Information and documentation -- A reference ontology for the interchange of cultural heritage information

This International Standard establishes guidelines for the exchange of information between cultural
heritage institutions. In simple terms, this can be defined as the information managed by museums,
libraries, and archives.
A more detailed definition can be articulated by defining both the intended scope, a broad and maximally
inclusive definition of general principles, and the practical scope, which is defined by reference to a set
of specific museum documentation standards and practices.
The intended scope of this International Standard is defined as the exchange and integration of
heterogeneous scientific documentation relating to museum collections. This definition requires further
elaboration.
— The term “scientific documentation” is intended to convey the requirement that the depth and quality
of descriptive information that can be handled by this International Standard need to be sufficient
for serious academic research. This does not mean that information intended for presentation to
members of the general public is excluded, but rather that this International Standard is intended
to provide the level of detail and precision expected and required by museum professionals and
researchers in the field.
— The term “museum collections” is intended to cover all types of material collected and displayed
by museums and related institutions, as defined by ICOM3). This includes collections, sites, and
monuments relating to fields such as social history, ethnography, archaeology, fine and applied arts,
natural history, history of sciences and technology.
— The documentation of collections includes the detailed description of individual items within
collections, groups of items, and collections as a whole. This International Standard is specifically
intended to cover contextual information (i.e. the historical, geographical, and theoretical
background that gives museum collections much of their cultural significance and value).
— The exchange of relevant information with libraries and archives, and harmonization with their
models, falls within the intended scope of this International Standard.
— Information required solely for the administration and management of cultural institutions, such as
information relating to personnel, accounting, and visitor statistics, falls outside the intended scope
of this International Standard.
The practical scope4) of this International Standard is the set of reference standards for museum
documentation that have been used to guide and validate its development. This International Standard
covers the same domain of discourse as the union of these reference documents; consequently, for any
data that is correctly encoded in accordance with any of these reference documents, a form of encoding
can be created that is both compatible with the current standard and which entails no semantic loss.

Information et documentation -- Une ontologie de référence pour l'échange d'informations du patrimoine culturel

L'ISO 21127:2014 fixe des lignes directrices pour l'�change d'informations entre institutions patrimoniales. En termes simples, on peut dire qu'il s'agit de l'information g�r�e par les mus�es, les biblioth�ques et les archives.
Le domaine d'application vis� par l'ISO 21127:2014 porte sur l'�change et l'int�gration de la documentation scientifique h�t�rog�ne relative aux collections mus�ales. Cette d�finition appelle un d�veloppement.

Informatika in dokumentacija - Referenčna ontologija za izmenjavo informacij o kulturni dediščini

Ta mednarodni standard podaja smernice za izmenjavo informacij med institucijami za kulturno dediščino. Te so lahko preprosto opredeljene kot informacije, s katerimi upravljajo muzeji, knjižnice in arhivi.
Podrobnejšo opredelitev se lahko oblikuje tako, da se opredeli namenski obseg, tj. široka in kar najbolj vključujoča opredelitev splošnih načel, ter praktični obseg, ki je opredeljen s sklicem na skupino določenih standardov in praks glede muzejske dokumentacije.
Namenski obseg tega mednarodnega standarda je opredeljen kot izmenjava in integracija
heterogene znanstvene dokumentacije, ki je povezana z muzejskimi zbirkami. To opredelitev je treba dodatno izpopolniti.
– Izraz »znanstvena dokumentacija« določa zahtevo, da morata biti globina in kakovost opisnih informacij, ki jih lahko ureja ta mednarodni standard, ustrezni za resno akademsko raziskavo. To ne pomeni, da so informacije, namenjene predstavitvi širši publiki, izključene, ampak da je namen tega mednarodnega standarda zagotavljati raven podrobnosti in natančnosti, ki jo pričakujejo in zahtevajo muzejski strokovnjaki in raziskovalci na tem področju.
– Izraz »muzejske zbirke« zajema vse vrste materialov, ki jih zbirajo in razstavljajo
muzeji in z njimi povezane ustanove, kot določa ICOM). To vključuje zbirke, najdišča in spomenike, ki spadajo na področja, kot so družbena zgodovina, etnografija, arheologija, umetnost in uporabna umetnost, naravoslovje ter zgodovina znanosti in tehnologije.
– Dokumentiranje zbirk vključuje podroben opis posameznih elementov znotraj zbirk, skupin elementov in celotnih zbirk. Ta mednarodni standard zajema
kontekstualne informacije (tj. zgodovinsko, geografsko in teoretsko ozadje, ki muzejskim zbirkam dajejo dobršen del njihove kulturne pomembnosti in vrednosti).
– Izmenjava ustreznih informacij s knjižnicami in arhivi ter uskladitev z njihovimi
modeli spadata na predvideno področje uporabe tega mednarodnega standarda.
– Informacije, ki se zahtevajo samo za administrativne zadeve kulturnih ustanov in njihovo upravljanje, kot so informacije o osebju, računovodski podatki in statistike obiskovalcev, ne spadajo na predvideno področje uporabe tega mednarodnega standarda.
Praktični obseg tega mednarodnega standarda predstavlja skupina referenčnih standardov o muzejski
dokumentaciji, ki se uporabljajo za usmerjanje in ocenjevanje njenega razvoja. Ta mednarodni standard zajema isto domeno diskurza kot skupina teh referenčnih dokumentov; posledično se lahko za vse podatke, ki so pravilno zapisani skladno s katerimkoli od teh referenčnih dokumentov, oblikuje oblika zapisa, ki je združljiva s trenutnim standardom in hkrati ne vodi do pomenske izgube v podatkih.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Public Enquiry End Date
30-Dec-2016
Publication Date
10-Jan-2017
Withdrawal Date
16-Sep-2024
Current Stage
9900 - Withdrawal (Adopted Project)
Start Date
17-Sep-2024
Due Date
10-Oct-2024
Completion Date
17-Sep-2024

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Standards Content (Sample)


SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2017
,QIRUPDWLNDLQGRNXPHQWDFLMD5HIHUHQþQDRQWRORJLMD]DL]PHQMDYRLQIRUPDFLMR
NXOWXUQLGHGLãþLQL
Information and documentation -- A reference ontology for the interchange of cultural
heritage information
Information et documentation -- Une ontologie de référence pour l'échange
d'informations du patrimoine culturel
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 21127:2014
ICS:
35.240.99 8SRUDEQLãNHUHãLWYH,7QD IT applications in other fields
GUXJLKSRGURþMLK
97.195 8PHWQLãNLLQREUWQLãNLL]GHONL Items of art and handicrafts.
.XOWXUQHGREULQHLQNXOWXUQD Cultural property and
GHGLãþLQD heritage
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 21127
Second edition
2014-10-15
Information and documentation — A
reference ontology for the interchange
of cultural heritage information
Information et documentation — Une ontologie de référence pour
l’échange d’informations du patrimoine culturel
Reference number
©
ISO 2014
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Structure and presentation . 6
4.1 Property quantifiers . 6
4.2 Naming conventions . 8
5 Modelling principles . 9
5.1 Monotonicity . 9
5.2 Minimality . 9
5.3 Shortcuts . 9
5.4 Disjointness .10
5.5 Types.10
5.6 Extensions .11
5.7 Coverage of intended scope .11
6 Class declarations .12
7 Property declarations .54
Annex A (informative) Class hierarchy .98
Bibliography .104
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation, Subcommittee
SC 4, Technical interoperability, in collaboration with the International Council of Museums Committee
for Documentation (ICOM CIDOC).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 21127:2006), which has been technically
revised.
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Introduction
This International Standard is the culmination of more than a decade of standards development work
by the International Committee for Documentation (CIDOC) of the International Council of Museums
(ICOM). Work on this International Standard began in 1996 under the auspices of the ICOM-CIDOC
1)
Documentation Standards Working Group. The document provided by CIDOC formed the basis for
ISO 21127 which was first published in 2006. While the initial impetus for the work came from the
museum community, it has since spread to encompass other types of cultural heritage institution. This
International Standard has been appropriated and extended to meet the needs of other institutions
dealing with cultural heritage.
The primary purpose of this International Standard is to offer a conceptual basis for the mediation
of information between cultural heritage organizations such as museums, libraries, and archives.
This International Standard aims to provide a common reference point against which divergent and
incompatible sources of information can be compared and, ultimately, harmonized.
2)
[1]
ISO 21127 is an ontology for cultural heritage information: a formal representation of the conceptual
scheme, or “world view”, underlying the database applications and documentation systems that are used
by cultural heritage institutions. It is important to note that this International Standard aims to clarify
the logic of what cultural heritage institutions do in fact document; it is not intended as a normative
specification of what they should document. The primary role of this International Standard is to enable
information exchange and integration between heterogeneous sources of cultural heritage information.
It aims to provide the semantic definitions and clarifications needed to transform disparate, localized
information sources into a coherent global resource, be it within an institution, an intranet, or on the
Internet.
The specific aims of this International Standard are to
— serve as a common language for domain experts and IT developers when formulating requirements,
— serve as a formal language for the identification of common information contents in different data
formats; in particular to support the implementation of automatic data transformation algorithms
from local to global data structures without loss of meaning. These transformation algorithms are
useful for data exchange, data migration from legacy systems, data information integration, and
mediation of heterogeneous sources,
— support associative queries against integrated resources by providing a global model of the basic
classes and their associations to formulate such queries, and
— provide developers of information systems with a guide to good practice in conceptual modelling.
The ISO 21127 ontology is expressed as a series of interrelated concepts with definitions. This
presentation is similar to that used for a thesaurus. However, the ontology is not intended as a terminology
standard and does not set out to define the terms that are typically used as data in cultural heritage
documentation. Although the presentation provided here is complete, it is an intentionally compact
and concise presentation of the ontology’s 86 classes and 137 unique properties. It does not attempt
to articulate the inheritance of properties by subclasses throughout the class hierarchy (this would
require the declaration of several thousand properties, as opposed to 137). However, this definition
does contain all the information needed to infer and automatically generate a full declaration of all
properties, including inherited properties.
1) The CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group continues to maintain a version of this original document, usually
known as the “CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model” or CIDOC CRM.
2) In the sense used in computer science, i.e. it describes in a formal language the relevant explicit and implicit
concepts and the relationships between them.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 21127:2014(E)
Information and documentation — A reference ontology
for the interchange of cultural heritage information
1 Scope
This International Standard establishes guidelines for the exchange of information between cultural
heritage institutions. In simple terms, this can be defined as the information managed by museums,
libraries, and archives.
A more detailed definition can be articulated by defining both the intended scope, a broad and maximally
inclusive definition of general principles, and the practical scope, which is defined by reference to a set
of specific museum documentation standards and practices.
The intended scope of this International Standard is defined as the exchange and integration of
heterogeneous scientific documentation relating to museum collections. This definition requires further
elaboration.
— The term “scientific documentation” is intended to convey the requirement that the depth and quality
of descriptive information that can be handled by this International Standard need to be sufficient
for serious academic research. This does not mean that information intended for presentation to
members of the general public is excluded, but rather that this International Standard is intended
to provide the level of detail and precision expected and required by museum professionals and
researchers in the field.
— The term “museum collections” is intended to cover all types of material collected and displayed
3)
by museums and related institutions, as defined by ICOM . This includes collections, sites, and
monuments relating to fields such as social history, ethnography, archaeology, fine and applied arts,
natural history, history of sciences and technology.
— The documentation of collections includes the detailed description of individual items within
collections, groups of items, and collections as a whole. This International Standard is sp
...


INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 21127
Second edition
2014-10-15
Information and documentation — A
reference ontology for the interchange
of cultural heritage information
Information et documentation — Une ontologie de référence pour
l’échange d’informations du patrimoine culturel
Reference number
©
ISO 2014
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Structure and presentation . 6
4.1 Property quantifiers . 6
4.2 Naming conventions . 8
5 Modelling principles . 9
5.1 Monotonicity . 9
5.2 Minimality . 9
5.3 Shortcuts . 9
5.4 Disjointness .10
5.5 Types.10
5.6 Extensions .11
5.7 Coverage of intended scope .11
6 Class declarations .12
7 Property declarations .54
Annex A (informative) Class hierarchy .98
Bibliography .104
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation, Subcommittee
SC 4, Technical interoperability, in collaboration with the International Council of Museums Committee
for Documentation (ICOM CIDOC).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 21127:2006), which has been technically
revised.
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Introduction
This International Standard is the culmination of more than a decade of standards development work
by the International Committee for Documentation (CIDOC) of the International Council of Museums
(ICOM). Work on this International Standard began in 1996 under the auspices of the ICOM-CIDOC
1)
Documentation Standards Working Group. The document provided by CIDOC formed the basis for
ISO 21127 which was first published in 2006. While the initial impetus for the work came from the
museum community, it has since spread to encompass other types of cultural heritage institution. This
International Standard has been appropriated and extended to meet the needs of other institutions
dealing with cultural heritage.
The primary purpose of this International Standard is to offer a conceptual basis for the mediation
of information between cultural heritage organizations such as museums, libraries, and archives.
This International Standard aims to provide a common reference point against which divergent and
incompatible sources of information can be compared and, ultimately, harmonized.
2)
[1]
ISO 21127 is an ontology for cultural heritage information: a formal representation of the conceptual
scheme, or “world view”, underlying the database applications and documentation systems that are used
by cultural heritage institutions. It is important to note that this International Standard aims to clarify
the logic of what cultural heritage institutions do in fact document; it is not intended as a normative
specification of what they should document. The primary role of this International Standard is to enable
information exchange and integration between heterogeneous sources of cultural heritage information.
It aims to provide the semantic definitions and clarifications needed to transform disparate, localized
information sources into a coherent global resource, be it within an institution, an intranet, or on the
Internet.
The specific aims of this International Standard are to
— serve as a common language for domain experts and IT developers when formulating requirements,
— serve as a formal language for the identification of common information contents in different data
formats; in particular to support the implementation of automatic data transformation algorithms
from local to global data structures without loss of meaning. These transformation algorithms are
useful for data exchange, data migration from legacy systems, data information integration, and
mediation of heterogeneous sources,
— support associative queries against integrated resources by providing a global model of the basic
classes and their associations to formulate such queries, and
— provide developers of information systems with a guide to good practice in conceptual modelling.
The ISO 21127 ontology is expressed as a series of interrelated concepts with definitions. This
presentation is similar to that used for a thesaurus. However, the ontology is not intended as a terminology
standard and does not set out to define the terms that are typically used as data in cultural heritage
documentation. Although the presentation provided here is complete, it is an intentionally compact
and concise presentation of the ontology’s 86 classes and 137 unique properties. It does not attempt
to articulate the inheritance of properties by subclasses throughout the class hierarchy (this would
require the declaration of several thousand properties, as opposed to 137). However, this definition
does contain all the information needed to infer and automatically generate a full declaration of all
properties, including inherited properties.
1) The CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group continues to maintain a version of this original document, usually
known as the “CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model” or CIDOC CRM.
2) In the sense used in computer science, i.e. it describes in a formal language the relevant explicit and implicit
concepts and the relationships between them.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 21127:2014(E)
Information and documentation — A reference ontology
for the interchange of cultural heritage information
1 Scope
This International Standard establishes guidelines for the exchange of information between cultural
heritage institutions. In simple terms, this can be defined as the information managed by museums,
libraries, and archives.
A more detailed definition can be articulated by defining both the intended scope, a broad and maximally
inclusive definition of general principles, and the practical scope, which is defined by reference to a set
of specific museum documentation standards and practices.
The intended scope of this International Standard is defined as the exchange and integration of
heterogeneous scientific documentation relating to museum collections. This definition requires further
elaboration.
— The term “scientific documentation” is intended to convey the requirement that the depth and quality
of descriptive information that can be handled by this International Standard need to be sufficient
for serious academic research. This does not mean that information intended for presentation to
members of the general public is excluded, but rather that this International Standard is intended
to provide the level of detail and precision expected and required by museum professionals and
researchers in the field.
— The term “museum collections” is intended to cover all types of material collected and displayed
3)
by museums and related institutions, as defined by ICOM . This includes collections, sites, and
monuments relating to fields such as social history, ethnography, archaeology, fine and applied arts,
natural history, history of sciences and technology.
— The documentation of collections includes the detailed description of individual items within
collections, groups of items, and collections as a whole. This International Standard is specifically
intended to cover contextual information (i.e. the historical, geographical, and theoretical
background that gives museum collections much of their cultural significance and value).
— The exchange of relevant information with libraries and archives, and harmonization with their
models, falls within the intended scope of this International Standard.
— Information required solely for the administration and management of cultural institutions, such as
information relating to personnel, accounting, and visitor statistics, falls outside the intended scope
of this International Standard.
4)
The practical scope of this International Standard is the set of reference standards for museum
documentation that have been used to guide and validate its development. This International Standard
covers the same domain of discourse as the union of these reference documents; consequently, for any
data that is correctly encoded in accordance with any of these reference documents, a form of encoding
can be created that is both compatible with the current standard and which entails no semantic loss.
2 Conformance
Users inten
...


NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 21127
Deuxième édition
2014-10-15
Information et documentation — Une
ontologie de référence pour l’échange
d’informations du patrimoine culturel
Information and documentation — A reference ontology for the
interchange of cultural heritage information
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2014
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2014
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée
sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie, l’affichage sur
l’internet ou sur un Intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Les demandes d’autorisation peuvent être adressées à l’ISO à
l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés

Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction .v
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Conformité . 2
3 Termes et définitions . 2
4 Structure et présentation . 7
4.1 Quantificateurs des propriétés . 7
4.2 Conventions de nommage . 9
5 Principes de modélisation .10
5.1 Monotonicité .10
5.2 Minimalité .10
5.3 Raccourcis .10
5.4 Classes disjointes .11
5.5 Types.11
5.6 Extensions .13
5.7 Couverture du domaine d’application envisagé .13
6 Déclaration des classes .13
7 Déclaration des propriétés .61
Annexe A (informative) Hiérarchie des classes .108
Bibliographie .114
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux.
L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui concerne
la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www.
iso.org/directives).
L’attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant les
références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de l’élaboration
du document sont indiqués dans l’Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de brevets reçues par
l’ISO (voir www.iso.org/brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la signification des termes et expressions spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation de
la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion de l’ISO aux principes de l’OMC concernant
les obstacles techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien suivant: Avant-propos — Informations
supplémentaires.
Le comité chargé de l’élaboration du présent document est l’ISO/TC 46, Information et documentation,
sous-comité SC 4, Interopérabilité technique, en collaboration avec le Comité pour la Documentation du
Conseil International des Musées (ICOM-CIDOC).
Cette deuxième édition annule et remplace la première édition (ISO 21127:2006), qui a fait l’objet d’une
révision technique.
iv © ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés

Introduction
La présente Norme internationale est l’aboutissement de plus d’une décennie de travail de la part du
Comité international pour la Documentation (CIDOC) du Conseil international des musées (ICOM). Le
travail sur la présente Norme internationale a commencé en 1996 sous les auspices du groupe de travail
1)
de l’ICOM-CIDOC sur la normalisation documentaire. Le document fourni par le CIDOC a servi de base
à la norme ISO 21127 publiée pour la première fois en 2006. Si ce travail a reçu son impulsion première
de la communauté muséale, il s’est depuis lors étendu à d’autres types d’institutions patrimoniales.
La présente Norme internationale a été adaptée et augmentée afin de répondre aux besoins d’autres
institutions s’occupant de patrimoine culturel.
L’objectif fondamental de la présente Norme internationale est d’offrir une base conceptuelle
pour l’interopérabilité des informations entre institutions patrimoniales telles que les musées, les
bibliothèques et les archives. L’intention est de fournir un point de référence commun avec lequel
des sources d’informations divergentes et incompatibles peuvent être comparées et, finalement,
harmonisées.
2)
[1]
L’ISO 21127 est une ontologie pour les informations concernant le patrimoine culturel: c’est une
représentation formelle du schéma conceptuel, ou «conception du monde», qui est sous-jacent aux
applications de base de données et aux systèmes de documentation qui sont employés par les institutions
patrimoniales. Il est important de noter que la présente Norme internationale vise à clarifier la logique
de ce que ces institutions documentent en pratique, et non pas à fournir des spécifications normatives
de ce qu’il convient qu’elles documentent. L’objectif fondamental de la présente Norme internationale
est de permettre l’échange et l’intégration d’informations entre sources hétérogènes sur le patrimoine
culturel. Elle vise à fournir les définitions et clarifications sémantiques requises pour transformer des
sources d’informations disparates et locales en une ressource universelle cohérente, que ce soit dans le
contexte d’une institution, d’un intranet ou de l’Internet
Les objectifs spécifiques de la présente Norme internationale sont de:
— servir de langage commun entre experts du domaine et informaticiens, lors de l’élaboration d’un
cahier des charges;
— servir de langage formel pour l’identification du contenu informationnel commun à diverses
sources de données; en particulier pour faciliter l’implémentation d’algorithmes de transformation
automatique de données depuis des structures locales vers des structures universelles sans perte de
signification. Ces algorithmes de transformation sont utiles pour l’échange de données, la migration
de données depuis des systèmes existants, l’intégration des informations et l’interopérabilité de
sources de données hétérogènes;
— permettre l’interrogation associative de ressources intégrées en fournissant un modèle global des
classes de base et de leurs associations pour formuler de telles questions; et
— fournir à des concepteurs de systèmes d’information un guide de bonnes pratiques en modélisation
conceptuelle.
L’ontologie ISO 21127 est exprimée sous la forme d’une série de concepts en relation les uns avec les
autres, accompagnés de leurs définitions. Cette présentation est semblable à celle qui est en usage pour
un thésaurus. Cependant, cette ontologie n’est pas conçue comme une norme terminologique et ne vise
pas à définir les termes habituellement employés comme éléments de données dans la documentation
sur le patrimoine culturel. Bien que la présentation fournie ici soit complète, il s’agit d’une présentation
délibérément compacte et concise des 86 classes et 137 propriétés uniques dont l’ontologie se compose.
Elle ne cherche pas à expliciter sur l’ensemble de la hiérarchie des classes le fait que les sous-classes
héritent les propriétés de leurs super-classes (ce qui nécessiterait de déclarer plusieurs milliers de
1) Le Groupe d’Intérêt spécial pour le CIDOC CRM continue de mettre à jour une version de ce document original,
usuellement dénommé «Modèle conceptuel de référence du CIDOC» ou CIDOC CRM.
2) Dans le sens où le terme est employé en informatique, c’est-à-dire la description dans un langage formel des
concepts explicites et implicites pertinents et des relations qui existent entre eux.
propriétés, contre seulement 137). Cependant, cette définition contient bien toute l’information requise
pour inférer et générer automatiquement une déclaration complète de toutes les propriétés, y compris
les propriétés héritées.
vi © ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés

NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 21127:2014(F)
Information et documentation — Une ontologie de
référence pour l’échange d’informations du patrimoine
culturel
1 Domaine d’application
La présente Norme internationale fixe des lignes directrices pour l’échange d’informations entre
institutions patrimoniales. En termes simples, on peut dire qu’il s’agit de l’information gérée par les
musées, les bibliothèques et les archives.
Une définition plus détaillée peut être formulée en définissant le domaine d’application envisagé, une
définition large et inclusive basée sur des principes généraux, et le domaine d’application pratique, qui
est défini par référence à un ensemble de normes et de pratiques de documentation propres aux musées.
Le domaine d’application visé par la présente Norme internationale porte sur l’échange et l’intégration
de la documentation scientifique hétérogène relative aux collections muséales. Cette définition appelle
un développement.
— Le terme «documentation scientifique» vise à exprimer le fait que les informations descriptives
susceptibles d’être concernées par la présente Norme internationale doivent être d’une exhaustivité
et d’une qualité suffisantes à des fins de recherche universitaire sérieuse. Cela ne signifie pas pour
autant que des informations destinées à être présentées au grand public sont exclues, mais plutôt
que la présente Norme internationale vise à fournir le niveau de détail et de précision attendu et
exigé par les professionnels des musées et les chercheurs du domaine.
— Le terme «collections muséales» vise à recouvrir tous types d’objets rassemblés et exposés par
3)
les musées et institutions apparentées, selon la définition de l’ICOM , ce qui inclut des collections,
des sites et des monuments en lien avec des domaines tels que l’histoire sociale, l’ethnographie,
l’archéologie, les beaux-arts et les arts appliqués, l’histoire naturelle, l’histoire des sciences et des
techniques.
— La documentation des collections comprend la description
...

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