 in. [19.1mm].
1.2 All areas of this standard may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.
1.4 These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in aluminum-alloy castings when performing film radiography. If performing film radiography of aluminum-alloy castings, refer to Reference Radiographs E 155.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 Only licensed copies of the software and images shall be utilized for production inspection. A copy of the ASTM/User license agreement shall be kept on file for audit purposes.Note 1
The set of digital reference images consists of 13 digital files, software to load the desired format and specific instructions on the loading process. The 13 reference images illustrate eight grades of severity and contain an image of a step wedge and two line pair gauges. Refer to Practice E 2002 for line pair gauge details.Note 2
Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magnesium die castings up to 1 in. [25 mm] in thickness are contained in Reference Radiographs E 505.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These digital reference images are intended for reference only, but are designed such that acceptance standards, which may be developed for particular requirements, can be specified in terms of these digital reference images. The illustrations are digital images of castings that were produced under conditions designed to develop the discontinuities.
Applicability of Thickness Designations:
Clustered holes, scattered gas holes, scattered shrinkage cavity, centerline shrinkage
(1) The images of the ¼-in. (6.4-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 3/8-in. (9.5-mm). The images of the ½ -in. (12.7-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range of over 3/8-in. (9.5-mm), up to and including 5/8-in. (15.9-mm). The images of the ¾-in. (19.1-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range of over 5/8-in. (15.9-mm), up to and including 1-in. (25.4-mm).
Shrinkage Cavity:
(1) The images of the ½-in. (12.7-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 5/8-in. (15.9-mm). The images of the ¾ -in. (19.1-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range over 5/8-in. (15.9-mm) to 1-in. (25.4-mm).
Gas hole; foreign material, less dense; foreign material, more dense
(1) The images are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 1-in. (25.4-mm).
Image Deterioration—Many conditions can affect the appearance and functionality of digital reference images. For example, electrical interference, hardware incompatibilities, and corrupted files and drivers may affect their appearance. The Practice E2002 line pair gauges located in each digital reference image can be used as an aid to detect image deterioration by comparing the measured resolution using the gauges to the resolution stated on the digital reference image. Do not use the digital reference images if their appearance has been adversely affected such that the interpretation and use of t...
SCOPE
1.1 The digital reference images provided in the adjunct to this standard illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in titanium castings. Use of this standard for the specification or grading of castings requires procurement of the adjunct digital reference images, which illustrate the discontinuity types and severity levels. They are intended to provide the following:
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of titanium casting discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and degree through digital radiographic examination.
1.1.2 Example digital radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications and drawings.
1.2 The digital reference images consist of seventeen digital files each illustrating eight grades of increasing severity. The files illustrate seven common discontinuity types representing casting sections up to 1-in. (25.4-mm).
1.3 The reference radiographs were developed for casting sections up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) in thickness.
1.4 All areas of this standard may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.
Note 1—Each of the digital reference images contain an image of a step wedge and two duplex-wire gauges. Refer to Practice E2002 for wire pair details.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types or degrees of discontinuities when performing film radiography. If performing film radiography of titanium castings, refer to Reference Radiographs E1320.
1.7 This standard does no...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Illustrations provided in this guide are intended for use as references to aid in interpreting film or nonfilm images resulting from x-ray examinations (see Table 1) to ascertain quality of assembly and workmanship.
Required attributes of the design features or other construction details are not provided but are to be established as mutually agreed upon by manufacturers and users of these devices. Many devices share common assembly features; thus, these interpretations can be used for components not illustrated.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides illustrations of radiographs of semiconductors and related devices. Low powered transistors (through the TO-11 case configuration), diodes, low-power rectifiers, power devices, and integrated circuits are illustrated with common assembly features. Particular areas of construction are featured for these devices detailing critical points of design or assembly.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These digital reference images are intended for reference only, but are designed such that acceptance standards, which may be developed for particular requirements, can be specified in terms of these digital reference images. The illustrations are digital images of castings that were produced under conditions designed to develop the discontinuities.
Graded Discontinuities:
Gas holes, sponge shrinkage, dendritic shrinkage, less dense foreign material
(1) The images of the 1/8-in (3.2-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including ¼-in (6.3-mm). The images of the 3/8-in (9.5-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range of over ¼-in (6.4-mm), up to and including ½-in (12.7-mm). The images of the ¾ -in (19.1-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range of over ½-in (12.7-mm), up to and including 1-in. (25.4-mm).
Cavity Shrinkage, Filamentary Shrinkage:
(1) The images of the ¾-in (19.1-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 1-in. (25.4-mm).
Ungraded Discontinuities:
The images of the 3/8-in (9.5-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 1-in. (25.4-mm).
Image Deterioration—Many conditions can affect the appearance and functionality of digital reference images. For example, electrical interference, hardware incompatibilities, and corrupted files and drivers may affect their appearance. The Practice E2002 line pair gauges located in each digital reference image can be used as an aid to detect image deterioration by comparing the measured resolution using the gauges to the resolution stated on the digital reference image. Do not use the digital reference images if their appearance has been adversely affected such that the interpretation and use of the images could be influenced.
Agreement should be reached between cognizant engineering organization and the supplier that the system used by the supplier is cap...
SCOPE
1.1 The digital reference images provided in the adjunct to this standard illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in thin-wall steel investment castings. Use of this standard for the specification or grading of castings requires procurement of the adjunct digital reference images which illustrate the discontinuity types and severity levels. They are intended to provide the following:
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of thin-wall steel casting discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and degree through digital radiographic examination.
1.1.2 Example digital radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications and drawings.
1.2 Two illustration categories are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Graded—Six common discontinuity types each illustrated in eight degrees of progressively increasing severity.
1.2.2 Ungraded—Twelve single illustrations of additional discontinuity types and of patterns and imperfections not generally regarded as discontinuities.
1.3 The reference radiographs were developed for casting sections up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) in thickness.
1.4 All areas of this standard may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.
Note 1—The set of digital reference images consists of 16 digital files, software to load the desired format and specific instructions on the loading process. The 16 reference images illustrate eight grades of severity in six common discontinuity types and twelve ungraded discontinuities and contain an image of a step wedge and two duplex-wire gauges. Refer to Practice E2002 for wire pair details.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These radiographs are so designed that acceptance standards, which may be developed for particular requirements, can be specified in terms of these radiographs. The radiographs are of castings that were produced under conditions designed to produce the discontinuities. These reference radiographs are intended to be used for casting thickness ranges in accordance with Table 1.
The radiographic illustrations listed in Table 1 illustrate three types of discontinuities in four severity levels. Two ungraded illustrations have been included to establish the radiographic appearance of foreign material.
These reference radiographs were produced in accordance with Guide E94. All of the references are original radiographs.
Film Deterioration—Radiographic films are subject to wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the image deteriorates over time is a function of storage conditions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radiograph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in image quality over time. The radiographs should therefore be periodically examined for signs of wear and tear, including scratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radiographs which show signs of excessive wear and tear which could influence the interpretation and use of the radiographs should be replaced.
TABLE 1 Reference Radiographs for Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings   DiscontinuityPlate Thickness,
in. (mm)Applicable Casting Thickness,
in. (mm) Aluminum Die Castings Category A (Porosity)1/8 (3.2)up to 3/8 (9.5), incl Category A (Porosity)5/8 (15.9)over 3/8 to 1 (9.5 to 25.4), incl Category B (Cold fill)1/8 (3.2)up to 3/8 (9.5), incl Category C (Shrinkage)5/8 (15.9)over 3/8 to 1 (9.5 to 25.4), incl Category D (Foreign material)0.200 (5.08)up to 1 (25.4), incl Magnesium Die Castings Category A (Porosity)1/8 (3.2)up to 3/8 (9.5), incl Category A (Porosity)5/8 (15.9)over 3/8 to 1 (9.5 to 25.4), incl Category B (Cold fill)1/8 (3.2)up to 3/8 (9.5),...
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the categories and severity levels of discontinuities that may occur in aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy die castings. They are intended to provide:
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level through radiographic examination.
1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications, and drawings.
1.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 1—The set of reference radiographs consists of five 8½ by 11-in. cardboard frames containing radiographs covering discontinuities in aluminum and magnesium alloy die castings. The first four frames each contain two sets of four graded levels of increasing severity, while the last frame contains two ungraded radiographs. The 5 frames are contained in a 10 ½ by 11½ -in. ring binder.
Note 2—Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magnesium castings up to 2 in. (50 mm) in thickness are contained in ASTM Reference Radiographs E155, for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings, Volumes I and II.
1.2 Two kinds of illustration categories are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Graded—Three discontinuity categories for aluminum die castings and three discontinuity categories for magnesium die castings, each illustrated in four levels of progressively increasing severity. Category A discontinuities are illustrated for aluminum and magnesium die castings having thicknesses of 1/8in. (3.2 mm) and 5/8 in. (15.9 mm); Category B discontinuities are illustrated for 1/8-in. thick aluminum and magnesium die castings; and Category C discontinuities are illustrated for 5/8-in. thick aluminum and magnesium die castings...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These reference radiographs may be used as a means for establishing the types and severity levels of discontinuities that are revealed by radiographic examination of steel fusion welds.
Each volume contains illustrations of representative graded and ungraded discontinuities applicable to seven thickness ranges, as shown in Table 1. Table 2 lists the discontinuity types and severities illustrated for each thickness of base material. Each of the graded discontinuity types has five severity levels, 1 through 5 in order of increasing severity. The ungraded discontinuities are included for informational purposes.
These reference radiographs may be used in contractual specifications, for which agreement has been reached between purchaser and supplier, to establish acceptance limits of the types and severity levels of discontinuities revealed by radiographic examination.
The use of this document is not intended to be restricted to the specific energy levels given in Table 3 or to the thickness limits given in Table 1. This document may be used, where there is no other applicable document, for other energy levels or thicknesses, or both, for which it is found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between purchaser and manufacturer.
TABLE 1 Applicable Thickness Ranges   Illustration
Thickness,
in. (mm)Base Material Thickness Range,
in. (mm)A Vol I 0.030 (0.8)to and including 0.050 (1.2) 0.080 (2.0)over 0.050 (1.2) to and including 1/8 (3.2) 3/16 (4.8)over 1/8 (3.2) to and including ¼ (6.4) Vol II 3/8 (9.5)over ¼ (6.4) to and including ½ (13) ¾ (19)over ½ (13) to and including 1½ (38) 2 (51)over 1½ (38) to and including 3 (76) Vol III 5 (127)over 3.0 (76) to and including 8 (203)
A In the special cases of joining two members of unequal thickness, the standard applicable to the thinner member shall be used.
TABLE 2 Types of Discontinuities Illustrated for Each Thickness of Base Material   Discontinuity TypeBase Material Thickness and Gradi...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides reference radiographs for steel fusion welds that contain typical discontinuities with varying severity levels in different thicknesses of material. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this standard and must be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed.
1.2 There are three volumes of reference radiographs based on seven nominal weld thicknesses as follows:
Vol ISet of 16 plates (81/2 by 11 in.) covering base material up to and including ¼ in. (6.4 mm) in thickness.
Vol IISet of 29 plates (8½ by 11 in.) covering base material over ¼ to and including 3 in. (6.4 to 76 mm) in thickness.
Vol IIISet of 32 plates (8 ½ by 11 in.) covering base material over 3 to including 8 in. (76 to 203 mm) in thickness.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Use of these reference radiographs requires agreement between the using parties as to the acceptable level of each discontinuity type. Illustrations are provided for welds in 0.125-in. (3.2-mm) thick material and 0.50-in. (12.7-mm) thick material. These illustrations are intended to be representative of base material thicknesses up to 0.75 in. (19 mm). Use of these reference radiographs is not intended to be restricted to the specific energy level or the absolute thickness limits that are illustrated. These reference radiographs may be used, where there is no other applicable document, for other energy levels or thicknesses, or both, for which agreement has been reached between the purchaser and the manufacturer. Standard reference radiographs should be used in accordance with contractual specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types and severity levels of discontinuities in aluminum fusion welds that may be revealed by radiographic examination. These reference radiographs do not specify the acceptable level of these discontinuities, rather they provide a visual reference for communicating the acceptable level.
Note 1—The reference radiographs consist of a set of eight plates (8 ½ by 11 in. (22 by 28 cm)), covering base material up to and including 0.75 in. (19 mm) in thickness.  
1.2 These reference radiographs are based on two nominal weld thicknesses in wrought aluminum products and are applicable to the thickness ranges shown in Table 1. The welds were produced using base material plates of 6061 and 5083 alloys and 5356 and 4043 gas metal-arc (GMA) electrodes. These reference radiographs are intended for use in evaluating radiographs of welds in wrought aluminum products. They are not recommended for use with repair welds in cast materials; however, they are appropriate for use with assembly or fabrication welds. Reference radiographs for aluminum and magnesium castings are available in Reference Radiographs E155 and E505.
1.3 The adjunct contains illustrations of representative graded and ungraded discontinuities. Table 2 lists the discontinuity types and severities illustrated for each thickness of base material. Each of the graded discontinuity types has five severity levels, 1 through 5, in order of increasing severity. The ungraded discontinuities are included for informational purposes.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
TABLE 1 Applicable Thickness Ranges   Illustration Thickness,
in. (mm)Base Material Thickness, in. (mm) 0.125 (3.2)
0.50 (12.7) to and including 0.375 (9.5)
over 0.375 (9.5) to and including 0.75 (19)
TABLE 2 Types of Discontinuities Illustrated for Each Thickness of Base Material   Discontinuity TypeBase Material Thickness, in. (mm) and
Grading 0.125 (3.2)0.50 (12.7) Fine scattered porosityGrades 1 through 5 Grades 1 through 5 Coarse scattered porosity...Grades 1 through 5 Aligned porosityGrades 1 through 5Grades 1 through 5 Clustered porosity...Ungraded Incomplete penetrationUngraded Ungraded Tungsten inclusions...Ungraded UndercutUngradedUngraded Cracks (longitudinal and
transverse)UngradedUngraded Crater crack...Ungraded

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These radiographs are intended for reference only but are so designed that acceptance standards, which may be developed for particular requirements, can be specified in terms of these radiographs. The illustrations are radiographs of castings that were produced under conditions designed to develop the discontinuities. The radiographs of the 1/4-in. (6.35-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 1/2 in. (12.7 mm). The radiographs of the 3/4-in. (19.1-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range of over 1/2 in. to and including 2 in. (51 mm). The grouping and system of designations are based on considerations of the best practical means of making these reference radiographs of the greatest possible value.
Film DeteriorationRadiographic films are subject to wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the image deteriorates over time is a function of storage conditions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radiograph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in image quality over time. The radiographs should therefore be periodically examined for signs of wear and tear, including scratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radiographs which show signs of excessive wear and tear which could influence the interpretation and use of the radiographs should be replaced.
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities that may be found in aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy castings. The castings illustrated are in thicknesses of 1/4 in. (6.35 mm) and 3/4 in. (19.1 mm). The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed.
1.2 These film reference radiographs are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in aluminum-alloy castings when performing digital radiography. If performing digital radiography of aluminum-alloy castings, refer to Digital Reference Image Standard E2422. Magnesium-alloy digital reference images are not currently available from ASTM International.
1.3 This document may be used where no other applicable document exists, for other material thicknesses for which it has been found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—Vol I: The set of reference radiographs consists of 13 plates covering discontinuities in aluminum-alloy castings and 10 plates covering discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings. Each plate is held in an 81/2 by 11-in. (216 by 279-mm) cardboard frame and each plate illustrates eight grades of severity for the discontinuity in approximately a 2 by 2-in. (51 by 51-mm) area. The cardboard frames are contained in a 101/2 by 111/2-in. (267 by 292-mm) ring binder. The reference radiographs are not impacted by this revision. There have been no revisions to the adjunct reference radiographs since original issue. The adjunct reference radiographs of any issue remain valid and may be used to this standard.
Vol. II: The set of reference radiographs consists of four plates covering discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings only. Each plate is held in an 81/2 by 11-in. (216 by 279-mm) cardboard frame and illustrates eight grades of severity for the discontinuity (with the exception of discrete discontinuities, where only one example of each discontinuity is...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These reference radiographs are designed so that acceptance standards, which may be developed for particular requirements, can be specified in terms of these radiographs. The radiographs are of castings that were produced under conditions designed to produce the discontinuities. The reference radiographs are intended to be used for casting thickness ranges in accordance with Table 1 and Table 2.
SCOPE
1.1 The reference radiographs provided in the adjunct to this standard are reproductions of original radiographs and are supplied as a means for establishing some of the categories and severity levels of discontinuities in titanium castings that may be revealed by radiographic examination. Use of this standard for the specification or grading of castings requires procurement of the adjunct reference radiographs which illustrate the discontinuity types and severity levels. They should be used in accordance with contractual specifications.
Note 1—The original radiographs produced for Volume I were taken with X-rays in the range of 110 KV to 220 KV. The original radiographs produced for Volume II were taken with X-rays in the range of 200 K to 340 KV.
1.2 These film reference radiographs are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in titanium castings when performing digital radiography. If performing digital radiography of titanium castings, refer to Digital Reference Image Standard E2669.
1.3 These reference radiographs consist of two volumes. Volume I, described in Table 1, is applicable to a wall thickness of up to 1 in. (0 to 25.4 mm). Volume II, described in Table 2, is applicable to a wall thickness of over 1 in. to 2 in. (25.4 mm to 50.8 mm). The standard may be used, where there is no other applicable standard, for other thicknesses for which agreement has been reached between purchaser and manufacturer.
Note 2—The reference radiographs are not impacted by this revision. There have been no revisions to the adjunct reference radiographs since original issue. The adjunct reference radiographs of any issue remain valid and may be used to this standard.
1.4 The plates produced to serve for use in this standard were purposely cast to exhibit the desired discontinuity. The plates were cast using different processes as shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Hot isostatic pressing was not used on any of the plates.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A key consideration with any radiographic system is its capability to resolve detail (that is, sensitivity). The degree of obtainable sensitivity with a given system is dependent upon several radiographic parameters such as source energy level, film system, type and thickness of intensifying screens, and material thickness radiographed. These reference radiographs permit the user to estimate the degree of sensitivity change that may be obtained when these parameters are varied from a specific technique. This standard may also be used in conjunction with Test Method E1815 or with Test Method E746 to provide a basis for developing data for evaluation of a user's specific system. This data may assist a user in determining appropriate parameters for obtaining desired degrees of radiographic system sensitivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This document describes the appearance of a radiographic image where fundamental components of image quality are changed, that is, variables such as whether an X-ray or gamma ray source was used, the characteristics of the radiographic film and intensifying screens, and the geometrical configuration of the object under investigation as well as its associated radiographic set-up.
1.2 These reference radiographs consist of four composite illustrations and show how such factors as radiation energy, specimen thickness, and film properties affect the radiographic image. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM if needed.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These reference radiographs, along with the referenced applicable steel casting standards (Reference Radiographs E186 and E446), are supplied as a means of establishing categories and severity levels of common internal discontinuity types in gray iron castings subjected to radiographic examination. They may be used in accordance with contractual specifications as agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.
The use of this standard is not intended to be restricted to the specific energy level or to the absolute thickness limits that are contained in this standard title. The title is intended to be descriptive and not restrictive. This document may be used, where there is no other applicable document, for other energy levels or thicknesses, or both, for which it is found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between purchaser and supplier.
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs for gray iron castings consist of one set of illustrations of centerline shrinkage with severity levels 1 to 5 using three radiation source types as follows:
1.1.1 Volume I: Medium Voltage (nominal 250 kVp) X-Ray Reference Radiographs—Set of 5 severity levels in a 15 by 17 in. folder.
1.1.2 Volume II: Iridium-192 Reference Radiographs—Set of 5 severity levels in a 15 by 17 in. folder.
1.1.3 Volume III: Cobalt-60 Reference Radiographs—Set of 5 severity levels in a 15 by 17 in. folder.
Note 1—The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 The reference radiographs provided in the adjunct to this standard illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in thin-wall steel investment castings. Use of this standard for the specification or grading of castings requires procurement of the adjunct reference radiographs which illustrate the discontinuity types and severity levels. They are intended to provide the following:
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of thin-wall steel casting discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and degree through radiographic examination.
1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications and drawings.
1.2 Two illustration categories are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Graded—Six common discontinuity types each illustrated in eight degrees of progressively increasing severity.  
1.2.2 Ungraded—Twelve single illustrations of additional discontinuity types and of patterns and imperfections not generally regarded as discontinuities.
1.3 The reference radiographs were developed for casting sections up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) in thickness.
1.4 This document may be used where there is no other applicable document existing or for other material thicknesses for which it is found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between the purchaser and manufacturer.
Note 1—The set of reference radiographs, produced with X-rays in the range from 130 to 250 kVp, consist of 16 plates (81/2 by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm)) in a 9 ¾ by 11½ -in. (248 by 292-mm) ring binder.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Graded reference radiographs are intended to provide a guide enabling recognition of specific casting discontinuity types and relative severity levels that may be encountered during typical fabrication processes. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels may not be needed. These reference radiographs are intended as a basis from which manufacturers and purchasers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity classes to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections 6 and 7).
Reference radiographs represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses or both outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application. Severity levels of similar discontinuity categories and energy level range of E446 or E280 reference radiographs may alternatively be used, as determined appropriate for the casting service application, if so agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement (see Section 1 and 5.1).
Procedures for evaluation of production radiographs using applicable reference radiographs of this standard are prescribed in Section 8; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be specifically called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. Section 9 addresses purchaser supplier requisites where weld repairs to castings may be required.
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various categories, types and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thicknesses of 2 to less than 4½ in. (50.8 to 114 mm). The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.2). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.2.1. Note that the basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser/supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion as described in Sections 4, 6, and 7 of this standard. Reference radiographs for other steel casting thicknesses may be found in Reference Radiograph standards E446 and E280. Reference Radiograph standards E446 and E280 provide some overlap of severity levels for similar discontinuity categories within the same energy level range (see 4.2, 5.1, and 6.3)
1.2 These reference radiographs consist of three separate volumes as follows:
1.2.1 Volume I: 1–MV X Rays and Iridium 192 (called “1 to 2–Mev X rays” in previous editions)-Set of 28 plates (nominal 5 by 8 in. (127 by 203 mm) in a 15 by 17 in. (381 by 432 mm) ring binder).
1.2.2 Volume II: 2–MV X Rays and Cobalt-60 (called “gamma rays” in previous editions). This includes cobalt-60 or equivalent isotope radiation and from 2–MV up to 4–MV X rays- Set of 28 plates (nominal 5 by 8 in.) in a 15 by 17 in. ring binder.
1.2.3 Volume III: 4–MV to 30–MV X rays (called “10 to 24 Mev X rays” in previous editions)- Set of 28 plates (nominal 5 by 8 in.) in a 15 by 17 in. ring binder.
1.2.4 Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each volume is for comparison only with production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by this standard. Each volume consists of three categories of graded discontinuities in increasing severity levels, and three categories of ungraded discontinuities. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Reference radiographs for high-strength copper-base and nickel-copper alloy castings are intended to be used as a guide to the recognition of common discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level. Discontinuity types most common to these alloys are illustrated. Other discontinuity types such as hot tears, cracks and unfused chaplets are illustrated in applicable Reference Radiographs E186, E192, and E446. For reference, descriptions of typical casting defects and corresponding radiographic indication types are contained in Section 5. Purchasers and suppliers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity classes (see 1.2) to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability. (See Sections 7 and 8.)
Reference radiographs represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses or both outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application.
Procedures for evaluation of production radiographs using applicable reference radiographs of this standard are prescribed in Section 9; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. Section 10 addresses purchaser supplier requisites where weld repairs may be required.
The following ASTM specifications illustrate alloys that may be used with these standards. It is intended that these reference radiographs also apply to related government and commercial material specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in high-strength copper-base, nickel-copper, and related alloy castings. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.3). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.2.
Note 1—The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion described in Sections 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10 of this standard.
1.2 These reference radiographs consist of forty-five 5 by 7-in. (127 by 178-mm) nominal size reproductions (twenty made from 1-in. (25.4-mm) plate castings exposed with low voltage X-rays for thicknesses up to and including 2 in.) and twenty-five made from 3-in. (76-mm) plate castings exposed with 2 MV X-rays or Cobalt 60 isotope for thicknesses greater than 2 in. up to and including 6 in. Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each discontinuity category is for comparison only with production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by the category. These reference radiographs illustrate discontinuities in sand-cast manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze-alloy plates and are representative of those found in narrow freezing range (formerly “high shrinkage”), high-strength copper and nickel-copper alloys. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types and severity levels for the adjunct reference radiographs of this standard (see Note 2):

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These digital reference images are intended for reference only, but are designed such that acceptance standards, which may be developed for particular requirements, can be specified in terms of these digital reference images. The illustrations are digital images of castings that were produced under conditions designed to develop the discontinuities.
Applicability of Thickness Designations:
Clustered holes, scattered gas holes, scattered shrinkage cavity, centerline shrinkage
(1) The images of the ¼-in. (6.4-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 3/8-in. (9.5-mm). The images of the ½ -in. (12.7-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range of over 3/8-in. (9.5-mm), up to and including 5/8-in. (15.9-mm). The images of the ¾-in. (19.1-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range of over 5/8-in. (15.9-mm), up to and including 1-in. (25.4-mm).
Shrinkage Cavity:
(1) The images of the ½-in. (12.7-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 5/8-in. (15.9-mm). The images of the ¾ -in. (19.1-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range over 5/8-in. (15.9-mm) to 1-in. (25.4-mm).
Gas hole; foreign material, less dense; foreign material, more dense
(1) The images are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 1-in. (25.4-mm).
Image Deterioration—Many conditions can affect the appearance and functionality of digital reference images. For example, electrical interference, hardware incompatibilities, and corrupted files and drivers may affect their appearance. The Practice E2002 line pair gauges located in each digital reference image can be used as an aid to detect image deterioration by comparing the measured resolution using the gauges to the resolution stated on the digital reference image. Do not use the digital reference images if their appearance has been adversely affected such that the interpretation and use of t...
SCOPE
1.1 The digital reference images provided in the adjunct to this standard illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in titanium castings. Use of this standard for the specification or grading of castings requires procurement of the adjunct digital reference images, which illustrate the discontinuity types and severity levels. They are intended to provide the following:
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of titanium casting discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and degree through digital radiographic examination.
1.1.2 Example digital radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications and drawings.
1.2 The digital reference images consist of seventeen digital files each illustrating eight grades of increasing severity. The files illustrate seven common discontinuity types representing casting sections up to 1-in. (25.4-mm).
1.3 The reference radiographs were developed for casting sections up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) in thickness.
1.4 All areas of this standard may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.
Note 1—Each of the digital reference images contain an image of a step wedge and two duplex-wire gauges. Refer to Practice E2002 for wire pair details.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types or degrees of discontinuities when performing film radiography. If performing film radiography of titanium castings, refer to Reference Radiographs E1320.
1.7 This standard does no...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Graded reference radiographs are intended to provide a guide enabling recognition of specific casting discontinuity types and relative severity levels that may be encountered during typical fabrication processes. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels may not be needed. These reference radiographs are intended as a basis from which manufacturers and purchasers may, by mutual agreement, select particular workmanship classes to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections 6 and 7).
Reference radiographs represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses or both outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application. Overlapping severity levels of similar discontinuity categories and energy level range of E186 reference radiographs may alternatively be used, as determined appropriate for the casting service application, if so agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 5.1).
Procedures for evaluation of production radiographs using applicable reference radiographs of this standard are prescribed in Section 8; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be specifically called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. Section 9 addresses purchaser supplier requisites where weld repairs may be required.
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thicknesses of 4 ½ to 12 in. (114 to 305 mm). The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.2). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.2.
Note 1—The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion as described in Sections 4, 6, and 7 of this standard. Reference radiographs for other steel casting thicknesses may be found in Reference Radiograph standards E446 and E186. Reference radiograph E186 provides some overlap of severity levels for similar discontinuity categories within the same energy level range (see 4.2, 5.1, and 6.3).
1.2 These reference radiographs consist of two separate volumes as follows
1.2.1 Volume I: 2-MV X-rays and Cobalt-60—This includes cobalt-60 or equivalent isotope radiation and from 2-MV up to 4-MV X-rays. Set of 28 plates in 8½ by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm) ring binders.
1.2.2 Volume II: 4-MV to 30-MV X-rays—Set of 28 plates in 8 1/2 by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm) ring binders.
1.2.3 Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each volume is for comparison only with production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by this standard. Each volume consists of three categories of graded discontinuities in increasing severity levels, and three categories of ungraded discontinuities. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types and severity levels for the adjunct reference radiographs of this standard:
1.2.3.1 Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.3.2 Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.3.3 Category C—S...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These digital reference images are intended for reference only, but are designed such that acceptance standards, which may be developed for particular requirements, can be specified in terms of these digital reference images. The illustrations are digital images of castings that were produced under conditions designed to develop the discontinuities.
Graded Discontinuities:
Gas holes, sponge shrinkage, dendritic shrinkage, less dense foreign material
(1) The images of the 1/8-in (3.2-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including ¼-in (6.3-mm). The images of the 3/8-in (9.5-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range of over ¼-in (6.4-mm), up to and including ½-in (12.7-mm). The images of the ¾ -in (19.1-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range of over ½-in (12.7-mm), up to and including 1-in. (25.4-mm).
Cavity Shrinkage, Filamentary Shrinkage:
(1) The images of the ¾-in (19.1-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 1-in. (25.4-mm).
Ungraded Discontinuities:
The images of the 3/8-in (9.5-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 1-in. (25.4-mm).
Image Deterioration—Many conditions can affect the appearance and functionality of digital reference images. For example, electrical interference, hardware incompatibilities, and corrupted files and drivers may affect their appearance. The Practice E2002 line pair gauges located in each digital reference image can be used as an aid to detect image deterioration by comparing the measured resolution using the gauges to the resolution stated on the digital reference image. Do not use the digital reference images if their appearance has been adversely affected such that the interpretation and use of the images could be influenced.
Agreement should be reached between cognizant engineering organization and the supplier that the system used by the supplier is cap...
SCOPE
1.1 The digital reference images provided in the adjunct to this standard illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in thin-wall steel investment castings. Use of this standard for the specification or grading of castings requires procurement of the adjunct digital reference images which illustrate the discontinuity types and severity levels. They are intended to provide the following:
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of thin-wall steel casting discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and degree through digital radiographic examination.
1.1.2 Example digital radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications and drawings.
1.2 Two illustration categories are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Graded—Six common discontinuity types each illustrated in eight degrees of progressively increasing severity.
1.2.2 Ungraded—Twelve single illustrations of additional discontinuity types and of patterns and imperfections not generally regarded as discontinuities.
1.3 The reference radiographs were developed for casting sections up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) in thickness.
1.4 All areas of this standard may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.
Note 1—The set of digital reference images consists of 16 digital files, software to load the desired format and specific instructions on the loading process. The 16 reference images illustrate eight grades of severity in six common discontinuity types and twelve ungraded discontinuities and contain an image of a step wedge and two duplex-wire gauges. Refer to Practice E2002 for wire pair details.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Graded reference radiographs are intended to provide a guide enabling recognition of specific casting discontinuity types and relative severity levels that may be encountered during typical fabrication processes. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. These reference radiographs are intended as a basis from which manufacturers and purchasers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity classes to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections 6 and 7).
Reference radiographs represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses or both outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application. Severity levels of similar discontinuity categories and energy level range of E186 reference radiographs may alternatively be used, as determined appropriate for the casting service application, if so agreed upon in the purchaser supplier agreement (see Note 2 and 5.1).
Procedures for evaluation of production radiographs using applicable reference radiographs of this standard are prescribed in Section 8; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be specifically called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. Section 9 addresses purchaser supplier requisites for where weld repairs may be required.
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thicknesses up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) (see Note 2). The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this standard and must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.2). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.2.
Note 1—The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion as described in Sections 4, 6, and 7 of this standard.
Note 2—Reference radiographs previously used for this thickness range carried the designation E71, but included a now rarely used gamma source, that is, radium. The current document is also updated by inclusion of several recognized shrinkage or C categories and by elimination of the crack and hot tear categories except for one example of each of these discontinuity types. Reference radiographs for thicker sections may be found in Reference Radiograph standards E186 and E280. Reference Radiograph standards E446 and E186 provide some overlap of severity levels for similar discontinuity categories within the same energy level range (see 4.2, 5.1, and 6.3).
1.2 These reference radiographs consist of three separate volumes (see Note 3) as follows: (I) medium voltage (nominal 250-kV) X rays. (II) 1-MV X rays and Iridium-192 radiation, and (III) 2-MV to 4-MV X rays and cobalt-60 radiation. Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each volume is for comparison only with production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by this standard. Each volume consists of six categories of graded discontinuities of increasing severity level and four categories of ungraded discontinuities. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types and se...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The casting process has demonstrated radiographic similarities between internal discontinuities for ductile cast iron and cast steel to the extent that the reference radiographs for steel castings are applicable. The exact application and usage of discontinuity classifications contained within steel casting reference radiographs must, however, give consideration to the differences in material properties between cast steel and ductile cast iron. In some applications, reference radiographs for steel castings may not be entirely applicable to ductile cast iron material dependent upon design or other usage criteria.
When employing steel casting reference radiographs to evaluate ductile iron castings, the applicable E446, E186, or E280 steel casting written standard shall also be used for specific guidance and evaluation procedures.
These reference radiographs are intended as a basis from which manufacturers and purchasers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity classes to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability. Reference radiographs represented by these steel casting standards may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for radiation energy levels, thicknesses or both outside the range of these standards when determined applicable for the casting service application
SCOPE
1.1 This standard extends the application of steel casting reference radiographs E446, E186, and E280 to ductile iron castings when determined appropriate for specific applications (see Section 4).
1.2 The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to E446, E186, or E280, and must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.1). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described within each applicable standard above.
Note 1—The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion as described in Sections 4, 5, and 6 of this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Reference radiographs for tin bronze and related alloy castings are intended to be used as a guide to the recognition of common discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level. Discontinuity types most common to these alloys are illustrated. For reference, descriptions of typical casting defects and corresponding radiographic indication types are contained in Section 5. Purchasers and suppliers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity categories (see 1.2) to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections 7 and 8).
Reference radiographs represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses or both outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application. Section 10 addresses purchaser supplier requisites where weld repairs may be required.
Procedures for evaluation of production radiographs using applicable reference radiographs of this standard are prescribed in Section 9; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document.
The following ASTM specifications illustrate alloys covered by these standards; however, it is intended that these reference radiographs also apply to related government and commercial material specifications:

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A key consideration with any radiographic system is its capability to resolve detail (that is, sensitivity). The degree of obtainable sensitivity with a given system is dependent upon several radiographic parameters such as source energy level, film type, type and thickness of intensifying screens, exposure (density), etc. This guide permits the user to estimate the degree of sensitivity that may be obtained with X rays and cobalt-60 gamma rays when using a prescribed set of radiographic parameters. This guide may also be used in conjunction with Test Method E 746 to provide a basis for developing data for evaluation of a user's specific system. This data may assist a user in determining appropriate parameters for obtaining desired degrees of radiographic system sensitivity. An alternate to this approach is the use of those adjunct radiographic illustrations detailed in Section 6.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide to obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensitivity covers the minimum penetrameter thicknesses for which the image of the 1T and 2T  holes is visible for a few practical radiographic conditions. The values represent near optimum sensitivity for flat steel plates. Radiographic conditions that give higher values of scatter buildup from the specimen or backscattered radiation at the image plane will give poorer sensitivity.
1.2 Eight radiographs that illustrate sensitivities obtainable with practical radiographic systems are included as adjuncts to this guide and may be obtained from ASTM.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This standard can be used to establish acceptance criteria for weld soundness based on the procedures and reference radiographs of ASTM E 390. The grades specified in this standard, while applicable for general examination use for the materials and thicknesses indicated, may not be suitable for all applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers requirements for radiographic examination for soundness of welds in fabricated steel by comparison to selected severity levels of Reference Radiographs E 390, Vol II. The base material varies from greater than 0.25 to 3 in. (6.4–76 mm) inclusive in thickness. Volume II is applicable. This standard is not suitable for shipyard use.
Note 1—This standard was adopted to replace Mil-Std. 1264-B entitled “Radiographic Inspection For Soundness of Welds In Steel By Comparison To Graded ASTM E 390 Reference Radiographs,” dated 18 January, 1989. This standard is intended to be used for the same applications as the document which it replaced. Users should carefully review its requirements when considering the standard's use for new and/or different applications.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This reference radiograph covers a series of test targets suitable for evaluating, quantifying, and documenting performance parameters of the radiographic digitization process or the electronic image reconstruction process, or both. This reference radiograph can be used for visual and electronic analysis of digitization systems. This is the first of three related standards. Subsequent standards will provide guidance on the use of the test targets and recommended system performance levels
1.2 This reference radiograph provides a series of test targets to provide a vehicle for the evaluation of spatial resolution, density contrast sensitivity, dynamic range, and spatial linearity as well as other aspects of a digitization system. The test targets are suitable for evaluating a digitization system with a spatial resolution down to ∼1/1000 in. [25 micrometres (μ)] a density contrast sensitivity down to 0.02 optical density (OD), a density range of 0.5 to 4.5 OD, and a film size capacity of 14 in. [355 mm] wide by 17 in. [431 mm] long.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard, with the exception of the spatial resolution targets (6.2 and 6.7) which are stated in SI units.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Illustrations provided in this guide are intended for use as references to aid in interpreting film or nonfilm images resulting from x-ray examinations (see Table 1) to ascertain quality of assembly and workmanship.
Required attributes of the design features or other construction details are not provided but are to be established as mutually agreed upon by manufacturers and users of these devices. Many devices share common assembly features; thus, these interpretations can be used for components not illustrated.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides illustrations of radiographs of semiconductors and related devices. Low powered transistors (through the TO-11 case configuration), diodes, low-power rectifiers, power devices, and integrated circuits are illustrated with common assembly features. Particular areas of construction are featured for these devices detailing critical points of design or assembly.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types and severity levels of discontinuities in aluminum fusion welds that may be revealed by radiographic examination. These reference radiographs do not specify the acceptable level of these discontinuities, rather they provide a visual reference for communicating the acceptable level. Note 1The reference radiographs consist of a set of eight plates (81 /2 by 11 in. (22 by 28 cm)), covering base material up to and including 0.75 in. (19 mm) in thickness.
1.2 These reference radiographs are based on two nominal weld thicknesses in wrought aluminum products and are applicable to the thickness ranges shown in Table 1. The welds were produced using base material plates of 6061 and 5083 alloys and 5356 and 4043 gas metal-arc (GMA) electrodes. These reference radiographs are intended for use in evaluating radiographs of welds in wrought aluminum products. They are not recommended for use with repair welds in cast materials; however, they are appropriate for use with assembly or fabrication welds. Reference radiographs for aluminum and magnesium castings are available in Reference Radiographs E 155 and E 505.
1.3 The adjunct contains illustrations of representative graded and ungraded discontinuities. Table 2 lists the discontinuity types and severities illustrated for each thickness of base material. Each of the graded discontinuity types has five severity levels, 1 through 5, in order of increasing severity. The ungraded discontinuities are included for informational purposes.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the categories and severity levels of discontinuities that may occur in aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy die castings. They are intended to provide:
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level through radiographic examination.
1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications, and drawings.
1.1.3 The values stated in inch-pounds are to be regarded as standard. Note 1
The set of reference radiographs consists of five 81/2 by 11-in. cardboard frames containing radiographs covering discontinuities in aluminum and magnesium alloy die castings. The first four frames each contain two sets of four graded levels of increasing severity, while the last frame contains two ungraded radiographs. The 5 frames are contained in a 101/2 by 111/2-in. ring binder.Note 2
Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magnesium castings up to 2 in. (50 mm) in thickness are contained in ASTM Reference Radiographs E 155, for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings, Volumes I and II.
1.2 Two kinds of illustration categories are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Graded - Three discontinuity categories for aluminum die castings and three discontinuity categories for magnesium die castings, each illustrated in four levels of progressively increasing severity. Category A discontinuities are illustrated for aluminum and magnesium die castings having thicknesses of 1/8in. (3.2 mm) and 5/8 in. (15.9 mm); Category B discontinuities are illustrated for 1/ 8-in. thick aluminum and magnesium die castings; and Category C discontinuities are illustrated for 5/8-in. thick aluminum and magnesium die castings.
1.2.2 Ungraded - One illustration of one discontinuity for 0.20-in. (5.1-mm) thickness aluminum die casting; and one illustration of one discontinuity for 1/8-in. (3.2-mm) thickness magnesium die casting.
1.3 This document may be used for other materials, thicknesses, or with other energy levels for which it has been found to be applicable and agreement has been reached between the purchaser and manufacturer.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides reference radiographs for steel fusion welds that contain typical discontinuities with varying severity levels in different thicknesses of material. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this standard and must be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed.
1.2 There are three volumes of reference radiographs based on seven nominal weld thicknesses as follows:
Vol I-Set of 16 plates (81/2 by 11 in.) covering base material up to and including 1/4 in. [6.4 mm] in thickness.
Vol II-Set of 29 plates (81/2 by 11 in.) covering base material over 1/4 to and including 3 in. [6.4 to 76 mm] in thickness.
Vol III-Set of 32 plates (8 1/2 by 11 in.) covering base material over 3 to including 8 in. [76 to 203 mm] in thickness.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This document describes the appearance of a radiographic image where fundamental components of image quality are changed, that is, variables such as whether an X-ray or gamma ray source was used, the characteristics of the radiographic film and intensifying screens, and the geometrical configuration of the object under investigation as well as its associated radiographic set-up.
1.2 These reference radiographs consist of four composite illustrations and show how such factors as radiation energy, specimen thickness, and film properties affect the radiographic image. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM if needed.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities that may be found in aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy castings. The castings illustrated are in thicknesses of 1/4 in. [6.35 mm] and 3/4 in. [19.1 mm]. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed.
1.2 These film reference radiographs are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in aluminum-alloy castings when performing digital radiography. If performing digital radiography of aluminum-alloy castings, refer to Digital Refererence Image Standard E 2422. Magnesium-alloy digital reference images are not currently available from ASTM International.
1.3 This document may be used where no other applicable document exists, for other material thicknesses for which it has been found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—Vol I:The set of reference radiographs consists of 13 plates covering discontinuities in aluminum-alloy castings and 10 plates covering discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings. Each plate is held in an 81/2 by 11-in. [216 by 279-mm] cardboard frame and each plate illustrates eight grades of severity for the discontinuity in approximately a 2 by 2-in. [51 by 51-mm] area. The cardboard frames are contained in a 101/2 by 111/2-in. [267 by 292-mm] ring binder.
Vol. II: The set of reference radiographs consists of four plates covering discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings only. Each plate is held in an 81/2 by 11-in. [216 by 279-mm] cardboard frame and illustrates eight grades of severity for the discontinuity (with the exception of discrete discontinuities, where only one example of each discontinuity is given).
Note 2—Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magnesium die castings up to 1 in. [25 mm] in thickness are contained in Reference Radiographs E 505.

SCOPE
1.1 These digital reference images illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities that may be found in aluminum-alloy castings. The castings illustrated are in thicknesses of 1/ 4 in. [6.35 mm] and 3/4 in. [19.1mm].
1.2 All areas of this standard may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.
1.4 These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in aluminum-alloy castings when performing film radiography. If performing film radiography of aluminum-alloy castings, refer to Reference Radiographs E 155.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 Only licensed copies of the software and images shall be utilized for production inspection. A copy of the ASTM/User license agreement shall be kept on file for audit purposes.Note 1
The set of digital reference images consists of 13 digital files, software to load the desired format and specific instructions on the loading process. The 13 reference images illustrate eight grades of severity and contain an image of a step wedge and two line pair gauges. Refer to Practice E 2002 for line pair gauge details.Note 2
Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magnesium die castings up to 1 in. [25 mm] in thickness are contained in Reference Radiographs E 505.

SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities that may be found in aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy castings. The castings illustrated are in thicknesses of 1/4 in. [6.35 mm] and 3/4 in. [19.1 mm]. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed.
1.2 This document may be used where no other applicable document exists, for other material thicknesses for which it has been found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Vol I: The set of reference radiographs consists of 13 plates covering discontinuities in aluminum-alloy castings and 10 plates covering discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings. Each plate is held in an 81/2 by 11-in. [216 by 279-mm] cardboard frame and each plate illustrates eight grades of severity for the discontinuity in approximately a 2 by 2-in. [51 by 51-mm] area. The cardboard frames are contained in a 101/2 by 111/2-in. [267 by 292-mm] ring binder.
Vol. II: The set of reference radiographs consists of four plates covering discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings only. Each plate is held in an 81/2 by 11-in. [216 by 279-mm] cardboard frame and illustrates eight grades of severity for the discontinuity (with the exception of discrete discontinuities, where only one example of each discontinuity is given).
Note 1
Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magnesium die castings up to 1 in. [25 mm] in thickness are contained in Reference Radiographs E 505.

SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs for gray iron castings consist of one set of illustrations of centerline shrinkage with severity levels 1 to 5 using three radiation source types as follows:  
1.1.1 Volume I: Medium Voltage (nominal 250 kVp) X-Ray Reference Radiographs -Set of 5 severity levels in a 15 by 17 in. folder.  
1.1.2 Volume II: Iridium-192 Reference Radiographs Set of 5 severity levels in a 15 by 17 in. folder.  
1.1.3 Volume III: Cobalt-60 Reference Radiographs -Set of 5 severity levels in a 15 by 17 in. folder.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs are reproductions of original radiographs and are supplied as a means for establishing some of the categories and severity levels of discontinuities in titanium castings that may be revealed by radiographic examination. The title is intended to be descriptive and not restrictive. The document may be used, where there is no other applicable document, for other energy levels, thicknesses, or both, for which agreement has been reached between purchaser and manufacturer. They should be used in accordance with contractual specifications.
Note 1--The original radiographs produced for Volume I were taken with x-rays in the range of 110 KV to 220 KV. The original radiographs produced for Volume II were taken with x-rays in the range of 200 K to 340 KV.
1.2 These reference radiographs consist of two volumes. Volume I, described in Table 1 , is applicable to a wall thickness of up to 1 in. (0 to 25.4 mm). Volume II, described in Table 2 , is applicable to a wall thickness of over 1 in. to 2 in. (25.4 mm to 50.8 mm).
1.3 The plates produced to serve for use in this standard were purposely cast to exhibit the desired discontinuity. The plates were cast using different processes as shown in Table 1 and Table 2 . Hot isostatic pressing was not used on any of the plates.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for informational purposes only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A key consideration with any radiographic system is its capability to resolve detail (that is, sensitivity). The degree of obtainable sensitivity with a given system is dependent upon several radiographic parameters such as source energy level, film type, type and thickness of intensifying screens, exposure (density), etc. This guide permits the user to estimate the degree of sensitivity that may be obtained with X rays and cobalt-60 gamma rays when using a prescribed set of radiographic parameters. This guide may also be used in conjunction with Test Method E 746 to provide a basis for developing data for evaluation of a user’specific system. This data may assist a user in determining appropriate parameters for obtaining desired degrees of radiographic system sensitivity. An alternate to this approach is the use of those adjunct radiographic illustrations detailed in Section 6.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide to obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensitivity covers the minimum penetrameter thicknesses for which the image of the 1T and 2T  holes is visible for a few practical radiographic conditions. The values represent near optimum sensitivity for flat steel plates. Radiographic conditions that give higher values of scatter buildup from the specimen or backscattered radiation at the image plane will give poorer sensitivity.
1.2 Eight radiographs that illustrate sensitivities obtainable with practical radiographic systems are included as adjuncts to this guide and may be obtained from ASTM.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in brackets are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs are reproductions of original radiographs and illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in tin bronze and related types of alloys. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed. They are intended to provide the following:
1.1.1 A guide to the recognition of common discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level.
1.1.2 A standard nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications and drawings.
1.1.3 A source of reference radiographs from which manufacturers and purchasers may, by mutual agreement, select particular radiographs to serve as standards representing minimum acceptability. The standards so established are identified by an alphabetic defect type and severity level (or class) designation.
1.2 The original radiographs are of discontinuities in sand cast 88:8:4 Cu-Sn-Zn, "G" type, bronze alloy plates. These discontinuities are representative of those found in wide solidification range copper-tin base alloys. The following ASTM specifications illustrate alloys covered by these standards; however, it is intended that these reference radiographs also apply to related Government and commercial material specifications:Valve bronze castingsB 61Composition bronze or ounce metal castings B 62Tin bronze sand castingsB 584Leaded red brass sand castingsB 584Copper-base alloy centrifugal castings (as applicable)B 271 Similar to MIL-B-16541.
Similar to MIL-B-16444.
1.3 The discontinuity types and severity levels represented by the reference radiographs are shown in , which also indicates the code designation for each discontinuity type.
1.4 The use of this document is not intended to be restricted to the specific energy level or to the absolute thickness limits that are contained in the document title. The title is intended to be descriptive and not restrictive. The document may be used, where there is no other applicable document, for other energy levels or thicknesses, or both, for which it is found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between purchaser and manufacturer.Note 1The reference radiographs consist of twenty-two 21/2 by 51/2-in. [63.5 by 139.7-mm] radiograph reproductions of low voltage X rays. Fifteen of these were made with newly developed 1-in. [25.4 mm] plate castings and seven were made with 3/4-in. plate castings used originally for documents NAVSHIPS 250-537-1 and -2. The new plate castings cover Gas Porosity, Linear Shrinkage, and Feathery Shrinkage discontinuity types.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in high-strength copper-base, nickel-copper, and related types of alloys.  
1.2 These reference radiographs are reproductions of original radiographs that contain indications of discontinuities in sand-cast manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze-alloy plates. These discontinuities are representative of those found in high-shrinkage, high-strength copper and nickel-copper alloys.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 The reference radiographs provided in the adjunct to this standard illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in thin-wall steel investment castings. Use of this standard for the specification or grading of castings requires procurement of the adjunct reference radiographs which illustrate the discontinuity types and severity levels. They are intended to provide the following:
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of thin-wall steel casting discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and degree through radiographic examination.
1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications and drawings.
1.2 Two illustration categories are covered as follows:
1.2.1 GradedSix common discontinuity types each illustrated in eight degrees of progressively increasing severity.
1.2.2 UngradedTwelve single illustrations of additional discontinuity types and of patterns and imperfections not generally regarded as discontinuities.
1.3 The reference radiographs were developed for casting sections up to 1 in. [25.4 mm] in thickness.
1.4 This document may be used where there is no other applicable document existing or for other material thicknesses for which it is found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between the purchaser and manufacturer. Note 1The set of reference radiographs, produced with X-rays in the range from 130 to 250 kVp, consist of 16 plates (81 /2 by 11 in. [216 by 279 mm]) in a 93 /4 by 111/2-in. [248 by 292-mm] ring binder.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This radiograph covers requirements for radiographic examination for soundness of welds in fabricated steel by comparison to selected severity levels of Reference Radiographs E 390, Vol II. The base material varies from greater than 0.25 to 3 in. (6.4-76 mm) inclusive in thickness. Volume II is applicable. This radiograph is not suitable for shipyard use.
Note 1- When coordinated through the Department of Defense (DOD), this radiograph is intended as a direct replacement for Mil-Std 1264-B.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs for heavy-walled steel castings are applicable to nominal section thicknesses of 2 to 4 ½ in. [51 to 114 mm] and consists of three separate sets as follows:
1.1.1 Volume 1: 1-MV X Rays and Iridium 192 (called "1 to 2-Mev X rays" in previous editions)-Set of 28 plates (5 by 8 in. [127 by 203 mm] in a 15 by 17 in. [381 by 432 mm] ring binder).
1.1.2 Volume 2: 2-MV X Rays and Cobalt-60 (called "gamma rays" in previous editions). This includes cobalt-60 or equivalent isotope radiation and from 2-MV up to 4-MV X rays- Set of 28 plates (5 by 8 in.) in a 15 by 17 in. ring binder.
1.1.3 Volume 3: 4-MV to 30-MV X rays (called "10 to 24 Mev X rays" in previous editions)- Set of 28 plates (5 by 8 in.) in a 15 by 17 in. ring binder.
1.1.4 Each set consists of three categories of graded discontinuities in increasing severity levels, and three categories of ungraded discontinuities furnished as examples only, as follows:Category A
Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5.Category B
Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5.Category C
Shrinkage; three types:
(1) Type 1- Severity levels 1 through 5.
(2) Type 2- Severity levels 1 through 5.
(3) Type 3- Severity levels 1 through 5.Category D
Crack; one illustration D3 in pre-1972 documents.Category E
Hot tear; one illustration in pre-1972 documents.Category F
Insert; one illustration EB3 in pre-1972 documents.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs for heavy-walled steel castings are applicable to nominal section thicknesses of 4 ½ to 12 in. [114 to 305 mm] and consists of two sets as follows:
1.1.1 2-MV X rays and Cobalt-60This includes cobalt-60 or equivalent isotope radiation and from 2 MV up to 4 MV X rays. Set of 28 plates in 81/2 by 11 in. [216 by 279 mm] ring binders.
1.1.2 4-MV to 30-MV X rays.
1.1.3 Each set consists of three categories of graded discontinuities in increasing severity levels, and three categories of ungraded discontinuities furnished as examples only, as follows:
1.1.3.1 Category A-Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5.
1.1.3.2 Category B-Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5.
1.1.3.3. Category C-Shrinkage; 3 types:
(1) Type 1-Severity levels 1 through 5.
(2) Type 2-Severity levels 1 through 5.
(3) Type 3-Severity levels 1 through 5.
1.1.3.4 Category D-Crack; one illustration D5 in pre-1972 documents.
1.1.3.5 Category E-Hot tear; one illustration D3 in pre-1972 documents.
1.1.3.6 Category F-Insert; one illustration EB2 in pre-1972 documents.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thicknesses up to 2 in. [51 mm] (Note 1).
Note 1-Reference radiographs previously used for this thickness range carried the designation E 71, but included a now rarely used gamma source, that is, radium. The current document is also updated by inclusion of several recognized shrinkage or C categories and by elimination of the crack and hot tear categories except for one example of each of these discontinuity types. Reference radiographs for thicker sections may be found in E 186 and E 280.
1.2 These reference illustrations consist of three separate sets (Note 2) as follows: (1) medium voltage (nominal 250-kVp) X rays. (2) 1-MV X rays and Iridium-192 radiation, and (3) 2-MV to 4-MV X rays and cobalt-60 radiation. Each set is for comparison only with radiographs produced with equivalent radiation. It should be recognized that each energy level is not applicable to the entire thickness range covered by this document. Each set consists of 6 categories of graded discontinuities in increasing severity level and 4 categories of ungraded discontinuities furnished as examples only, as follows:
1.2.1 Category A-Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.2 Category B-Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.3 Category C-Shrinkage; 4 types:
1.2.3.1 CA-Severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.3.2 CB-Severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.3.3 CC-Severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.3.4 CD-Severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.4 Category D-Crack; 1 illustration.
1.2.5 Category E-Hot tear; 1 illustration.
1.2.6 Category F-Insert; 1 illustration.
1.2.7 Category G-Mottling; 1 illustration.
Note 2-The illustrations consist of the following:
Volume I: Medium Voltage (Nominal 250 kVp) X-Ray Reference Radiographs-Set of 34 illustrations (5 by 7 in.) in a 15 by 17-in. ring binder.
Volume II: 1-MV X Rays and Iridium-192 Reference Radiographs-Set of 34 illustrations (5 by 7 in.) in a 15 by 17-in. ring binder.
Volume III: 2-MV to 4-MV  X Rays and Cobalt-60 Reference Radiographs-Set of 34 illustrations (5 by 7 in.) in a 15 by 17-in. ring binder.
Note 3-Although Category G-Mottling is listed for all three volumes, the appearance of mottling is dependent on the level of radiation energy. Mottling appears reasonably prominent in Volume I; however, because of the higher radiation energy levels mottling may not be apparent in Volume II nor Volume III.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs extend the application of reference radiographs for steel castings to ductile iron castings.
1.2 In some instances, reference radiographs for steel castings may not be entirely applicable to ductile cast iron material dependent upon design or other usage criteria. Refer to for guidance.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This reference radiograph covers a series of test targets suitable for evaluating, quantifying, and documenting performance parameters of the radiographic digitization process or the electronic image reconstruction process, or both. This reference radiograph can be used for visual and electronic analysis of digitization systems. This is the first of three related standards. Subsequent standards will provide guidance on the use of the test targets and recommended system performance levels.
1.2 This reference radiograph provides a series of test targets to provide a vehicle for the evaluation of spatial resolution, density contrast sensitivity, dynamic range, and spatial linearity as well as other aspects of a digitization system. The test targets are suitable for evaluating a digitization system with a spatial resolution down to ~1/1000 in (25 micrometers (μ) a density contrast sensitivity down to 0.02 optical density (OD), a density range of 0.5 to 4.5 OD, and a film size capacity of 14 in. (355 mm) wide by 17 in. (431 mm) long.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard, with the exception of the spatial resolution targets (6.2 and 6.6 ) which are stated in SI units.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs extend the application of reference radiographs for steel castings to ductile iron castings.
1.2 In some instances, reference radiographs for steel castings may not be entirely applicable to ductile cast iron material dependent upon design or other usage criteria. Refer to for guidance.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.