SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009
(Amendment)Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 2: Bridges
- Abstract
(1) The scope of Eurocode 8 is defined in EN 1998-1:2004, 1.1.1 and the scope of this Standard is defined in 1.1.1. Additional parts of Eurocode 8 are indicated in EN 1998-1:2004, 1.1.3.
(2) Within the framework of the scope set forth in EN 1998-1:2004, this part of the Standard contains the particular Performance Requirements, Compliance Criteria and Application Rules applicable to the design of earthquake resistant bridges.
(3) This Part primarily covers the seismic design of bridges in which the horizontal seismic actions are mainly resisted through bending of the piers or at the abutments; i.e. of bridges composed of vertical or nearly vertical pier systems supporting the traffic deck superstructure. It is also applicable to the seismic design of cable-stayed and arched bridges, although its provisions should not be considered as fully covering these cases.
(4) Suspension bridges, timber and masonry bridges, moveable bridges and floating bridges are not included in the scope of this Part.
(5) This Part contains only those provisions that, in addition to other relevant Eurocodes or relevant Parts of EN 1998, should be observed for the design of bridges in seismic regions. In cases of low seismicity, simplified design criteria may be established (see 2.3.7(1)).
(6) The following topics are dealt with in the text of this Part:
Basic requirements and Compliance Criteria,
Seismic Action,
Analysis,
Strength Verification,
Detailing.
This Part also includes a special section on seismic isolation with provisions covering the application of this method of seismic protection to bridges.
(7) Annex G contains rules for the calculation of capacity design effects.
(8) Annex J contains rules regarding the variation of design properties of seismic isolator units and how such variation may be taken into account in design.
- Status
- Published
- Public Enquiry End Date
- 29-Nov-2008
- Publication Date
- 04-May-2009
- Technical Committee
- KON - Structures
- Current Stage
- 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
- Start Date
- 25-Mar-2009
- Due Date
- 30-May-2009
- Completion Date
- 05-May-2009
SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009 is the Slovenian adoption of EN 1998-2:2005/A1:2009, published by SIST. It is Eurocode 8, Part 2 for bridges, and it sets the performance requirements, compliance criteria and application rules for designing earthquake-resistant bridges, with a special section on seismic isolation.
What does SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009 specify?
SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009 specifies the bridge-specific seismic rules within Eurocode 8. It tells designers how to treat earthquake actions on bridges, how to verify resistance and detailing, and how to handle seismic isolation in bridge design.
The scope focuses on bridges where horizontal seismic actions are mainly resisted by bending in piers or at abutments, including bridges with vertical or nearly vertical pier systems supporting the deck. It also gives provisions for cable-stayed and arched bridges, while excluding suspension, timber and masonry, moveable and floating bridges.
The document is organized around these main topics:
- Basic requirements and Compliance Criteria
- Seismic Action
- Analysis
- Strength Verification
- Detailing
- A special section on seismic isolation
| Annex | What it covers |
|---|---|
| Annex G | Rules for calculating capacity design effects |
| Annex J | Variation of design properties of seismic isolator units and how to include that variation in design |
| Annex JJ | λ-values for ageing and temperature for elastomeric bearings |
| Annex K | System adequacy rules for testing |
What are the key requirements of SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009?
SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009 is built around bridge-specific seismic design checks, with extra detail for isolators and their displacement capacity. In practice, the standard makes designers check both the structural response of the bridge and the behavior of the isolation system under earthquake motion.
Bridge seismic design and analysis
The standard applies its rules within the wider framework of EN 1998-1 and the relevant Eurocodes. For analysis, it uses fundamental mode spectrum analysis and gives the related spectrum quantities, design displacement and shear force expressions.
For bridge designers, this means seismic design is not only about force checks. Displacement response is central, especially for long-period bridges and for bridges with isolation.
Seismic isolation
The amendment strengthens the isolation provisions in 7.6.2. Each isolator is designed for an increased design displacement obtained by applying an amplification factor to the design seismic displacement. The total maximum displacement of each isolator must also include offset displacement from permanent actions, long-term deformations and part of the thermal action.
This matters because isolated bridges are often governed by movement. The isolation system, its anchorages and other load-carrying members must keep their function and resistance up to the maximum displacement demanded by the seismic situation.
Simple low-damping elastomeric bearings are checked against EN 1337-3:2005 rules for shear strain, buckling and sliding stability. The amendment also sets nominal and variable property values linked to ageing and temperature.
Lateral restoring capability
The standard requires self-restoring capability in both principal horizontal directions so displacements do not build up over successive events. It uses an equivalent bilinear model, or an equivalent check for other hysteretic systems, to judge whether the isolating system can return close enough to its starting position.
For practice, this is the part that limits permanent offset after shaking. If the system cannot self-restore sufficiently, the designer must show that it has enough displacement capacity to accommodate residual offsets safely.
Property variation and testing
Annex JJ gives ageing and temperature factors for LDRB, HDRB1, HDRB2 and lead core components. Annex K also tightens the system adequacy check: in tests T3 and T5, the maximum measured displacement must stay within 110% of the design value.
That means the design has to be supported by tested isolator behavior, not only by calculations. Buyers, specifiers and reviewers should expect test evidence to match the design displacement limits.
What terms does SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009 define?
- LDRB - Low damping rubber bearing with shear modulus at 100% shear deformation greater than 0.5 MPa.
- HDRB1 - High damping rubber bearing with ξ ≤ 0.15 and shear modulus at 100% shear deformation greater than 0.5 MPa.
- HDRB2 - High damping rubber bearing with ξ > 0.15 or shear modulus at 100% shear deformation not greater than 0.5 MPa.
- Lead core - The lead core used in Lead rubber bearings (LRB).
- d_bi,d - The design seismic displacement of isolator i from the selected analysis procedure.
- d_G,i - The offset displacement of isolator i caused by permanent actions, long-term deformations and 50% of thermal action.
- T_min,b - The minimum isolator temperature for the seismic design situation at the bridge location.
Who uses SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009?
SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009 is used by bridge structural engineers, seismic design engineers and checking engineers who need the bridge-specific Eurocode 8 rules. It is also used by project owners, quality managers and buyers who specify earthquake performance for new bridges or bridge upgrades.
Manufacturers and suppliers of seismic isolators use it to align product properties, testing and documentation with bridge design needs. Test laboratories and certification or review bodies use it for displacement, bearing property and system adequacy checks.
What changed in SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009 from the previous edition?
SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009 is Amendment A1 to EN 1998-2:2005. The amendment updates the bridge seismic rules in several isolator-related areas:
- New symbols are added in Section 1.6.6 for total isolator displacement and offset displacement.
- Clause 7.5.2.4 revises the nominal design properties and variability treatment for simple low-damping elastomeric bearings.
- Clause 7.5.4 revises the fundamental mode spectrum analysis presentation, including Table 7.1 and Figure 7.4.
- Clause 7.6.2 revises isolating-system displacement, resistance and verification rules.
- Clause 7.7.1 revises the lateral restoring capability checks and the residual-displacement treatment.
- Annex JJ replaces the ageing and temperature tables for elastomeric bearings.
- Annex K revises the system adequacy test acceptance rule to 110% of the design displacement.
Which standards are used with SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009?
SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009 is used with EN 1998-1:2004, which provides the overall Eurocode 8 framework, the seismic action basis and the ground-type spectrum parameters referenced in this part. It is also used with EN 1337-3:2005, which supplies the bearing-specific rules for simple low-damping elastomeric bearings, including shear strain, buckling and sliding stability checks.
The scope also points users to other relevant Eurocodes and relevant parts of EN 1998 where needed for the full design. In practice, this part adds the bridge-specific seismic rules on top of those broader structural provisions.
What does the SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009 document contain?
The amendment contains revised equations and notes for isolator variability, spectrum analysis, isolating-system design and restoring capability. It includes Table 7.1 and Figure 7.4 for the response spectrum treatment, Figure 7.5N for composite pier-and-isolator stiffness, and Figures 7.6N, 7.7N and 7.8 for bilinear behavior and residual-displacement accumulation.
It also contains updated tables in Annex JJ for ageing and temperature factors, organized by bearing type. Annex K contains the revised test acceptance criterion used to judge isolator system adequacy.
Relations
- Effective Date
- 12-Mar-2025
- Amends
SIST EN 1998-2:2006 - Eurocode 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 2: Bridges - Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2009
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Frequently Asked Questions
SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009 is a amendment published by the Slovenian Institute for Standardization (SIST). Its full title is "Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 2: Bridges". This standard covers: (1) The scope of Eurocode 8 is defined in EN 1998-1:2004, 1.1.1 and the scope of this Standard is defined in 1.1.1. Additional parts of Eurocode 8 are indicated in EN 1998-1:2004, 1.1.3. (2) Within the framework of the scope set forth in EN 1998-1:2004, this part of the Standard contains the particular Performance Requirements, Compliance Criteria and Application Rules applicable to the design of earthquake resistant bridges. (3) This Part primarily covers the seismic design of bridges in which the horizontal seismic actions are mainly resisted through bending of the piers or at the abutments; i.e. of bridges composed of vertical or nearly vertical pier systems supporting the traffic deck superstructure. It is also applicable to the seismic design of cable-stayed and arched bridges, although its provisions should not be considered as fully covering these cases. (4) Suspension bridges, timber and masonry bridges, moveable bridges and floating bridges are not included in the scope of this Part. (5) This Part contains only those provisions that, in addition to other relevant Eurocodes or relevant Parts of EN 1998, should be observed for the design of bridges in seismic regions. In cases of low seismicity, simplified design criteria may be established (see 2.3.7(1)). (6) The following topics are dealt with in the text of this Part: Basic requirements and Compliance Criteria, Seismic Action, Analysis, Strength Verification, Detailing. This Part also includes a special section on seismic isolation with provisions covering the application of this method of seismic protection to bridges. (7) Annex G contains rules for the calculation of capacity design effects. (8) Annex J contains rules regarding the variation of design properties of seismic isolator units and how such variation may be taken into account in design.
(1) The scope of Eurocode 8 is defined in EN 1998-1:2004, 1.1.1 and the scope of this Standard is defined in 1.1.1. Additional parts of Eurocode 8 are indicated in EN 1998-1:2004, 1.1.3. (2) Within the framework of the scope set forth in EN 1998-1:2004, this part of the Standard contains the particular Performance Requirements, Compliance Criteria and Application Rules applicable to the design of earthquake resistant bridges. (3) This Part primarily covers the seismic design of bridges in which the horizontal seismic actions are mainly resisted through bending of the piers or at the abutments; i.e. of bridges composed of vertical or nearly vertical pier systems supporting the traffic deck superstructure. It is also applicable to the seismic design of cable-stayed and arched bridges, although its provisions should not be considered as fully covering these cases. (4) Suspension bridges, timber and masonry bridges, moveable bridges and floating bridges are not included in the scope of this Part. (5) This Part contains only those provisions that, in addition to other relevant Eurocodes or relevant Parts of EN 1998, should be observed for the design of bridges in seismic regions. In cases of low seismicity, simplified design criteria may be established (see 2.3.7(1)). (6) The following topics are dealt with in the text of this Part: Basic requirements and Compliance Criteria, Seismic Action, Analysis, Strength Verification, Detailing. This Part also includes a special section on seismic isolation with provisions covering the application of this method of seismic protection to bridges. (7) Annex G contains rules for the calculation of capacity design effects. (8) Annex J contains rules regarding the variation of design properties of seismic isolator units and how such variation may be taken into account in design.
SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 91.120.25 - Seismic and vibration protection; 93.040 - Bridge construction. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to kSIST FprEN 1998-2:2024, SIST EN 1998-2:2006. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 2005-01-4408, 305/2011, 89/106/EEC; Standardization Mandates: M/265. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
SIST EN 1998-2:2006/A1:2009 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2009
(YURNRG3URMHNWLUDQMHNRQVWUXNFLMQDSRWUHVQLKREPRþMLKGHO0RVWRYL
Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 2: Bridges
Eurocode 8: Auslegung von Bauwerken gegen Erdbeben - Teil 2: Brücken
Eurocode 8: Calcul des structures pour leur résistance aux séismes - Partie 2: Ponts
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1998-2:2005/A1:2009
ICS:
91.120.25 =DãþLWDSUHGSRWUHVLLQ Seismic and vibration
YLEUDFLMDPL protection
93.040 Gradnja mostov Bridge construction
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 1998-2:2005/A1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
March 2009
ICS 91.120.25; 93.040
English Version
Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance -
Part 2: Bridges
Eurocode 8: Calcul des structures pour leur résistance aux Eurocode 8: Auslegung von Bauwerken gegen Erdbeben -
séismes - Partie 2: Ponts Teil 2: Brücken
This amendment A1 modifies the European Standard EN 1998-2:2005; it was approved by CEN on 12 February 2009.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for inclusion of this
amendment into the relevant national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such
national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This amendment exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the
responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1998-2:2005/A1:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Foreword
This document (EN 1998-2:2005/A1:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 250
"Structural Eurocodes", the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This Amendment to the European Standard EN 1998-2:2005 shall be given the status of a national
standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2009,
and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2010.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
1) In 1.6.6 Further symbols used in Section 7 and Annexes J, JJ and K of EN 1998-2
Add:
d maximum total displacement of each isolator unit i
m,i
d offset displacement of isolator i
G,i
2) In 7.5.2.4 Variability of properties of the isolator units
Replace (5) and (6) by:
(5) The nominal design properties of simple low-damping elastomeric bearings in accordance
with 7.5.2.3.3(5) and (6), may be assumed as follows:
− Shear modulus G = α G
b g
NOTE: The value of α typically ranges from 1,1 to 1,4. The appropriate value is best determined by
testing of the device.
− where G is the value of the “apparent conventional shear modulus” in accordance with EN
g
1337-3:2005;
− Equivalent viscous damping ξ = 0,05
eff
(6) The variability of the design properties of simple low-damping elastomeric bearings, due
to ageing and temperature, may be limited to the value of G and assumed as follows:
b
− LBDPs G = G
b,min b
− UBDPs depend on the “minimum bearing temperature for seismic design” T (see J.1(2))
min,b
as follows:
o
- when T ≥ 0 C
min,b
G = 1,2 G
b,max b
o
- when T < 0 C
min,b
the value of G should correspond to T .
b,max min,b
o
NOTE: In the absence of relevant test results, the G value for T < 0 C may be obtained from G
b,max min,b b
adjusted regarding temperature and ageing in accordance with the λ values corresponding to K , specified in
max p
Tables JJ.1 and JJ.2.
3) In 7.5.4 Fundamental mode spectrum analysis
Replace (3) by:
(3) This leads to the results shown in Table 7.1 and Figure 7.4.
Table 7.1: Spectral acceleration S and design displacement d
e cd
T S d
eff e cd
T T
C eff
2,5 a Sη d
g eff C
T ≤ T < T
C eff D
T T
eff C
T T T
C D D
2,5 α Sη d
T ≤ T ≤ 4 s C
g
D eff eff
T T
eff C
where:
a = γ a (7.7)
g I g,R
and
0,625
d = a Sη T (7.8)
C eff C
2 g
π
The value of η should be taken from the expression
eff
0,10
η = ≥ 0,40 (7.9)
eff
0,05+ξ
eff
Maximum shear force
V = M S = K d (7.10)
d d e
eff cd
where:
S, T and T are parameters of the design spectrum depending on the ground type, in
C D
accordance with 7.4.1(1)P and EN 1998-1:2004, 3.2.2.2;
a is the design ground acceleration on type A ground corresponding to the importance
g
category of the bridge;
γ is the importance factor of the bridge; and
I
a is the reference design ground acceleration (corresponding to the reference return period).
g,R
Figure 7.4: Acceleration and displacement spectra
NOTE 1: The elastic response spectrum in EN 1998-1:2004, 3.2.2.2(1)P applies up to periods of 4 s. For
values of T longer than 4 s the elastic displacement response spectrum in EN 1998-1:2004, Annex A may
eff
be used and the elastic acceleration response spectrum may be derived from the elastic displacement
response spectrum by inverting expression (3.7) in EN 1998-1:2004. Nonetheless, isolated bridges with T
eff
> 4 s deserve special attention, due to their inherently low stiffness against any horizontal action.
NOTE 2: For a pier of height H with a displacement stiffness K (kN/m), supported by a foundation with
i si
translation stiffness K (kN/m), rotation stiffness K (kNm/rad), and carrying isolator unit i with effective
ti fi
stiffness K (kN/m), the composite stiffness K is (see Figure 7.5N):
bi eff,i
1 1 1 H
i
= + + + (7.11N)
K
K K K K
eff,i bi si fi
ti
F
i
The flexibility of the isolator and its relative displacement d = typically is much larger than the other
bi
K
bi
components of the superstructure displacement. For this reason the effective damping of the system depends
only on the sum of dissipated energies of the isolators, ΣE , and the relative displacement of the isolator is
Di
practically equal to the displacement of the superstructure at this point (d /d = K /K ≅ 1).
bi id eff,i bi
Key
A – Superstructure
B – Isolator i
C – Pier i
Figure 7.5N: Composite stiffness of pier and isolator i
4) In 7.6.2 Isolating system
Replace (1)P to (5) by:
(1)P The required increased reliability of the isolating system (see 7.3(4)P) shall be
implemented by designing each isolator i for increased design displacements d :
bi,a
d = γ d (7.19)
bi,a IS bi,d
where γ is an amplification factor that is applied only on the design seismic displacement d of
IS bi,d
each isolator i resulting from one of the procedures specified in 7.5.
If the spatial variability of the seismic action is accounted for through the simplified method of
3.3(4), (5), (6) and (7)P, the increased design displacements shall be estimated by application of
the rule of 3.3(7)P, where the displacements d due the inertia response determined in
bi,d
accordance with one of the methods in 7.5 shall be amplified in accordance with expression
(7.19) above, while those corresponding to the spatial variability determined in accordance with
3.3.(5) and (6), need not be amplified.
NOTE The value ascribed to γ for use in a country may be defined in its National Annex. The
IS
recommended value is γ = 1,50.
IS
(2)P The maximum total displacement of each isolator unit in each direction d shall be
m,i
verified from expression (7.19a) by adding to the above increased design seismic displacement,
the offset displacement d potentially induced by:
G,i
a) the permanent actions;
b) the long-term deformat
...



