D01.55 - Factory Applied Coatings on Preformed Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Primers and primer surfacers may be used over many different surfaces top coated with one or more of a variety of coatings and subjected to many kinds of wear and exposure.  
4.2 The selection of the tests to be used for any given product or system must be governed by experience and by the requirement agreed upon between the producer and the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the selection and use of procedures for testing primers and primer surfacers.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a guide whereby all pertinent variables relating to the ultraviolet cure of a coating are described.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice applies to all coatings cured by ultraviolet energy.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Since the exposure of automotive coatings to the various mechanical and chemical stresses encountered in actual operations, is very opportunistic, obtaining statistically significant data from which valid conclusions can be drawn, requires rigorous attention to the experimental designs and conditions of exposure.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the protocol for vehicle service exposure testing of automotive coatings. Such exposure testing is valuable for the verification of the performance of automotive coatings and correlation with laboratory test data. Vehicle service exposure is intended to provide short term (2 to 20 weeks) exposure to the stress factors associated with vehicle operation. Factors included are scratch, mar, impact, stone chipping, insect impact, bird dropping, tree sap and staining, environmental fallout, etc.
Note 1: Vehicle service exposure is not intended to provide the conditions that are needed for characterizing the long term effects of weathering or corrosion exposure.  
1.2 The exposure conditions are produced by the placement of multiple test panels of automotive finishes on automotive test fleets that traverse a defined road course. Exposure to the operating environment can be 20 h/day, 7 days/week allowing for accumulation of over 100 000 miles in 10 weeks of exposure.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is specifically directed at the spray painting of automobile car and light duty truck bodies. The general principles are applicable to the painting of other automotive parts.  
5.2 This test method may also be used to measure transfer efficiency in full-sized painting facilities simulating production conditions and operations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determination of the transfer efficiency (using a weight method) under production conditions for in-plant spray application of automotive paints as outlined in Section 18 of EPA 450/3-88-018.  
1.2 The transfer efficiency is calculated from the weight of the paint solids sprayed and that deposited on the painted part. The recommended approach involves painting the part directly. Also described is an alternative approach for painting parts covered with aluminum foil.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 10.1.8.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Subject to the limitations listed above, the procedure can be used as a research tool to optimize spray equipment and paint formulations as well as to study the relative effect on transfer efficiency of changing operating variables, spray application equipment, and types of coatings.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation and comparison of the transfer efficiency of spray-applied coatings under controlled laboratory conditions.  
1.2 This test method has been shown to yield excellent intralaboratory reproducibility. Interlaboratory precision is poorer and is highly dependent on closely controlled air flow in the spray booth, the rate at which the paint is delivered to the part, and other variables suggested in the test method.  
1.3 Limitations:  
1.3.1 This laboratory procedure only indicates the direction of the effect of spray variables on transfer efficiency. The magnitude of the effect is determined only by specific plant experience.  
Note 1: This laboratory procedure requires specific equipment and procedures. For those laboratories that do not have access to the type of equipment required a more general laboratory procedure is being prepared as Procedure B.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7 and 8.11.9 and 8.13.2.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Since the desired specifications and compositions of soluble nitrocellulose base solutions vary greatly, these methods are used to establish whether limits that shall be as agreed upon between the producer and the user have been met.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the testing of soluble nitrocellulose base solutions that are made by dispersing various kinds and concentrations of soluble nitrocellulose (cellulose nitrate) in various solvent mixtures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 11.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method will provide differentiation between types of coatings for acid and motor resistance providing the coating is applied in a uniform continuous film with a specified film thickness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the mortar and acid resistance of clear protective coating factory applied to extruded aluminum substrates.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Owners consider chipping of coatings, particularly on the leading faces and edges of automobile surfaces, unacceptable. In formulating a coating or coating system to meet service requirements, the resistance to chipping damage by flying objects such as gravel is one of the properties of importance since it can vary considerably as other properties are adjusted. Since resistance to chipping decreases at lower temperatures partly as the result of decreased flexibility, the test may be more directly related to service conditions by performing it at a low temperature. This test method is designed to produce a controlled amount of impact by the media on the coated panel in order to enhance reproducibility.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of coatings to chipping damage by stones or other flying objects.  
Note 1: This test method is similar to SAE J-400.  
1.2 All dimensions are nominal unless otherwise specified.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are the procedures of choice for determining volatile content of materials designed to be cured by exposure to ultraviolet light or electron beam irradiation. These types of materials contain liquid reactants that react to become part of the film during cure, but, which under the test conditions of Test Method D2369, will be erroneously measured as volatiles. The conditions of these test methods are similar to Test Method D2369 with the inclusion of a step to cure the material prior to weight loss determination. Volatile content is determined as two separate components—processing volatiles and potential volatiles. Processing volatiles is a measure of volatile loss during the actual cure process. Potential volatiles is a measure of volatile loss that might occur during aging or under extreme storage conditions. These volatile content measurements are useful to the producer and user of a material and to environmental interests for determining emissions.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the determination of weight percent volatile content of coatings, inks, and adhesives designed to be cured by exposure to ultraviolet light or to a beam of accelerated electrons.  
1.2 Test Method A is applicable to radiation curable materials that are essentially 100 % reactive but may contain traces (no more than 3 %) of volatile materials as impurities or introduced by the inclusion of various additives.  
1.3 Test Method B is applicable to all radiation curable materials but must be used for materials that contain volatile solvents intentionally introduced to control application viscosity and which are intended to be removed from the material prior to cure.  
1.4 These test methods may not be applicable to radiation curable materials wherein the volatile material is water, and other procedures may be substituted by mutual consent of the producer and user.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 15.7.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The primary objective of this verification guide is to determine the “air pollution-prevention potential” (possible reduction in VOC or HAP emissions) of factory-applied liquid coatings.  
3.2 The overall objective of this guide is to verify the above pollution-prevention characteristics and basic performance characteristics of liquid coating technologies. Use of this guide can increase acceptance of more environmentally friendly technologies for product finishing with an accompanying reduction in emissions to the atmosphere. The specific objectives of this guide are to (1) quantify the VOC and HAP content of liquid coatings and (2) verify the basic quality and durability performance of these coatings.  
3.3 The primary criteria for verification of liquid coatings will be:  
3.3.1 Confirm that use of the coating will significantly reduce VOC and HAP content or emissions (or both) during application or cure, or both.  
3.3.2 Confirm that the coating can provide an acceptable finish (appearance, hardness, flexibility, etc.) for the intended end use.  
3.4 The test results from this guide can provide to potential users the best data available to determine whether the coating will provide a pollution-prevention benefit while meeting the finish quality requirements for its intended use. This guide intends to supply end users with unbiased technical data to assist them in this decision-making process.  
3.5 The quantitative air pollution-prevention potential depends on a multitude of factors; therefore, the liquid coatings are to be applied in accordance with the coating vendor’s instructions and the resulting verification data reflect only the specific conditions of the test. To quantify the environmental benefit (air pollution-prevention potential), a test to quantify the VOC or HAP emissions from the new liquid coatings will be conducted and compared to data for existing coatings typically used in the target industry.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a generic testing procedure to verify the air pollution-prevention characteristics and basic properties of liquid coatings applied to metal, plastic, wood, or composite substrates in a factory/manufacturing environment. Thus it may be used to evaluate these liquid coatings to verify their volatile organic compound (VOC) and organic hazardous air pollutant (HAP) content as well as basic performance properties.  
1.2 This guide is adapted from a procedure used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish third party verification of the physical properties and performance of coatings that have potential to reduce air emissions. The data from the verification testing is available on the internet at the EPA’s Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program website (http://www.epa.gov/etv/centers/center6.html) under the “P2 Innovative Coatings and Coating Equipment Pilot.”  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Subject to the limitations listed in 1.3, this practice can be used as a research tool to optimize spray equipment and paint formulations, as well as to study the relative effect on transfer efficiency of changing operating variables, spray application equipment, type of coatings, etc.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the evaluation and comparison of the transfer efficiency of spray-applied coatings under general laboratory conditions. Transfer efficiency is the ratio of paint solids deposited to the total paint solids used during the application process, expressed as a percent. This practice can be used to study the effect on transfer efficiency of changing operating variables and paint formulations. Key variables that need to be controlled are listed in 8.13.  
Note 1: It is important that all process or formulation parameters, except that which is intentionally being changed, be kept consistent from test to test. If not done, the results of the study are to be questioned.  
1.2 The reproducibility of this practice is highly dependent on the degree of control of the parameters listed in Section 8 of the practice.  
1.3 Limitations—This laboratory practice indicates only the direction of the effect of operating variables and liquid paint formulations on transfer efficiency under conditions of the laboratory test: the magnitude of the effect can be determined only with specific plant experience. In fact, the nature of the critical parameters that affect transfer efficiency makes clear that it is not possible to extrapolate laboratory results.  
Note 2: The laboratory practice outlined involves general laboratory spray equipment and procedures and is derived from Test Method D5009. This practice and Test Method D5009 are both derived from a study and report of transfer efficiency measurements conducted for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. For laboratories that have access to a conveyor and mass flow measurement equipment, a suitable, potentially more reproducible, tested method is defined in Test Method D5009.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 7, 8.10.10.5, and 8.13.1.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Plasticizers in finished vinyl fabric can be transferred to coatings with which they come in contact. When this takes place, objectionable marring and softening occur. This test method covers an accelerated test for measurement of this tendency.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an accelerated test for the measurement of a tendency for plasticizers in finished vinyl fabric to be transferred to coatings with which they come in contact.  
Note 1: Age of fabric sample may affect results of test. To ensure most reliable results, test with fabric sample closest in age to what will be coated.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods are intended to compile as well as provide screening tests in evaluating clear and pigmented lacquers as used in different coating operations.  
3.2 Each coating system may contain from a simple one coat operation to a multicoat finishing system.  
3.3 The substrates may be varied, ferrous and non ferrous, plastic or wood which can affect the performance of a given coating system.  
3.4 Substrate cleaning, chemically or physically, is an essential and critical aspect to the performance of the coating system.  
3.5 Results from the various tests are not necessarily all useful in evaluating the performance of the different types of coating systems used on the many varied substrates.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for testing lacquers and lacquer coatings. The test methods included are listed in Table 1.  
Note 1: In accordance with Terminology D16, a lacquer is defined as a coating composition that is based on synthetic thermoplastic film-forming material dissolved in organic solvent(s) and that dries primarily by solvent evaporation. Typical lacquers include those based on nitrocellulose, other cellulose derivatives, vinyl resins, acrylic resins, etc.
Note 2: Lacquers may be applied under such diverse conditions, to so many different surfaces, and their dried films may be subjected to so many kinds of wear and exposure that it is not possible to assure desired performance from a single selection of test methods and numerical results therefrom. Those skilled in lacquer technology may find partial assurance of obtaining desired qualities in various types of lacquers through careful selection of the methods covered herein and intelligent interpretation of results therefrom.
Note 3: It is intended ultimately to remove all experimental procedures from Test Methods D333 and to establish them as a guide to the selection of test methods for lacquer and perhaps to interpretation of results therefrom. Temporarily there remain in Test Methods D333 a few tests that are too short or otherwise presently unsuitable for establishment under separate ASTM designations.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Coatings, particularly the high gloss coatings used on automobiles, boats, toys, etc., are subject to a wide variety of conditions (for example, wiping, cleaning and exposure) during manufacture and service that can mar their surface. The ability of high gloss coatings to maintain their appearance is an important product attribute. This test method provides a way to estimate the ability of high gloss coatings to resist mar damage.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the relative mar resistance of a high gloss coating applied to a flat, rigid surface. Wet rub and dry rub abrasion tests are described. To fully characterize a coating's mar resistance, both tests should be run.
Note 1: Dry abrasion mar resistance can also be evaluated by using Test Methods D6037. If a very highly mar resistant coating is being evaluated, Test Methods D6037 will generally provide the better performance discrimination than the dry rub test described here. However, if the equipment described in Test Methods D6037 is not available, the dry rub test described in this test method affords a reasonable alternative. The dry rub test is also useful for evaluating coatings that are not highly mar resistant.  
1.2 Mar resistance is assessed by measuring the gloss of the abraded and unabraded areas. Mar resistance is directly related to the coating’s ability to retain gloss in abraded areas.
Note 2: The mar resistance values obtained by this test method have no absolute significance. They should only be used to derive relative performance rankings for test panels that have been prepared from the series of coatings that are currently being evaluated. If mar resistance values are quoted between laboratories, it is essential that a common standard be measured and that the values be compared to that standard. Even then, the values should be used with caution.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Resistance to various liquids used in the home is an important characteristic of organic finishes. These test methods provide the means by which the relative performance of coating systems may be evaluated. It should be recognized that continuous films are necessary for reliable results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the effect of household chemicals on clear and pigmented organic finishes, resulting in any objectionable alteration in the surface, such as discoloration, change in gloss, blistering, softening, swelling, loss of adhesion, or special phenomena.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Subject to the limitations listed in 1.3, these test methods can be used to optimize paint application processes.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the transfer efficiency of spray-applied coatings under general plant conditions. Transfer efficiency is the ratio of paint solids deposited to the total paint solids used during the application process, expressed as a percent.  
1.2 The transfer efficiency is calculated from the weight or volume of the paint solids sprayed and that of the paint solids deposited on the painted part.  
1.3 Limitations include the ability to accurately determine the amount of paint solids deposited on the part and the capability of accurate measurement of the amount of paint sprayed.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: These test methods apply to general plant production equipment and procedures. A method specific to automotive plants is defined in Test Method D5066.
Note 2: The relationship between volatile organic compound emission rates and transfer efficiency in automobile and light duty truck topcoat operations, EPA 450/3-88-01, referenced in Test Method D5066 does not apply to general production facilities.
Note 3: A single-point transfer efficiency measurement may not represent the entire process.
Note 4: The operator and the spray-application equipment-operating conditions during the transfer efficiency measurement should be representative of normal operating conditions.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 7, and 10.3.1.
Note 5: These test methods have not been adopted by federal regulatory agencies for demonstration of compliance with air pollution regulations such as VOC, HAPS, etc.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method will provide differentiation between types of coatings for acid and motor resistance providing the coating is applied in a uniform continuous film with a specified film thickness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the mortar and acid resistance of clear protective coating factory applied to extruded aluminum substrates.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a guide whereby all pertinent variables relating to the ultraviolet cure of a coating are described.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice applies to all coatings cured by ultraviolet energy.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Subject to the limitations listed in 1.3, these test methods can be used to optimize paint application processes.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the transfer efficiency of spray-applied coatings under general plant conditions. Transfer efficiency is the ratio of paint solids deposited to the total paint solids used during the application process, expressed as a percent.  
1.2 The transfer efficiency is calculated from the weight or volume of the paint solids sprayed and that of the paint solids deposited on the painted part.  
1.3 Limitations include the ability to accurately determine the amount of paint solids deposited on the part and the capability of accurate measurement of the amount of paint sprayed.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: These test methods apply to general plant production equipment and procedures. A method specific to automotive plants is defined in Test Method D5066.
Note 2: The relationship between volatile organic compound emission rates and transfer efficiency in automobile and light duty truck topcoat operations, EPA 450/3-88-01, referenced in Test Method D5066 does not apply to general production facilities.
Note 3: A single-point transfer efficiency measurement may not represent the entire process.
Note 4: The operator and the spray-application equipment-operating conditions during the transfer efficiency measurement should be representative of normal operating conditions.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 7, and 10.3.1.
Note 5: These test methods have not been adopted by federal regulatory agencies for demonstration of compliance with air pollution regulations such as VOC, HAPS, etc.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is specifically directed at the spray painting of automobile car and light duty truck bodies. The general principles are applicable to the painting of other automotive parts.  
5.2 This test method may also be used to measure transfer efficiency in full-sized painting facilities simulating production conditions and operations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determination of the transfer efficiency (using a weight method) under production conditions for in-plant spray application of automotive paints as outlined in Section 18 of EPA 450/3-88-018.  
1.2 The transfer efficiency is calculated from the weight of the paint solids sprayed and that deposited on the painted part. The recommended approach involves painting the part directly. Also described is an alternative approach for painting parts covered with aluminum foil.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 10.1.8.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Since the exposure of automotive coatings to the various mechanical and chemical stresses encountered in actual operations, is very opportunistic, obtaining statistically significant data from which valid conclusions can be drawn, requires rigorous attention to the experimental designs and conditions of exposure.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the protocol for vehicle service exposure testing of automotive coatings. Such exposure testing is valuable for the verification of the performance of automotive coatings and correlation with laboratory test data. Vehicle service exposure is intended to provide short term (2 to 20 weeks) exposure to the stress factors associated with vehicle operation. Factors included are scratch, mar, impact, stone chipping, insect impact, bird dropping, tree sap and staining, environmental fallout, etc.
Note 1: Vehicle service exposure is not intended to provide the conditions that are needed for characterizing the long term effects of weathering or corrosion exposure.  
1.2 The exposure conditions are produced by the placement of multiple test panels of automotive finishes on automotive test fleets that traverse a defined road course. Exposure to the operating environment can be 20 h/day, 7 days/week allowing for accumulation of over 100 000 miles in 10 weeks of exposure.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Subject to the limitations listed above, the procedure can be used as a research tool to optimize spray equipment and paint formulations as well as to study the relative effect on transfer efficiency of changing operating variables, spray application equipment, and types of coatings.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation and comparison of the transfer efficiency of spray-applied coatings under controlled laboratory conditions.  
1.2 This test method has been shown to yield excellent intralaboratory reproducibility. Interlaboratory precision is poorer and is highly dependent on closely controlled air flow in the spray booth, the rate at which the paint is delivered to the part, and other variables suggested in the test method.  
1.3 Limitations:  
1.3.1 This laboratory procedure only indicates the direction of the effect of spray variables on transfer efficiency. The magnitude of the effect is determined only by specific plant experience.  
Note 1: This laboratory procedure requires specific equipment and procedures. For those laboratories that do not have access to the type of equipment required a more general laboratory procedure is being prepared as Procedure B.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7 and 8.11.9 and 8.13.2.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Primers and primer surfacers may be used over many different surfaces top coated with one or more of a variety of coatings and subjected to many kinds of wear and exposure.  
4.2 The selection of the tests to be used for any given product or system must be governed by experience and by the requirement agreed upon between the producer and the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the selection and use of procedures for testing primers and primer surfacers. The test methods included are listed in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Test Methods    
Property  
Section  
ASTM Method  
Federal Test
Method Specification No. 141B  
Abrasion resistance:  
Air blast abrasion tester
Falling sand method  
6.2
6.2  
D658
D968  
...
6191  
Adhesion:  
Scrape adhesion  
6.3  
D2197  
6303.1  
Parallel-groove adhesion  
6.3  
D2197  
6302.1  
Tape adhesion  
6.3  
D3359  
...  
Chemical resistance:  
Household chemical resistance  
6.4.2  
D1308  
...  
Detergent resistance  
6.4.3  
D2248  
Hydrocarbon resistance  
6.4.4  
...  
6011  
Chip resistance  
6.5  
D3170  
...  
Color difference:  
Visual evaluation
Instrumental evaluation  
6.6
6.6  
D1729
D2244  
4249.1
6123  
Cracking resistance  
6.7  
D2246  
...  
Elongation:  
Conical mandrel
Cylindrical mandrel  
6.8
6.8  
D522
D1737  
...
...  
Filiform corrosion  
6.9  
D2803  
...  
Gloss  
6.10  
D523  
6101  
Hardness  
6.11  
D1474  
...  
Holdout  
6.12  
C540  
...  
Mildew resistance  
6.13  
...  
6271.1  
Outdoor exposure:  
Blistering  
6.14.2  
D714  
6461  
Cracking  
6.14.2  
D661  
6471  
Rusting  
6.14.2  
D610  
6451  
Checking  
6.14.2  
D660  
6421  
Print resistance  
6.15  
D2091  
...  
Salt spray resistance  
6.16  
B117  
6061  
Sanding properties  
6.17  
...  
6321  
Water resistance:  
High humidity
Water immersion  
6.18.2
6.18.3  
D1735
D870  
...
...  
Weldability  
6.19  
...  
A(A) U.S. Military Specification MIL-P-46105 (MR).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Since the desired specifications and compositions of soluble nitrocellulose base solutions vary greatly, these methods are used to establish whether limits that shall be as agreed upon between the producer and the user have been met.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the testing of soluble nitrocellulose base solutions that are made by dispersing various kinds and concentrations of soluble nitrocellulose (cellulose nitrate) in various solvent mixtures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 11.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Coatings, particularly the high gloss coatings used on automobiles, boats, toys, etc., are subject of a wide variety of conditions (for example, wiping, cleaning and exposure) during manufacture and service that can mar their surface. The ability of high gloss coatings to maintain their appearance is an important product attribute. This test method provides a way to estimate the ability of high gloss coatings to resist mar damage.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the relative mar resistance of a series of high gloss coatings applied to a flat, rigid surface. Wet rub and dry rub abrasion tests are described. To fully characterize a coating's mar resistance, both tests should be run.
Note 1: Dry abrasion mar resistance can also be evaluated by using Test Methods D6037. If a series of very highly mar resistant coatings is being evaluated, Test Methods D6037 will generally provide the better performance discrimination than the dry rub test described here. However, if the equipment described in Test Methods D6037 is not available, the dry rub test described in this test method affords a reasonable alternative. The dry rub test is also useful for evaluating coatings that are not highly mar resistant.  
1.2 Mar resistance is assessed by measuring the gloss of the abraded and unabraded areas. Mar resistance is directly related to the coating's ability to retain gloss in abraded areas.
Note 2: The mar resistance values obtained by this test method have no absolute significance. They should only be used to derive relative performance rankings for test panels that have been prepared from the series of coatings that are currently being evaluated. If mar resistance values are quoted between laboratories, it is essential that a common standard be measured and that the values be compared to that standard. Even then, the values should be used with caution.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Owners consider chipping of coatings, particularly on the leading faces and edges of automobile surfaces, unacceptable. In formulating a coating or coating system to meet service requirements, the resistance to chipping damage by flying objects such as gravel is one of the properties of importance since it can vary considerably as other properties are adjusted. Since resistance to chipping decreases at lower temperatures partly as the result of decreased flexibility, the test may be more directly related to service conditions by performing it at a low temperature. This test method is designed to produce a controlled amount of impact by the media on the coated panel in order to enhance reproducibility.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of coatings to chipping damage by stones or other flying objects.  
Note 1: This test method is similar to SAE J-400.  
1.2 All dimensions are nominal unless otherwise specified.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Subject to the limitations listed in 1.3, this practice can be used as a research tool to optimize spray equipment and paint formulations, as well as to study the relative effect on transfer efficiency of changing operating variables, spray application equipment, type of coatings, etc.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the evaluation and comparison of the transfer efficiency of spray-applied coatings under general laboratory conditions. Transfer efficiency is the ratio of paint solids deposited to the total paint solids used during the application process, expressed as a percent. This practice can be used to study the effect on transfer efficiency of changing operating variables and paint formulations. Key variables that need to be controlled are listed in 8.13. Note 1—It is important that all process or formulation parameters, except that which is intentionally being changed, be kept consistent from test to test. If not done, the results of the study are to be questioned.  
1.2 The reproducibility of this practice is highly dependent on the degree of control of the parameters listed in Section 8 of the practice.  
1.3 Limitations—This laboratory practice indicates only the direction of the effect of operating variables and liquid paint formulations on transfer efficiency under conditions of the laboratory test: the magnitude of the effect can be determined only with specific plant experience. In fact, the nature of the critical parameters that affect transfer efficiency makes clear that it is not possible to extrapolate laboratory results. Note 2—The laboratory practice outlined involves general laboratory spray equipment and procedures and is derived from Test Method D5009. This practice and Test Method D5009 are both derived from a study and report of transfer efficiency measurements conducted for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. For laboratories that have access to a conveyor and mass flow measurement equipment, a suitable, potentially more reproducible, tested method is defined in Test Method D5009.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 7, Note 8 and Note 9.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods are intended to compile as well as provide screening tests in evaluating clear and pigmented lacquers as used in different coating operations.  
3.2 Each coating system may contain from a simple one coat operation to a multicoat finishing system.  
3.3 The substrates may be varied, ferrous and non ferrous, plastic or wood which can affect the performance of a given coating system.  
3.4 Substrate cleaning, chemically or physically, is an essential and critical aspect to the performance of the coating system.  
3.5 Results from the various tests are not necessarily all useful in evaluating the performance of the different types of coating systems used on the many varied substrates.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for testing lacquers and lacquer coatings. The test methods included are listed in Table 1. Note 1—In accordance with Terminology D16, a lacquer is defined as a coating composition that is based on synthetic thermoplastic filmforming material dissolved in organic solvent(s) and that dries primarily by solvent evaporation. Typical lacquers include those based on nitrocellulose, other cellulose derivatives, vinyl resins, acrylic resins, etc.Note 2—Lacquers may be applied under such diverse conditions, to so many different surfaces, and their dried films may be subjected to so many kinds of wear and exposure that it is not possible to assure desired performance from a single selection of test methods and numerical results therefrom. Those skilled in lacquer technology may find partial assurance of obtaining desired qualities in various types of lacquers through careful selection of the methods covered herein and intelligent interpretation of results therefrom.Note 3—It is intended ultimately to remove all experimental procedures from Test Methods D333 and to establish them as a guide to the selection of test methods for lacquer and perhaps to interpretation of results therefrom. Temporarily there remain in Test Methods D333 a few tests that are too short or otherwise presently unsuitable for establishment under separate ASTM designations.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Resistance to various liquids used in the home is an important characteristic of organic finishes. These test methods provide the means by which the relative performance of coating systems may be evaluated. It should be recognized that continuous films are necessary for reliable results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the effect of household chemicals on clear and pigmented organic finishes, resulting in any objectionable alteration in the surface, such as discoloration, change in gloss, blistering, softening, swelling, loss of adhesion, or special phenomena.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The primary objective of this verification guide is to determine the “air pollution-prevention potential” (possible reduction in VOC or HAP emissions) of factory-applied liquid coatings.  
3.2 The overall objective of this guide is to verify the above pollution-prevention characteristics and basic performance characteristics of liquid coating technologies. Use of this guide can increase acceptance of more environmentally friendly technologies for product finishing with an accompanying reduction in emissions to the atmosphere. The specific objectives of this guide are to (1) quantify the VOC and HAP content of liquid coatings and (2) verify the basic quality and durability performance of these coatings.  
3.3 The primary criteria for verification of liquid coatings will be:  
3.3.1 Confirm that use of the coating will significantly reduce VOC and HAP content or emissions (or both) during application or cure, or both.  
3.3.2 Confirm that the coating can provide an acceptable finish (appearance, hardness, flexibility, etc.) for the intended end use.  
3.4 The test results from this guide can provide to potential users the best data available to determine whether the coating will provide a pollution-prevention benefit while meeting the finish quality requirements for its intended use. This guide intends to supply end users with unbiased technical data to assist them in this decision-making process.  
3.5 The quantitative air pollution-prevention potential depends on a multitude of factors; therefore, the liquid coatings are to be applied in accordance with the coating vendor’s instructions and the resulting verification data reflect only the specific conditions of the test. To quantify the environmental benefit (air pollution-prevention potential), a test to quantify the VOC or HAP emissions from the new liquid coatings will be conducted and compared to data for existing coatings typically used in the target industry.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a generic testing procedure to verify the air pollution-prevention characteristics and basic properties of liquid coatings applied to metal, plastic, wood, or composite substrates in a factory/manufacturing environment. Thus it may be used to evaluate these liquid coatings to verify their volatile organic compound (VOC) and organic hazardous air pollutant (HAP) content as well as basic performance properties.  
1.2 This guide is adapted from a procedure used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish third party verification of the physical properties and performance of coatings that have potential to reduce air emissions. The data from the verification testing is available on the internet at the EPA’s Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program website (http://www.epa.gov/etv/centers/center6.html) under the “P2 Innovative Coatings and Coating Equipment Pilot.”  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Coatings, particularly the high gloss coatings used on automobiles, boats, toys, etc., are subject of a wide variety of conditions (for example, wiping, cleaning and exposure) during manufacture and service that can mar their surface. The ability of high gloss coatings to maintain their appearance is an important product attribute. This test method provides a way to estimate the ability of high gloss coatings to resist mar damage.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the relative mar resistance of a series of high gloss coatings applied to a flat, rigid surface. Wet rub and dry rub abrasion tests are described. To fully characterize a coating's mar resistance, both tests should be run.Note 1—Dry abrasion mar resistance can also be evaluated by using Test Methods D6037. If a series of very highly mar resistant coatings is being evaluated, Test Methods D6037 will generally provide the better performance discrimination than the dry rub test described here. However, if the equipment described in Test Methods D6037 is not available, the dry rub test described in this test method affords a reasonable alternative. The dry rub test is also useful for evaluating coatings that are not highly mar resistant.  
1.2 Mar resistance is assessed by measuring the gloss of the abraded and unabraded areas. Mar resistance is directly related to the coating's ability to retain gloss in abraded areas.Note 2—The mar resistance values obtained by this test method have no absolute significance. They should only be used to derive relative performance rankings for test panels that have been prepared from the series of coatings that are currently being evaluated. If mar resistance values are quoted between laboratories, it is essential that a common standard be measured and that the values be compared to that standard. Even then, the values should be used with caution.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Plasticizers in finished vinyl fabric can be transferred to coatings with which they come in contact. When this takes place, objectionable marring and softening occur. This test method covers an accelerated test for measurement of this tendency.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an accelerated test for the measurement of a tendency for plasticizers in finished vinyl fabric to be transferred to coatings with which they come in contact. Note 1—Age of fabric sample may affect results of test. To ensure most reliable results, test with fabric sample closest in age to what will be coated.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are the procedures of choice for determining volatile content of materials designed to be cured by exposure to ultraviolet light or electron beam irradiation. These types of materials contain liquid reactants that react to become part of the film during cure, but, which under the test conditions of Test Method D2369, will be erroneously measured as volatiles. The conditions of these test methods are similar to Test Method D2369 with the inclusion of a step to cure the material prior to weight loss determination. Volatile content is determined as two separate components—processing volatiles and potential volatiles. Processing volatiles is a measure of volatile loss during the actual cure process. Potential volatiles is a measure of volatile loss that might occur during aging or under extreme storage conditions. These volatile content measurements are useful to the producer and user of a material and to environmental interests for determining emissions.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the determination of weight percent volatile content of coatings, inks, and adhesives designed to be cured by exposure to ultraviolet light or to a beam of accelerated electrons.  
1.2 Test Method A is applicable to radiation curable materials that are essentially 100 % reactive but may contain traces (no more than 3 %) of volatile materials as impurities or introduced by the inclusion of various additives.  
1.3 Test Method B is applicable to all radiation curable materials but must be used for materials that contain volatile solvents intentionally introduced to control application viscosity and which are intended to be removed from the material prior to cure.  
1.4 These test methods may not be applicable to radiation curable materials wherein the volatile material is water, and other procedures may be substituted by mutual consent of the producer and user.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 15.7.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Owners consider chipping of coatings, particularly on the leading faces and edges of automobile surfaces, unacceptable. In formulating a coating or coating system to meet service requirements, the resistance to chipping damage by flying objects such as gravel is one of the properties of importance since it can vary considerably as other properties are adjusted. Since resistance to chipping decreases at lower temperatures partly as the result of decreased flexibility, the test may be more directly related to service conditions by performing it at a low temperature. This test method is designed to produce a controlled amount of impact by the media on the coated panel in order to enhance reproducibility.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of coatings to chipping damage by stones or other flying objects. Note 1—This test method is similar to SAE J-400.  
1.2 The values stated in metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The English units given in parentheses are for information only. All dimensions are nominal unless otherwise specified.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method will provide differentiation between types of coatings for acid and motor resistance providing the coating is applied in a uniform continuous film with a specified film thickness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the mortar and acid resistance of clear protective coating factory applied to extruded aluminum substrates.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Since the desired specifications and compositions of soluble nitrocellulose base solutions vary greatly, these methods are used to establish whether limits that shall be as agreed upon between the producer and the user have been met.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the testing of soluble nitrocellulose base solutions that are made by dispersing various kinds and concentrations of soluble nitrocellulose (cellulose nitrate) in various solvent mixtures.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 11.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is specifically directed at the spray painting of automobile car and light duty truck bodies. The general principles are applicable to the painting of other automotive parts.  
5.2 This test method may also be used to measure transfer efficiency in full-sized painting facilities simulating production conditions and operations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determination of the transfer efficiency (using a weight method) under production conditions for in-plant spray application of automotive paints as outlined in Section 18 of EPA 450/3-88-018.  
1.2 The transfer efficiency is calculated from the weight of the paint solids sprayed and that deposited on the painted part. The recommended approach involves painting the part directly. Also described is an alternative approach for painting parts covered with aluminum foil.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 10.1.8.1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a guide whereby all pertinent variables relating to the ultraviolet cure of a coating are described.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice applies to all coatings cured by ultraviolet energy.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Subject to the limitations listed in 1.3, these test methods can be used to optimize paint application processes.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the transfer efficiency of spray-applied coatings under general plant conditions. Transfer efficiency is the ratio of paint solids deposited to the total paint solids used during the application process, expressed as a percent.
1.2 The transfer efficiency is calculated from the weight or volume of the paint solids sprayed and that of the paint solids deposited on the painted part.
1.3 Limitations include the ability to accurately determine the amount of paint solids deposited on the part and the capability of accurate measurement of the amount of paint sprayed.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1—These test methods apply to general plant production equipment and procedures. A method specific to automotive plants is defined in Test Method D5066.
Note 2—The relationship between volatile organic compound emission rates and transfer efficiency in automobile and light duty truck topcoat operations, EPA 450/3-88-01, referenced in Test Method D5066 does not apply to general production facilities.
Note 3—A single-point transfer efficiency measurement may not represent the entire process.
Note 4—The operator and the spray-application equipment-operating conditions during the transfer efficiency measurement should be representative of normal operating conditions.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 7, and 10.3.1.
Note 5—These test methods have not been adopted by federal regulatory agencies for demonstration of compliance with air pollution regulations such as VOC, HAPS, etc.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Since the exposure of automotive coatings to the various mechanical and chemical stresses encountered in actual operations, is very opportunistic, obtaining statistically significant data from which valid conclusions can be drawn, requires rigorous attention to the experimental designs and conditions of exposure.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the protocol for vehicle service exposure testing of automotive coatings. Such exposure testing is valuable for the verification of the performance of automotive coatings and correlation with laboratory test data. Vehicle service exposure is intended to provide short term (2 to 20 weeks) exposure to the stress factors associated with vehicle operation. Factors included are scratch, mar, impact, stone chipping, insect impact, bird dropping, tree sap and staining, environmental fallout, etc.
Note 1—Vehicle service exposure is not intended to provide the conditions that are needed for characterizing the long term effects of weathering or corrosion exposure.
1.2 The exposure conditions are produced by the placement of multiple test panels of automotive finishes on automotive test fleets that traverse a defined road course. Exposure to the operating environment can be 20 h/day, 7 days/week allowing for accumulation of over 100 000 miles in 10 weeks of exposure.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Subject to the limitations listed above, the procedure can be used as a research tool to optimize spray equipment and paint formulations as well as to study the relative effect on transfer efficiency of changing operating variables, spray application equipment, and types of coatings.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation and comparison of the transfer efficiency of spray-applied coatings under controlled laboratory conditions.
1.2 This test method has been shown to yield excellent intralaboratory reproducibility. Interlaboratory precision is poorer and is highly dependent on closely controlled air flow in the spray booth, the rate at which the paint is delivered to the part, and other variables suggested in the test method.
1.3 Limitations:  
1.3.1 This laboratory procedure only indicates the direction of the effect of spray variables on transfer efficiency. The magnitude of the effect is determined only by specific plant experience.
Note 1—This laboratory procedure requires specific equipment and procedures. For those laboratories that do not have access to the type of equipment required a more general laboratory procedure is being prepared as Procedure B.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7 and 8.11.9 and 8.13.2.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is specifically directed at the spray painting of automobile car and light duty truck bodies. The general principles are applicable to the painting of other automotive parts.
This test method may also be used to measure transfer efficiency in full-sized painting facilities simulating production conditions and operations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determination of the transfer efficiency (using a weight method) under production conditions for in-plant spray application of automotive paints as outlined in Section 18 of EPA 450/3-88-018.
1.2 The transfer efficiency is calculated from the weight of the paint solids sprayed and that deposited on the painted part. The recommended approach involves painting the part directly. Also described is an alternative approach for painting parts covered with aluminum foil.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 10.1.8.1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Primers and primer surfacers may be used over many different surfaces top coated with one or more of a variety of coatings and subjected to many kinds of wear and exposure.
The selection of the tests to be used for any given product or system must be governed by experience and by the requirement agreed upon between the producer and the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the selection and use of procedures for testing primers and primer surfacers. The test methods included are listed in Table 1.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for the evaluation of clear and pigmented coatings designed for use on rigid or semirigid plastic substrates. Coated film and sheeting are not covered by this guide.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a uniform nomenclature for the producer and user in the identification of the various particle sizes used in the manufacture of nitrocellulose-type multicolor lacquers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method employs photographic reference standards to evaluate the particle size of multicolor lacquers.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods are the procedures of choice for determining volatile content of materials designed to be cured by exposure to ultraviolet light or electron beam irradiation. These types of materials contain liquid reactants that react to become part of the film during cure, but, which under the test conditions of Test Method D 2369, will be erroneously measured as volatiles. The conditions of these test methods are similar to Test Method D 2369 with the inclusion of a step to cure the material prior to weight loss determination. Volatile content is determined as two separate components—processing volatiles and potential volatiles. Processing volatiles is a measure of volatile loss during the actual cure process. Potential volatiles is a measure of volatile loss that might occur during aging or under extreme storage conditions. These volatile content measurements are useful to the producer and user of a material and to environmental interests for determining emissions.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the determination of weight percent volatile content of coatings, inks, and adhesives designed to be cured by exposure to ultraviolet light or to a beam of accelerated electrons.
1.2 Test Method A is applicable to radiation curable materials that are essentially 100 % reactive but may contain traces (no more than 3 %) of volatile materials as impurities or introduced by the inclusion of various additives.
1.3 Test Method B is applicable to all radiation curable materials but must be used for materials that contain volatile solvents intentionally introduced to control application viscosity and which are intended to be removed from the material prior to cure.
1.4 These test methods may not be applicable to radiation curable materials wherein the volatile material is water, and other procedures may be substituted by mutual consent of the producer and user.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 15.7.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Resistance to various liquids used in the home is an important characteristic of organic finishes. These test methods provide the means by which the relative performance of coating systems may be evaluated. It should be recognized that continuous films are necessary for reliable results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the effect of household chemicals on clear and pigmented organic finishes, resulting in any objectionable alteration in the surface, such as discoloration, change in gloss, blistering, softening, swelling, loss of adhesion, or special phenomena.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Subject to the limitations listed in 1.3, this practice can be used as a research tool to optimize spray equipment and paint formulations, as well as to study the relative effect on transfer efficiency of changing operating variables, spray application equipment, type of coatings, etc.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the evaluation and comparison of the transfer efficiency of spray-applied coatings under general laboratory conditions. Transfer efficiency is the ratio of paint solids deposited to the total paint solids used during the application process, expressed as a percent. This practice can be used to study the effect on transfer efficiency of changing operating variables and paint formulations. Key variables that need to be controlled are listed in 8.13.
Note 1 - It is important that all process or formulation parameters, except that which is intentionally being changed, be kept consistent from test to test. If not done, the results of the study are to be questioned.
1.2 The reproducibility of this practice is highly dependent on the degree of control of the parameters listed in Section 8 of the practice.
1.3 Limitations - This laboratory practice indicates only the direction of the effect of operating variables and liquid paint formulations on transfer efficiency under conditions of the laboratory test: the magnitude of the effect can be determined only with specific plant experience. In fact, the nature of the critical parameters that affect transfer efficiency makes clear that it is not possible to extrapolate laboratory results.
Note 2 - The laboratory practice outlined involves general laboratory spray equipment and procedures and is derived from Test Method D 5009. This practice and Test Method D 5009 are both derived from a study and report of transfer efficiency measurements conducted for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. For laboratories that have access to a conveyor and mass flow measurement equipment, a suitable, potentially more reproducible, tested method is defined in Test Method D 5009.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 7, Note 8 and Note 9.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods are intended to compile as well as provide screening tests in evaluating clear and pigmented lacquers as used in different coating operations.
Each coating system may contain from a simple one coat operation to a multicoat finishing system.
The substrates may be varied, ferrous and non ferrous, plastic or wood which can affect the performance of a given coating system.  
Substrate cleaning, chemically or physically, is an essential and critical aspect to the performance of the coating system.  
Results from the various tests are not necessarily all useful in evaluating the performance of the different types of coating systems used on the many varied substrates.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for testing lacquers and lacquer coatings. The test methods included are listed in Table 1.
Note 1 - In accordance with Terminology D 16, a lacquer is defined as a coating composition that is based on synthetic thermoplastic filmforming material dissolved in organic solvent(s) and that dries primarily by solvent evaporation. Typical lacquers include those based on nitrocellulose, other cellulose derivatives, vinyl resins, acrylic resins, etc.
Note 2 - Lacquers may be applied under such diverse conditions, to so many different surfaces, and their dried films may be subjected to so many kinds of wear and exposure that it is not possible to assure desired performance from a single selection of test methods and numerical results therefrom. Those skilled in lacquer technology may find partial assurance of obtaining desired qualities in various types of lacquers through careful selection of the methods covered herein and intelligent interpretation of results therefrom.
Note 3 - It is intended ultimately to remove all experimental procedures from Test Methods D 333 and to establish them as a guide to the selection of test methods for lacquer and perhaps to interpretation of results therefrom. Temporarily there remain in Test Methods D 333 a few tests that are too short or otherwise presently unsuitable for establishment under separate ASTM designations.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Coatings, particularly the high gloss coatings used on automobiles, boats, toys, etc., are subject of a wide variety of conditions (for example, wiping, cleaning and exposure) during manufacture and service that can mar their surface. The ability of high gloss coatings to maintain their appearance is an important product attribute. This test method provides a way to estimate the ability of high gloss coatings to resist mar damage.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the relative mar resistance of a series of high gloss coatings applied to a flat, rigid surface. Wet rub and dry rub abrasion tests are described. To fully characterize a coating's mar resistance, both tests should be run.
Note 1 - Dry abrasion mar resistance can also be evaluated by using Test Methods D 6037. If a series of very highly mar resistant coatings is being evaluated, Test Methods D 6037 will generally provide the better performance discrimination than the dry rub test described here. However, if the equipment described in Test Methods D 6037 is not available, the dry rub test described in this test method affords a reasonable alternative. The dry rub test is also useful for evaluating coatings that are not highly mar resistant.
1.2 Mar resistance is assessed by measuring the gloss of the abraded and unabraded areas. Mar resistance is directly related to the coating's ability to retain gloss in abraded areas.
Note 2 - The mar resistance values obtained by this test method have no absolute significance. They should only be used to derive relative performance rankings for test panels that have been prepared from the series of coatings that are currently being evaluated. If mar resistance values are quoted between laboratories, it is essential that a common standard be measured and that the values be compared to that standard. Even then, the values should be used with caution.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.